• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Interest of thoracic ultrasound after cardiac surgery or interventional cardiology

    2024-05-07 10:41:32MartinBoussugesPhilippeBlancFabienneBregeonAlainBoussuges
    World Journal of Cardiology 2024年3期

    Martin Boussuges,Philippe Blanc,Fabienne Bregeon,Alain Boussuges

    Abstract Thoracic ultrasound has attracted much interest in detecting pleural effusion or pulmonary consolidation after cardiac surgery.In 2016,Trovato reported,in the World Journal of Cardiology,the interest of using,in addition to echocardiography,thoracic ultrasound.In this editorial,we highlight the value of assessing diaphragm function after cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology procedures.Various factors are able to impair diaphragm function after such interventions.Diaphragm motion may be decreased by chest pain secondary to sternotomy,pleural effusion or impaired muscle function.Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis may be secondary to phrenic nerve damage complicating cardiac surgery or atrial fibrillation ablation.Diagnosis may be delayed.Indeed,respiratory troubles induced by diaphragm dysfunction are frequently attributed to pre-existing heart disease or pulmonary complications secondary to surgery.In addition,elevated hemidiaphragm secondary to diaphragm dysfunction is sometimes not observed on chest X-ray performed in supine position in the intensive care unit.Analysis of diaphragm function by ultrasound during the recovery period appears essential.Both hemidiaphragms can be studied by two complementary ultrasound methods.The mobility of each hemidiaphragms is measured by M-mode ultrasonography.In addition,recording the percentage of inspiratory thickening provides important information about the quality of muscle function.These two approaches make it possible to detect hemidiaphragm paralysis or dysfunction.Such a diagnosis is important because persistent diaphragm dysfunction after cardiac surgery has been shown to be associated with adverse respiratory outcome.Early respiratory physiotherapy is able to improve respiratory function through strengthening of the inspiratory muscles i.e.diaphragm and accessory inspiratory muscles.

    Key Words: Ultrasonography;Diaphragm;Phrenic nerve;Hemidiaphragm;Thickening fraction;Physiotherapy

    INTRODUCTION

    The diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle and contributes to 60%-70% of the total ventilation at rest.It is a musculotendinous structure (2-4 mm) with a central tendinous portion and a peripheral muscular portion.It includes two hemidiaphragms: The right with a dome positioned higher than the left.Motor innervation of the diaphragm comes from two phrenic nerves formed from the C3-C5 nerve roots.The left and right phrenic nerves cross the neck and thorax between the mediastinal surface of the parietal pleura and the fibrous pericardium to reach the corresponding hemidiaphragm.The left phrenic nerve is close to the subclavian artery and passes in front of the pericardial sac of the left ventricle.The right phrenic nerve runs superficial to the anterior scalene muscle and right subclavian artery and passes over the right atrium and right ventricle.Arterial blood flow to the diaphragm comes from collaterals of the internal mammary artery,collaterals of the abdominal aorta,and vessels originating from intercostal arteries.During contraction,the diaphragm shortens and moves caudally,leading to an expansion of the thoracic cavity.This phenomenon increases abdominal pressure and decreases alveolar pressure below atmospheric pressure resulting in airflow into the lungs[1].Various procedures used in patients with heart diseases can impair diaphragmatic function.Diaphragm dysfunction was exceptionally reported after central vein cannulation and pacemaker battery change[2,3].In contrast,this was regularly observed after cardiac surgery and atrial fibrillation ablation[4,5].We underline in this editorial the interest of assessing diaphragm function after such procedures.

    DIAPHRAGM DYSFUNCTION AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY

    Impaired diaphragmatic function was reported in a significant percentage of patients after cardiac surgery.Depending on the detection method and the delay from the surgery,diaphragm dysfunction has been variously estimated: 21% for Dimopoulouet al[6],38% for Bruniet al[7],46% for DeVitaet al[8],and 75% for Mouryet al[9].In a recent observational study[10],symptomatic diaphragm dysfunction was found in 272 out of 3577 patients (7.6%).In our experience (unpublished study),the percentage of diaphragm dysfunction in patients admitted in a cardiac rehabilitation center after cardiac surgery was 15% (39 out of 264 patients).Diaphragm ultrasound detected weakness in 10% of cases and hemidiaphragm paralysis in 5%.Various mechanisms may explain diaphragm dysfunction in these patients.Diaphragmatic motion may be reduced by chest pain secondary to sternotomy,pleural effusion or impaired muscle function[11].Furthermore,phrenic nerve damage is a well-known,complication of cardiac surgery.It has been shown that the phrenic nerve can be injured through thermal lesions secondary to topical cardiac cooling with ice-cold solution in the pericardium.To reduce the risk of injury,the use of insulation pads placed between the heart and the left pericardium has been proposed to protect the phrenic nerve from hypothermic surgery[12,13].The use of warm-blood cardioplegia has also demonstrated its interest in reducing the risk of diaphragm paralysis[14].However,other mechanisms may explain phrenic nerve damage during cardiac surgery.During coronary artery bypass grafting,phrenic nerve injury may be secondary to direct surgical trauma during dissection of the internal mammary artery (IMA) or indirect injury due to stretching by the sternal retractor[15].In addition,IMA harvesting may result in decreased blood flow to the phrenic nerve through ligation of some branches such as the pericardiacophrenic artery.These mechanisms could explain the increased risk of phrenic nerve dysfunction in patiens who underwent IMA harvesting compared to the group that did not undergo IMA harvesting[16].Inflammation secondary to cardiopulmonary bypass surgery may also be involved in the development of diaphragm dysfunctionviasignificant production of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory and pro-apoptotic signaling pathways activation[17].

    DIAPHRAGM DYSFUNCTION INDUCED BY ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION

    Minimally invasive treatment of atrial fibrillation appeared in the late 1990s and is now widely used as a safe alternative to antiarrhythmic drugs.Procedures have improved while the number of patients eligible for such treatments has increased.

    The most commonly used fibrillation ablation techniques are thermal energy sources with cold (cryoablation around -55°C) or heat (radiofrequency heating around +55°C).Due to the short distance between the ablation site and the phrenic nerve,thermal injury is not uncommon (mainly on the right side) resulting in diaphragmatic dysfunction.Electromyography-guided phrenic nerve monitoring has been proposed to prevent serious phrenic nerve injury during superior vena cava isolation.Detection of reduced contraction of the diaphragm during the procedure leads to the change in the ablation trajectory[18,19].Despite the development of prevention strategies,new sophisticated devices and experienced operators,phrenic nerve injuries remain a possible outcome of up to 15% for early transient paralysis of the diaphragm,which usually disappears at the end of the procedure.Persistent symptomatic diaphragmatic paralysis is rare (reported in less than 1% of cases).A large population study from the "Netherlands Heart Registration" focused on persistent diaphragm dysfunction (> 24 h) among 7433 procedures performed between 2016 and 2017[20].The incidence of persistent diaphragm paralysis was 0.7%,the risk being increased in womens.In a recent prospective,multicenter study conducted in 375 subjects comparing cryoballoon to radiofrequency,data showed that cryoablation has the highest level of phrenic nerve injury with 7.20% transient paralysis compared to 3.20% for radiofrequency[21].Today,a new nonthermal energy modality,called pulse field ablation (PFA) therapy has emerged.PFA therapy involves the application of high voltage levels to tissues in order to induce hyperpermeabilization of cell membranes and cell death through the mechanism of irreversible electroporation.This procedure is believed to be more selective than thermal procedures and may be less damaging to the phrenic nerve[22].

    DETECTION OF DIAPHRAGM DYSFUNCTION BY ULTRASOUND

    Chest ultrasound has gained much interest in detecting pleural effusion and pulmonary consolidation or edema after cardiac surgery.In 2016,Trovato[23] reported,in theWorld Journal of Cardiology,the interest of using,in addition to echocardiography,thoracic ultrasound for cardiologists.Since the frequency of diaphragm dysfunction is significant after cardiac surgery and atrial fibrillation ablation,the ultrasound analysis of diaphragm function is important.

    Ultrasound methods

    The two hemidiaphragms can be studied by two complementary ultrasound methods.Diaphragm mobility can be recorded by a sub-costal approach using a cardiac probe[24-26].Excursions of both hemidiaphragms are measured by Mmode ultrasonography during various volitional maneuvers such as quiet breathing (Figure 1) voluntary sniffing and deep inspiration.In addition,it is useful to measure the thickness changes at the zone of apposition during breathing (Figure 2,Video) by a superficial probe using B-mode[27].The percentage of thickening during inspiration provides important information about the quality of the muscle function of the diaphragm[28].These two approaches make it possible to detect paralysis or weakness of hemidiaphragm.

    Figure 1 Diaphragmatic motion recorded by M-mode ultrasonography during quiet breathing d: Measurement of diaphragm excursion=1.6 cm.

    Diagnosis of hemidiaphragm paralysis

    In patients with unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis,hemidiaphragm movement is absent or paradoxical when breathing at rest[29,30].During voluntary sniffing,a paradoxical movement (i.e.cranial) of the hemidiaphragm (Figure 3) is reported using M-mode ultrasonography[29,30].During deep inspiration,a biphasic movement can be recorded with a first paradoxical movement followed by a cranio-caudal excursion[30].The study of inspiratory thickening is important to support the results of the diaphragm excursion analysis.The failure of the paralyzed diaphragm to thicken results in a decrease in the thickening fraction (TF) calculated as the difference between the diaphragm thickness measured at the end of maximal inspiration and the diaphragm thickness at the end of expiration divided by the diaphragm thickness at the end of expiration×100.No significant thickening (TF less than 20%) or thinning of paralyzed hemidiaphragm is observed[31].

    Figure 3 Diaphragmatic motion recorded by M-mode ultrasonography during voluntary sniffing. A: Normal motion;B: Paradoxical movement (arrow) in patient with hemidiaphragm paralysis.

    Diagnosis of diaphragm weakness

    In some patients,diaphragm dysfunction occurred without complete paralysis i.e.diaphragm weakness.Diaphragm weakness can be detected using normal values of excursions and thickening previously determined from the study of healthy controls[32,33].First,no criteria for complete paralysis should be recorded by ultrasound: No paradoxical movement should be observed during the various maneuvers and the TF should be greater than 20%.Secondly,excursions during deep inspiration should be below the lower limit of normal (LLN) depending on the side and gender according to the reference values[32].

    Severity of the weakness may be based on the decrease of the excursion from the lower limit of the normal and the measurement of the thickening fraction[34].

    Patients can be classified as follows: (1) Mild hemidiaphragm dysfunction when the excursion is slightly below the lower limit of normal during deep inspiration (excursion > LLN -1 cm) and a normal or slightly decreased thickening fraction (> 40%);(2) Severe hemidiaphragm dysfunction in patients with a marked decrease in hemidiaphragm excursion (< LLN -1 cm) associated with a marked decrease in thickening fraction (< 40%).

    CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES OF DIAPHRAGM DYSFUNCTION

    The complete loss of function of one hemidiaphragm leads to a restrictive syndrome with a decrease in vital capacity of about 25%.After unilateral diaphragm paralysis,a compensatory increase in neural drive to the functioning hemidiaphragm was demonstrated[35],leading to large excursions to the healthy side[36].The activity of accessory inspiratory muscles is also increased[37].

    Disorders induced by diaphragm paralysis can take a wide variety of clinical pictures[38].Bilateral diaphragm paralysis leads to respiratory failure most often requiring ventilatory support.In case of unilateral hemidiaphragm dysfunction,the compensatory mechanism is effective in patients without severe comorbidities and clinical disorders remain weak.Most often,dyspnea is mild and appears during exercise or in supine position.In contrast,in patients with obesity or with severe pre-existing cardiac or respiratory disease,the impairment in respiratory function leads to clinical disorders that can reach respiratory failure.After cardiac surgery,diaphragm dysfunction is associated with a risk of postoperative pneumonia,mechanical ventilation (non-invasive and invasive ventilation) and increased length of stay in the intensive care unit[39].

    Diagnosis may be delayed,indeed,respiratory disorders induced by diaphragm dysfunction are frequently attributed to pre-existing heart disease or pulmonary complications secondary to the procedure.Furthermore,elevated hemidiaphragm secondary to diaphragm dysfunction is sometimes not seen on chest X-ray perfomed in supine position in the intensive care unit.Diagnosis is sometimes made later,for exemple when admitted to a cardiac rehabilitation center[40].It remains important because persistent diaphragm dysfunction is associated with late respiratory complications[39].

    In addition,high frequency of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been reported in patients with diaphragm dysfunction[41].It is therefore important to seek sleep apnea in these patients because it is recognized that OSA is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease[42].

    Less frequently,right-to-left shunt was associated with right hemidiaphragm paralysis[43,44].The mechanism was a redirection of blood flow from the inferior vena cava directly through the patent foramen ovale secondary to a distortion of cardiac anatomy induced by hemidiaphragmatic paralysis.In patients with hypoxemia,closure of the patent foramen ovale may be necessary[45].

    TREATMENT

    Treatment of diaphragm dysfunction is mainly based on respiratory physiotherapy.In unilateral diaphragm paralysis,inspiratory muscle training improves clinical condition through strengthening of healthy hemidiaphragm and accessory inspiratory muscles[46,47].The long-term prognosis of hemidiaphragm paralysis is usually favorable with a decrease in respiratory disorders due either to the adaptation of healthy inspiratory muscles,or to the spontaneous improvement of diaphragmatic function.

    In a population of patients with diaphragm paralysis of various etiologies,Gayan-Ramirezet al[48] reported functional recovery in the first year after diagnosis in 43% of cases and in two years in 52% of cases.After pediatric cardiac surgery complicated by phrenic nerve injury,recovery was documented in about 55% of children over a median follow-up period of 353 d[49].In patients with hemidiaphragm paralysis secondary to atrial fibrillation ablation,after a mean follow-up of 3 years,66% of the study population had complete recovery,17% had partial recovery,and 17% had no recovery[5].The average recovery time was 4 months after injury.In cases of poor tolerance of diaphragm paralysis,mechanical ventilatory support such as non-invasive ventilation may be required[50].In patients with hemidiaphragm paralysis having no recovery and suffering from disabling respiratory disorders,diaphragm plication can be proposed.Surgery is performed through open thoracotomy or video-assisted thoracoscopy[51].Plication of hemidiaphragm reduces dyspnea,and increases both lung function test and exercise capacity[52,53].The improvement in quality of life persists for a long time.It is therefore recommended to consider diaphragm plication in patients with unilateral diaphragm paralysis who have an impairment of quality of life secondary to chronic dyspnea.

    CONCLUSION

    Cardiac surgery and atrial fibrillation ablation can damage the phrenic nerve causing diaphragm dysfunction.Clinical disorders can be wrongly attributed to pre-existing heart or respiratory diseases,so systematic evaluation of diaphragm function by ultrasound after a procedure at risk of phrenic nerve injury is particularly useful.In such patients,respiratory physiotherapy is able to improve respiratory function through the strengthening of inspiratory muscles.Repeated ultrasound examinations should be performed to monitor potential recovery of diaphragm function.In case of lack of recovery and persistent disabling respiratory disorders,diaphragm plication can be proposed.

    FOOTNOTES

    Author contributions:The article project was designed by Boussuges A;Boussuges M,Blanc P,Bregeon F,and Boussuges A contributed equally to the article by conducting a literature review,drafting the article,making critical revisions and approving the final version.

    Conflict-of-interest statement:All authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

    Open-Access:This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers.It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license,which permits others to distribute,remix,adapt,build upon this work non-commercially,and license their derivative works on different terms,provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

    Country/Territory of origin:France

    ORCID number:Martin Boussuges 0009-0004-6253-4929;Philippe Blanc 0009-0005-2219-7881;Fabienne Bregeon 0000-0002-9244-5474;Alain Boussuges 0000-0001-6176-6200.

    S-Editor:Liu JH

    L-Editor:A

    P-Editor:Zhao S

    国产精品一区二区在线观看99| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 亚洲成人手机| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 欧美午夜高清在线| 精品福利永久在线观看| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 色综合婷婷激情| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 9色porny在线观看| 久久久精品区二区三区| 亚洲精品一二三| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 露出奶头的视频| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 少妇 在线观看| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 老司机亚洲免费影院| 精品亚洲成国产av| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲 | 午夜激情av网站| 精品亚洲成国产av| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 老熟女久久久| 国产免费现黄频在线看| av片东京热男人的天堂| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 性少妇av在线| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 国产成人精品无人区| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9 | www.999成人在线观看| 麻豆av在线久日| 午夜久久久在线观看| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 黄色成人免费大全| 99热只有精品国产| 国产色视频综合| av天堂久久9| 又紧又爽又黄一区二区| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 免费观看精品视频网站| 嫩草影视91久久| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 18禁裸乳无遮挡动漫免费视频| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 精品福利观看| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 悠悠久久av| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 国产成人av教育| 啦啦啦在线免费观看视频4| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| 777米奇影视久久| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 国产精华一区二区三区| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 久久久久国内视频| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 日韩免费av在线播放| 亚洲中文av在线| 视频区图区小说| 91在线观看av| avwww免费| 亚洲五月天丁香| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 国产精品二区激情视频| 性少妇av在线| 少妇 在线观看| 黄片小视频在线播放| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| av中文乱码字幕在线| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 久久影院123| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| videosex国产| 女人精品久久久久毛片| 下体分泌物呈黄色| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 曰老女人黄片| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区久久| 久久久精品免费免费高清| 免费看十八禁软件| 人人澡人人妻人| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼 | 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 精品少妇一区二区三区视频日本电影| 国产欧美亚洲国产| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 亚洲少妇的诱惑av| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| av国产精品久久久久影院| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 免费观看人在逋| 国产精品免费大片| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼 | 高清在线国产一区| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 91老司机精品| 精品国产亚洲在线| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 正在播放国产对白刺激| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 欧美国产精品一级二级三级| 自线自在国产av| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 亚洲综合色网址| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 在线免费观看的www视频| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 在线天堂中文资源库| 在线av久久热| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线 | 国产视频一区二区在线看| 天堂√8在线中文| 免费不卡黄色视频| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区 | 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看| 老司机福利观看| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| 黄频高清免费视频| 啦啦啦视频在线资源免费观看| 午夜福利视频在线观看免费| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 一级,二级,三级黄色视频| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 久99久视频精品免费| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 免费不卡黄色视频| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 久久中文字幕一级| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 国产淫语在线视频| 日本wwww免费看| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| bbb黄色大片| 岛国在线观看网站| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 成年人午夜在线观看视频| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| e午夜精品久久久久久久| 九色亚洲精品在线播放| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花| svipshipincom国产片| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 久久久久国内视频| www日本在线高清视频| 午夜福利,免费看| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看 | 欧美色视频一区免费| 香蕉久久夜色| 国产三级黄色录像| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 中文字幕制服av| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 欧美最黄视频在线播放免费 | 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 精品久久久精品久久久| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看| 国产片内射在线| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 国产精品 国内视频| 亚洲成人手机| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 久久婷婷成人综合色麻豆| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人 | 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 国产激情久久老熟女| 嫩草影视91久久| 最新的欧美精品一区二区| 午夜91福利影院| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| ponron亚洲| 夜夜爽天天搞| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 大香蕉久久网| 9色porny在线观看| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 欧美 日韩 精品 国产| 亚洲av熟女| 国产1区2区3区精品| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 黄色片一级片一级黄色片| 国产精品免费视频内射| 亚洲av熟女| 亚洲成人手机| 大香蕉久久网| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 三级毛片av免费| 在线观看66精品国产| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 国产成人av激情在线播放| av在线播放免费不卡| 精品久久久久久电影网| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 岛国在线观看网站| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 色播在线永久视频| 日韩熟女老妇一区二区性免费视频| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| av中文乱码字幕在线| 久久性视频一级片| 在线观看66精品国产| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 脱女人内裤的视频| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 欧美在线黄色| 精品欧美一区二区三区在线| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 国产亚洲欧美98| 美女视频免费永久观看网站| a在线观看视频网站| 欧美人与性动交α欧美软件| 午夜福利在线免费观看网站| 美女福利国产在线| 在线天堂中文资源库| 国产精品一区二区在线不卡| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| av中文乱码字幕在线| av福利片在线| 婷婷成人精品国产| 18在线观看网站| a级毛片黄视频| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 亚洲国产欧美网| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 高清在线国产一区| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 亚洲伊人色综图| 久久香蕉激情| 身体一侧抽搐| 国产色视频综合| 亚洲专区国产一区二区| 中亚洲国语对白在线视频| 无限看片的www在线观看| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜| 在线免费观看的www视频| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 久久这里只有精品19| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 亚洲五月天丁香| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院 | 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 午夜91福利影院| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 欧美精品高潮呻吟av久久| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器 | 高清在线国产一区| 国产不卡av网站在线观看| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| 很黄的视频免费| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼 | 午夜91福利影院| 色94色欧美一区二区| 久久 成人 亚洲| 精品亚洲成a人片在线观看| 操出白浆在线播放| 嫩草影视91久久| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 18禁观看日本| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 午夜视频精品福利| 无人区码免费观看不卡| av中文乱码字幕在线| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 婷婷成人精品国产| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| av天堂在线播放| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| av天堂在线播放| aaaaa片日本免费| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| 久久香蕉激情| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 很黄的视频免费| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 亚洲成a人片在线一区二区| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 大码成人一级视频| 一a级毛片在线观看| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 伦理电影免费视频| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 看片在线看免费视频| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 99久久99久久久精品蜜桃| 91成年电影在线观看| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 露出奶头的视频| netflix在线观看网站| 国产成人精品在线电影| 天天躁日日躁夜夜躁夜夜| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 丝袜美腿诱惑在线| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 不卡av一区二区三区| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 亚洲av欧美aⅴ国产| 手机成人av网站| av网站免费在线观看视频| 亚洲色图av天堂| 亚洲一区二区三区欧美精品| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 三级毛片av免费| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 久久久国产一区二区| 成年动漫av网址| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 丰满的人妻完整版| 免费观看精品视频网站| 精品久久久久久久毛片微露脸| 丝袜美足系列| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 黄色成人免费大全| 亚洲熟女精品中文字幕| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| www.精华液| 久久中文看片网| av视频免费观看在线观看| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 午夜两性在线视频| 久久香蕉激情| 精品亚洲成a人片在线观看| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 窝窝影院91人妻| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 日日夜夜操网爽| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 岛国在线观看网站| 91国产中文字幕| 午夜视频精品福利| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 欧美午夜高清在线| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 日本a在线网址| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 男人操女人黄网站| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 欧美日韩精品网址| 久久九九热精品免费| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 性少妇av在线| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 啦啦啦在线免费观看视频4| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| www日本在线高清视频| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片 | 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 久久天堂一区二区三区四区| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 男女下面插进去视频免费观看| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 老司机午夜十八禁免费视频| 一a级毛片在线观看| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 亚洲 国产 在线| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 久久亚洲真实| 老司机靠b影院| 在线av久久热| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 在线观看舔阴道视频| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 少妇粗大呻吟视频| 国产单亲对白刺激| 人妻一区二区av| 精品国产国语对白av| 久久亚洲真实| 日韩免费av在线播放| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 99国产精品99久久久久| 国产成人精品无人区| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 国产成人一区二区三区免费视频网站| 国产xxxxx性猛交| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 一级黄色大片毛片| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 精品视频人人做人人爽| 国精品久久久久久国模美| 男女免费视频国产| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 看免费av毛片| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 成人国语在线视频| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 香蕉久久夜色| 国产精华一区二区三区| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 国产乱人伦免费视频| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 一区福利在线观看| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 一本一本久久a久久精品综合妖精| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 久久精品91无色码中文字幕| 999久久久国产精品视频| 国产精品免费大片| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 一级作爱视频免费观看| 成年动漫av网址| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| a级毛片在线看网站| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 日韩欧美在线二视频 | 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 欧美精品高潮呻吟av久久| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜| 男女免费视频国产| 中文字幕制服av| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 天堂√8在线中文| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 欧美午夜高清在线| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 一区二区三区精品91| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看 | 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 一区二区三区精品91| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 久久国产精品影院| 香蕉国产在线看| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 在线av久久热| 一区福利在线观看| 制服人妻中文乱码| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 亚洲中文日韩欧美视频| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影 | 新久久久久国产一级毛片| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 亚洲男人天堂网一区| 窝窝影院91人妻| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 欧美精品一区二区免费开放| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| av欧美777| 91老司机精品| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 成年版毛片免费区| 欧美色视频一区免费| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 亚洲午夜理论影院| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 91在线观看av| 欧美色视频一区免费| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 老司机靠b影院| svipshipincom国产片| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 999精品在线视频| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 亚洲九九香蕉| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费 | 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 国产又爽黄色视频| 看片在线看免费视频| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片| 一a级毛片在线观看| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 免费在线观看完整版高清|