張興光 王邦茂 劉濤濤 張文成 董艷美 李小青 牛海艷 夏時(shí)海
作者單位:1武警特色醫(yī)學(xué)中心消化內(nèi)科(郵編300162);2天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
作者簡(jiǎn)介:張興光(1984),男,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事內(nèi)鏡下消化道早癌及高原腸道菌群方面研究。E-mail:zhangxingguang1024@163.com
△通信作者 E-mail:xshhcx@sina.com
摘要:目的 分析高原環(huán)境下腸易激綜合征(IBS)患者的腸屏障損傷指標(biāo)、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)及炎性介質(zhì)變化,探討IBS的潛在發(fā)病機(jī)制。方法 81例男性漢族健康志愿者自平原進(jìn)入西藏拉薩并完成1年前瞻性隊(duì)列觀察,其中診斷IBS(羅馬Ⅳ)13例(IBS組),并隨機(jī)抽取11例健康者為對(duì)照組(NC組),另隨機(jī)抽取從平原進(jìn)入拉薩1周內(nèi)且未發(fā)生急性高山病者11例為NC早期組。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)檢測(cè)血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)和腸脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(I-FABP)、5羥色胺(5-HT)、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6、IL-17A及脂多糖(LPS)水平;隨訪末月,IBS中9例行腸鏡檢查及腸黏膜病理活檢,NC組中4例行腸鏡檢查。結(jié)果 高原環(huán)境下IBS患者腸鏡及病理結(jié)果提示腸黏膜輕度炎癥表現(xiàn)。與NC早期組比較,NC組進(jìn)入拉薩后3個(gè)月時(shí)5-HT、DAO、I-FABP、IL-6、IL-17A和LPS水平及6個(gè)月時(shí)5-HT、I-FABP、IL-6和LPS水平均升高,IBS組3、6個(gè)月時(shí)6項(xiàng)血清學(xué)指標(biāo)均升高(P<0.05);與NC組比較,IBS組3個(gè)月時(shí)5-HT和LPS水平降低,6個(gè)月時(shí)DAO、I-FABP、IL-6、IL-17A和LPS水平升高(P<0.05)。NC組6個(gè)月時(shí)6項(xiàng)血清學(xué)指標(biāo)均較3個(gè)月時(shí)降低(P<0.05);IBS組3個(gè)月與6個(gè)月時(shí)血清學(xué)指標(biāo)差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 腸黏膜屏障損傷指標(biāo)、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)及炎性介質(zhì)可能參與高原環(huán)境下IBS的發(fā)生。
關(guān)鍵詞:腸易激綜合征;血清素;脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白質(zhì)類;白細(xì)胞介素6;高原環(huán)境
中圖分類號(hào):R574.4文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20230882
Correlation study between high altitude IBS and intestinal barrier damage, inflammatory mediators and neurotransmitters
ZHANG Xingguang1, WANG Bangmao2, LIU Taotao1, ZHANG Wencheng1, DONG Yanmei1,
LI Xiaoqing1, NIU Haiyan1, XIA Shihai1△
1 Department of Gastroenterology, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese Peoples Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China; 2 Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
△Corresponding Author E-mail: xshhcx@sina.com
Abstract: Objective To analyzing changes of indicators related to intestinal barrier damage, neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the plateau environment, and explore the underlying pathogenesis of IBS. Methods A prospective cohort observation was conducted on 81 healthy male Han Chinese volunteers who were admitted to Lhasa of Tibe from plain. The study lasted for one year. During the one-year follow-up, 13 patients who developed IBS (Rome Ⅳ) were selected as the study subjects. Additionally 11 participants who remained healthy were randomly selected as the control group (named NC). Eleven participants who entered Lhasa from plain within one week and did not develop acute mountain sickness were randomly selected as the NC early group. Serum levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the end of the follow-up period, colonoscopy and intestinal mucosal biopsy were performed in 9 cases of IBS, while colonoscopy was performed in 4 cases of NC. Results Colonoscopy and pathological results of IBS patients in plateau environment suggested mild inflammation of intestinal mucosa. Compared to the NC early group, the NC group showed increased levels of 5-HT, DAO, I-FABP, IL-6, IL-17A and LPS at 3 months after entering Lassa, and increased levels of 5-HT, I-FABP, IL-6, and LPS at 6 months (P<0.05). Compared with the NC group, the IBS group showed decreased levels of 5-HT and LPS at 3 months after entering Lhasa (P<0.05). Serological indexes of NC group at 6 months were lower than those at 3 months in the NC group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in serological indexes at 3 and 6 months of the IBS group. Conclusion Indicators of intestinal mucosal barrier damage, neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators might be involved in the development of IBS in plateau environment.
Key words: irritable bowel syndrome; serotonin; fatty acid-binding proteins; interleukin 6; plateau environment
腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)為常見的功能性胃腸道疾病,高原環(huán)境能夠?qū)е翴BS發(fā)生率升高及腸道菌群失調(diào),但其機(jī)制不明[1]。高原環(huán)境暴露會(huì)導(dǎo)致小鼠結(jié)腸腔內(nèi)氧濃度下降,進(jìn)而損傷小鼠結(jié)腸組織屏障的完整性,同時(shí)炎性介質(zhì)干擾素(IFN)-γ、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α和白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6水平升高[2]。一項(xiàng)模擬高原環(huán)境并采用糞便菌群移植方法和抗生素雞尾酒療法的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),腸道菌群失調(diào)破壞了腸黏膜屏障,最終誘發(fā)并加劇了腸道損傷[3]。另一組模擬高原動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,低氧能促進(jìn)抗菌肽血管生成素-4的分泌,增加脫硫弧菌屬(Desulfovibrio)的豐度;而脫硫弧菌屬的磷脂代謝產(chǎn)物可被腸上皮細(xì)胞的CD1d呈遞,誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生IL-17A的γδT細(xì)胞增殖,加重腸損傷[4]。高原環(huán)境下的IBS發(fā)生率較高,與腸道菌群失調(diào)相關(guān),腸屏障損傷、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)及炎性介質(zhì)是否影響其發(fā)生機(jī)制目前尚未明確。本文通過前瞻性隊(duì)列研究,從神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)、炎性介質(zhì)及腸屏障損傷等方面對(duì)高原環(huán)境下IBS發(fā)生的可能機(jī)制進(jìn)行初步探討,為高原IBS的預(yù)防及治療提供參考。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象 按照?qǐng)F(tuán)體編制系列,選擇2020年9月自平原(海拔<500 m)進(jìn)入西藏拉薩(海拔>3 600 m)的92例男性漢族健康志愿者,年齡(20.20±1.61)歲,對(duì)其進(jìn)行為期1年的觀察。81例完成隨訪,其中診斷IBS(羅馬Ⅳ)13例,其他非特異性胃腸道癥狀者12例,健康者56例。將13例IBS患者作為IBS組,從健康者中隨機(jī)抽取11例作為對(duì)照組(NC組)。由于IBS組和NC組未采集到進(jìn)入拉薩時(shí)的早期數(shù)據(jù),另外從2021年3月自平原進(jìn)入拉薩1周內(nèi)且未發(fā)生急性高山?。╝cute mountain sickness,AMS)的男性漢族健康志愿者中隨機(jī)抽取11例作為NC早期組一同納入研究。本研究通過武警特色醫(yī)學(xué)中心倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn)(編號(hào)2021-0015.1),獲得參與者知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 診斷、納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) IBS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):癥狀出現(xiàn)至少6個(gè)月,近3個(gè)月平均每周至少發(fā)作1次腹痛;伴有以下2項(xiàng)及以上:(1)與排便相關(guān)。(2)排便頻率有改變。(3)糞便性狀外觀改變。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)團(tuán)體編制系列人員。(2)參與集體管理,生活作息、工作、學(xué)習(xí)、訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度及時(shí)間相同。(3)調(diào)查資料完整及血清學(xué)標(biāo)本合格者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)近3個(gè)月內(nèi)有益生菌或抗生素藥物史。(2)研究前既往做過結(jié)腸鏡檢查,間斷使用瀉藥、大便軟化劑或止瀉藥等。
1.3 指標(biāo)檢測(cè) (1)血清學(xué)指標(biāo)檢測(cè)。IBS組和NC組在進(jìn)入拉薩后的第3、6個(gè)月及NC早期組在入拉薩后1周內(nèi),清晨空腹采集受檢者靜脈血3~5 mL,3 000 r/min離心10 min,收集上清液,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)檢測(cè)患者血清腸黏膜屏障損傷指標(biāo)[二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)和腸脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(intestinal fatty acid binding protein,I-FABP)]、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)5羥色胺(5-Hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)及炎性介質(zhì)IL-6、IL-17A及脂多糖(LPS)水平,ELISA試劑盒均購(gòu)自江蘇酶免實(shí)業(yè)有限公司,酶標(biāo)分析儀型號(hào)為Rayto RT-6100,按照各試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行操作。(2)腸鏡檢查及腸黏膜病理活檢。在第12個(gè)月的隨訪中,IBS中有9例參與者完成腸鏡檢查并行腸黏膜病理活檢,NC組中有4例行腸鏡檢查,未行病理活檢。腸道清腸采用3 L聚乙二醇電解質(zhì)散的分次劑量方案,腸道清潔質(zhì)量達(dá)到波士頓腸道準(zhǔn)備評(píng)分量表(Boston bowel preparation scale,BBPS)6分以上方可進(jìn)行腸鏡檢查[5]。設(shè)備采用奧林巴斯CF-Q1501電子結(jié)腸鏡進(jìn)行檢查,采用一次性活檢鉗取腸黏膜標(biāo)本送檢。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差([x] ±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,方差齊者組間多重比較行LSD-t檢驗(yàn),方差不齊者組間多重比較行Tamhane檢驗(yàn)。組內(nèi)不同時(shí)點(diǎn)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各組人群基線特征比較 3組間年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)及學(xué)歷的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,NC早期組睡眠時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于IBS組和NC組(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 IBS組和NC組腸鏡下黏膜表現(xiàn) IBS組腸鏡下表現(xiàn)為腸黏膜輕度炎癥(圖1A、B),而NC組腸黏膜表現(xiàn)大致正常(圖1C、D)。從整體上來看,高原缺氧環(huán)境下,參與者的腸黏膜均可見細(xì)微的水腫表現(xiàn),而相對(duì)于NC組,IBS組的腸黏膜炎癥表現(xiàn)更加嚴(yán)重。
2.3 IBS組腸黏膜病理表現(xiàn) 鏡下可見腺體呈管狀,間質(zhì)可見淋巴細(xì)胞,局部淋巴細(xì)胞呈團(tuán)狀,提示慢性炎癥表現(xiàn),見圖2。
2.4 IBS組和NC組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)與NC早期組血清學(xué)指標(biāo)的比較 (1)組間比較。與NC早期組比較,NC組進(jìn)入拉薩后3個(gè)月時(shí)5-HT、DAO、I-FABP、IL-6、IL-17A和LPS水平及6個(gè)月時(shí)5-HT、I-FABP、IL-6和LPS水平均升高,IBS組進(jìn)入拉薩后3、6個(gè)月6項(xiàng)血清學(xué)指標(biāo)均升高(P<0.05);與NC組比較,IBS組進(jìn)入拉薩后3個(gè)月時(shí)5-HT和LPS水平降低(P<0.05),DAO、I-FABP、IL-6和IL-17A水平差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,IBS組進(jìn)入拉薩后6個(gè)月時(shí)DAO、I-FABP、IL-6、IL-17A和LPS水平均升高(P<0.05),5-HT水平差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(2)組內(nèi)比較。NC組進(jìn)入拉薩后6個(gè)月時(shí)6項(xiàng)血清學(xué)指標(biāo)均較3個(gè)月時(shí)降低(P<0.05);IBS組進(jìn)入拉薩后3個(gè)月與6個(gè)月時(shí)6項(xiàng)血清學(xué)指標(biāo)差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表2。
3 討論
高原地區(qū)炎癥性腸病腸鏡下表現(xiàn)多以炎癥為主,91.9%的患者鏡下可見黏膜充血水腫,與缺氧環(huán)境對(duì)腸黏膜屏障損傷相關(guān)[6]。研究認(rèn)為,IBS患者結(jié)腸鏡下除結(jié)腸袋消失、腸腔扭曲及粘合的表現(xiàn)外,腸黏膜基本正常[7]。而另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)腸輕中度慢性炎癥與IBS的發(fā)生相關(guān),病理多表現(xiàn)為以淋巴細(xì)胞為主的慢性炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)[8]。本研究中,高原環(huán)境下IBS患者腸鏡下表現(xiàn)為黏膜充血、水腫,病理提示慢性炎癥表現(xiàn),進(jìn)一步表明高原環(huán)境可誘發(fā)IBS患者的腸黏膜炎癥損傷。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,NC組和IBS組進(jìn)入拉薩后3、6個(gè)月時(shí),其LPS水平均高于NC早期組;IBS組進(jìn)入拉薩后3個(gè)月時(shí)的LPS水平低于NC組,進(jìn)入拉薩后6個(gè)月時(shí)的LPS水平高于NC組;NC組進(jìn)入拉薩后6個(gè)月時(shí)LPS水平較3個(gè)月時(shí)降低,提示LPS水平受到高原環(huán)境的影響,LPS在高原IBS的發(fā)生中可能發(fā)揮重要作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IBS患者血清中可檢測(cè)到抗鞭毛蛋白抗體和抗脂質(zhì)A抗體,可能與腸屏障損傷和通透性改變相關(guān)[9]。一項(xiàng)納入了45項(xiàng)研究、包括21 421例腸炎患者的薈萃分析[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),患感染性腸炎后的12個(gè)月內(nèi)IBS的總患病率為10.1%(95%CI:7.2~14.1),為未患感染性腸炎者的4.2倍(95%CI:3.1~5.7)。王曉輝等[11]調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),既往有痢疾及急性胃腸炎病史的人群發(fā)展為IBS的相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度分別為2.567和1.361。急性胃腸炎患者8年后發(fā)生IBS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍高于未患病者(OR=3.12,95%CI:1.99~5.04)[12]。感染后IBS(post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome,PI-IBS)的病因可能涉及神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放、淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)、炎性介質(zhì)釋放及腸道菌群失調(diào)等[13]。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與健康對(duì)照組相比,IBS組IL-6水平升高,表明IBS可能存在低度的炎癥反應(yīng)[14]。PI-IBS患者的血清及回盲部和直腸黏膜中IL-17A水平升高[15]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IBS患者有直腸黏膜炎癥異常及IL-17水平的升高[16]。一項(xiàng)采用旋毛蟲感染C57BL/6小鼠建立PI-IBS的模型顯示,回腸中IL-17水平顯著升高[17]。以上研究提示IL-17在黏膜炎癥和免疫相關(guān)疾病中發(fā)揮重要作用[18]。IL-17A是IL-17的一個(gè)亞型,主要由Th17細(xì)胞分泌,可刺激上皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-6,從而發(fā)揮促炎效應(yīng)[19]。有研究顯示,IBS-D患者IL-6水平高于正常組,其大量釋放從而激活免疫反應(yīng)可能與IBS患者的癥狀和焦慮程度相關(guān)[20]。本研究顯示,與NC早期組比較,NC組進(jìn)入拉薩后3個(gè)月時(shí)的IL-6和IL-17A及6個(gè)月時(shí)的IL-6水平均升高,IBS組進(jìn)入拉薩后3、6個(gè)月時(shí)的IL-6和IL-17A水平均升高;IBS組進(jìn)入拉薩后6個(gè)月時(shí)的IL-6和IL-17A水平均高于NC組;NC組進(jìn)入拉薩后6個(gè)月時(shí)的IL-6和IL-17A水平較3個(gè)月時(shí)降低,提示高原環(huán)境會(huì)導(dǎo)致炎性因子水平升高,且在IBS中更為顯著,可能原因是高原環(huán)境導(dǎo)致腸道損傷,出現(xiàn)腸道炎癥及免疫激活,繼而釋放炎性因子,誘導(dǎo)腸道炎癥及黏膜免疫。因此,炎性因子IL-6及IL-17A可能在高原IBS的病因機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用。
I-FABP為小腸上皮細(xì)胞中分子質(zhì)量為15 ku的胞漿蛋白,參與攝取和運(yùn)輸極性脂類,并與腸黏膜損傷相關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),I-FABP與腸黏膜損傷程度呈正相關(guān),并在腸黏膜缺血早期即可檢出[21]。IBS存在腸屏障通透性改變[22],與上皮結(jié)構(gòu)異常、黏膜免疫激活和微生物失調(diào)等有關(guān)[23]。IBS不同亞型中I-FABP存在差異,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)I-FABP在PI-IBS中濃度最高[24]。DAO是一種含脫氨腐胺和組胺的細(xì)胞內(nèi)酶,主要分布在哺乳動(dòng)物的小腸黏膜/纖毛上皮細(xì)胞中。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清DAO和I-FABP在胃腸道早期損傷時(shí)出現(xiàn)升高,且水平高低與損傷程度相關(guān)[25]。與對(duì)照組相比,IBS中DAO水平升高[26]。本研究中,IBS組和NC組中I-FABP均高于NC早期組,NC組進(jìn)入拉薩后6個(gè)月時(shí)I-FABP水平較3個(gè)月時(shí)降低,IBS組進(jìn)入拉薩后6個(gè)月時(shí)I-FABP水平高于NC組。NC組DAO在進(jìn)入拉薩3個(gè)月時(shí)最高,在6個(gè)月時(shí)降至接近NC早期組水平;IBS組進(jìn)入拉薩后3、6個(gè)月DAO均高于NC早期組。因此提示高原環(huán)境能夠?qū)е履c黏膜屏障損傷,且在IBS中更為明顯,推測(cè)腸黏膜屏障損傷可能在高原環(huán)境下IBS發(fā)病中有重要作用。
腦-腸-微生物軸的失調(diào)為IBS的一個(gè)主要病因,而5-HT作為連接腸道微生物和大腦的關(guān)鍵神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),能夠影響胃腸動(dòng)力、痛覺、黏膜炎癥、免疫反應(yīng)和大腦活動(dòng)[27],這可能解釋了IBS的部分癥狀[28]。與健康對(duì)照組相比,IBS組中5-HT水平顯著增高[14]。結(jié)腸5-HT水平升高可導(dǎo)致IBS的腹瀉和內(nèi)臟的超敏反應(yīng)[29]。特異性5-HT受體拮抗劑作為心理應(yīng)激的藥物已在IBS中表現(xiàn)出臨床效果[30]。本研究中,IBS組和NC組中5-HT水平均高于NC早期組;NC組5-HT水平在進(jìn)入拉薩6個(gè)月時(shí)相比3個(gè)月時(shí)降低,提示高原環(huán)境下神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)5-HT的變化可能在高原IBS的發(fā)病中發(fā)揮重要作用。
綜上所述,高原缺氧環(huán)境對(duì)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)、炎性介質(zhì)和腸黏膜屏障損傷具有顯著影響,其在高原IBS病因機(jī)制中可能發(fā)揮重要作用。
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(2023-06-13收稿 2023-09-12修回)
(本文編輯 陳麗潔)