亞歷克·馬什/文 杜磊/譯
I don’t know about you but I’m rather a fan of Batman or The Batman, if you prefer to give him the definite article as the new film does. It’s also rather heartening to see fine British actors earning a pretty penny portraying him—Robert Pattinson1 dons the cowl in the new film, hot on the heels of Christian Bale2. And it’s not just Gotham’s3 bone crushing vigilante4 that our acting schools are clearly adept at preparing actors for: Brits Tom Holland and Andrew Garfield have both slung webs as Spider-man and of course Henry Cavill has donned the blue leotard proud playing Superman four times.
我不知道你怎么樣,但我卻是新老蝙蝠俠的粉絲,如果你和這部新上映的影片那樣,喜歡給蝙蝠俠(Batman)加上個定冠詞(The Batman)的話??吹絻?yōu)秀的英國演員扮演蝙蝠俠,賺上一大筆錢,也令人頗為振奮——克里斯蒂安·貝爾曾出演過蝙蝠俠,緊隨其后的是羅伯特·帕丁森,他在這部新片里披掛上陣。我們的表演學(xué)校顯然不只擅長培養(yǎng)力大無窮的哥譚俠客:英國人湯姆·霍蘭德、安德魯·加菲爾德都曾發(fā)射過蜘蛛網(wǎng),扮演過蜘蛛俠,當(dāng)然還有亨利·卡維爾也曾穿上藍(lán)色緊身衣褲,四度光榮地扮演超人。
As well as the actors, our directors like Christopher Nolan have elevated the Batman story to a new level and indeed our writers (such as Alan Grant) have also had a hand in this process: so why is it that Britain has never developed a homegrown Batman-style fictional vigilante of its own, or indeed any serious cultural contender to the steroidal mass musculature offered by the DC or Marvel worlds?
除演員外,我們的導(dǎo)演(如克里斯托弗·諾蘭)已經(jīng)將蝙蝠俠的故事提升到了一個新的高度;事實(shí)上,我們的編?。ㄈ鐞蹅悺じ裉m特)也曾為此助力。那么,為什么英國就沒有本土造就的蝙蝠俠式虛構(gòu)的江湖好漢或任何有實(shí)力的文化競爭產(chǎn)品,來與DC漫畫公司或漫威世界提供的那類打類固醇的肌肉大塊頭一較高下?
If you look back at the heyday of British comics and their survivors, then we have the likes of Roy of the Rovers—a footballer—or Dan Dare, an urbane pipe-smoking space pilot whose only dark side is on a distant moon5. Neither of them had super powers either, and their necks were conspicuously narrower than their heads.
回顧一下英國漫畫全盛時期以及留下來的那些作品,我們有巡游者隊(duì)的羅伊——一位足球運(yùn)動員,或大膽阿丹——一名溫文爾雅叼著煙斗的太空飛行員(其唯一的黑暗面是在一顆遙遠(yuǎn)的月球上)這樣的人物。兩者都不具備超能力,而且他們的脖子明顯比頭窄。
Britain’s nearest corollary to Batman is Judge Dredd, but he lives in Mega City One which is approximate to New York state. Also he’s a policeman, which actually makes him and the whole set-up altogether the more subversive and also rather different from the likes of Bruce Wayne, Clark Kent or Peter Parker6. Moreover, the only superpower that Dredd possesses is a profound lack of empathy, which is not usually so highly regarded as qualities go, outside of the Home Office of course.
英國最接近蝙蝠俠的角色非德雷德審判官莫屬,但他居住在“巨城一號”——一個和紐約州差不多大的城市。此外,他還是一名警察,這實(shí)際使得他和整個情節(jié)設(shè)定更具顛覆性,也使他與布魯斯·韋恩、克拉克·肯特或彼得·帕克等人物截然不同。此外,德雷德?lián)碛械奈ㄒ怀芰κ菢O度缺乏同理心。當(dāng)然,除了內(nèi)政部,同理心就品質(zhì)而言通常不怎么受重視。
Instead when it comes to fighting crime, Britain has thrown its creative energies into gentleman detectives like Sherlock Holmes, Poirot and Morse7, as well as overtly less gentlemanly ones, like Inspector John Rebus. But whatever their backstories—including Dr Watson’s military service in Afghanistan8 or Rebus’s in the SAS9—these are not men of action, nor are they avenging angels.
相反,在打擊犯罪方面,英國將其創(chuàng)造力投入到了紳士偵探身上,如夏洛克·福爾摩斯、波洛和摩斯,以及那些顯然不太紳士的偵探身上,如約翰·雷布斯探長。但無論他們的背景故事如何——比如華生醫(yī)生曾在阿富汗服役,雷布斯在英國特種空勤團(tuán)當(dāng)過兵——他們都不是善于打斗的人,也不是復(fù)仇天使。
Then we come to Miss Marple10 who, let’s not forget, first appeared in 1927, 12 years before Batman threw his first punch. At a push Christie’s super-sleuth11 might be able to tell you what a numchuck is—well, maybe—but she couldn’t pick it up, let alone throw it. Either way, I’d hate to see the Hollywood adaptation in which she performs the sort of high kick that Gal Gadot can pull off: and God forbid that we one day have a Marple ‘reboot’12 in which she stalks the darkened Rectories of Dorking and Royal Tunbridge Wells bringing retribution13 to suburban blackmailers and embittered14 disinherited siblings.
然后,我們來看看馬普爾小姐。別忘了,她第一次出現(xiàn)是在1927年,比蝙蝠俠打出第一拳還要早12年。在萬不得已的情況下,克里斯蒂筆下的這位大偵探也許能告訴你啥是雙截棍——嗯,也許吧——但雙截棍她可撿不起來,更不用說一把甩出去了。無論如何,我看不慣好萊塢的那種改編方式:讓她表演蓋爾·加朵才可以成功做到的那種高踢腿;但愿不要有一天讓我們看到馬普爾小姐人設(shè)“重啟”:讓她一路潛行到多爾金和皇家坦布里奇韋爾斯昏暗的教區(qū),對那幫住在市郊的敲詐犯展開報復(fù),讓那些因繼承權(quán)被剝奪而心生怨恨的兄弟姐妹受到懲罰。
What our crime fighters have in common is that as well as being less steroidal than their American counterparts, they are rather more interested in solving the crime: they are motivated by justice in its traditional sense rather than revenge. Indeed, most of the time they leave the business of revenge up to criminals.
我們那些抗擊犯罪的斗士有一個共同點(diǎn):他們不像美國同行那樣渾身散發(fā)著類固醇的味道,而是對破案更感興趣;他們的動機(jī)是傳統(tǒng)意義上的正義,而非復(fù)仇。事實(shí)上,大多數(shù)的時候,他們把復(fù)仇這件事留給了罪犯。
And that raises the question of whether our different choice of ‘heroes’ reflects British and American criminal justice systems. Where the American system is characterised by a muscular certainty about the efficacy of punishment (including the capital variety), our criminal justice system is transparently less convinced about the virtues of punishment and appears to be fixated far more on public protection and (ostensibly) on rehabilitation15 and reform—the right of the accused to remain innocent until proven guilty is paramount. And that’s not very Batman.
這就提出了一個問題:我們對“英雄”的不同選擇是否反映了英國和美國的刑事司法體系。美國制度的特點(diǎn)是對懲罰(包括各種死刑)的效力非常確定,而我們的刑事司法系統(tǒng)顯然不太相信懲罰會有好處,且似乎對公眾保護(hù)以及讓罪犯消除前科、(表面上)改過自新的關(guān)注遠(yuǎn)超美國——最為重要的是,被告在被證明有罪之前享有無罪的權(quán)利。這可不怎么像蝙蝠俠。
Of course we do spies well over here, and this arena provides probably the closest cousin that Britain has to offer Batman in the person of James Bond. Like Batman, Bond is no stranger to the occasional extra-judicial killing or act of vengeance; but he’s not a man in a mask, or is he? Perhaps that’s his appeal. Yet Fleming created Bond just 13 years after Batman appeared: for a contemporary British espionage hero we have to look to Mick Herron’s flatulent, obese Jackson Lamb, who is about as far removed from Batman as you could imagine, albeit he too is prone to violent outbursts. But in general, our spies are closer to Smiley16 than Jack Ryan.
當(dāng)然,我們這邊間諜片倒拍得不錯。在這個競技場上,英國提供了詹姆斯·邦德這個人物——這或許是它拿得出手的與蝙蝠俠最接近的角色了。像蝙蝠俠一樣,邦德對偶爾的法外殺戮或報復(fù)行為并不陌生;但他不戴面具,對吧?也許這就是他的吸引力所在了。然而,弗萊明創(chuàng)造的邦德只比蝙蝠俠晚了13年。要找一個英國當(dāng)代的間諜英雄,我們還必須朝米克·赫倫筆下的浮夸自負(fù)、身材肥胖的杰克遜·蘭姆看過去。但他與蝙蝠俠之間的距離遠(yuǎn)之又遠(yuǎn),盡管他也有突然出現(xiàn)暴力行為的傾向。然而,總的來說,我們的間諜更接近史邁利而不是杰克·瑞恩。
There is in fact no British equivalent of Batman. As for the rest of the atomically-altered caped fraternity—the Supermen, X-Men, Wolverines and Wonder Women—we haven’t and can’t really embrace the idea. There is no ‘Captain UK’ in the way that people in the US can clearly embrace Captain America. That sort of thing would just raise a snigger here—or a boycott by a teaching union. There was of course Bananaman but that was a send-up.
事實(shí)上,英國沒有與蝙蝠俠旗鼓相當(dāng)?shù)慕巧?。至于被改變了生命基本元素、身披斗篷的互助團(tuán)體余下的一眾角色——超人們、X戰(zhàn)警、金剛狼和神奇女俠——我們沒有這種構(gòu)想,也不能真正接受這種構(gòu)想。我們可沒有“英國隊(duì)長”,無法像美國人那樣能大大方方地接受“美國隊(duì)長”。這種事情在英國只會引發(fā)大家一陣竊笑——或者受到教育聯(lián)盟的抵制。當(dāng)然,我們曾有過“香蕉人”,但那不過是一種諷刺性的模仿罷了。
So for all that our actors, assorted film-makers and writers might have a hand in extending and growing the superhero oeuvre in whatever form Hollywood takes today, the characters of superheroes as well as the settings remain firmly American. In part that’s down to where they were first conceived and where the main body of viewers is, of course, but ultimately, it’s because it’s their cultural ecosystem.
因此,盡管如今好萊塢讓我們的演員、不同題材的電影制作人與作家可能以各種形式參與擴(kuò)延和發(fā)展超級英雄作品,超級英雄的角色和設(shè)定無疑依舊還是美國式的。部分原因當(dāng)然在于,美國是這些角色的誕生之地,觀眾主體在美國,但歸根結(jié)底,還是因?yàn)槊绹沁@些角色的文化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。
But imagine if Britain could sustain the sincerity and self-belief to have superheroes of its own. What would be his or her super power? Ultra-fairness? Introspection? Would it be the ability to never lose to Australia in the cricket? Or might it be an unparalleled ability to provide humanitarian aid? Whatever we landed on, it wouldn’t be an enormous capacity for bone-crushing or mobster mutilation. For the most part we Brits are happy to leave that to sadistic suburban chiropractors or the gangsters themselves. We like to spend our Sunday evenings watching these criminals get caught in lavish television adaptions in which the detectives’ only superpower is usually their dogged insistence on solving problems, with a certain sense of humour that usually travels about as well as French lager.
但不妨想象一下,如果英國有足夠多的真誠和自信,能夠擁有自己的超級英雄,那么他或她的超能力會是什么呢?超級公平?自我反???會不會是在板球比賽上永遠(yuǎn)不敗給澳大利亞的能力?或者可能是一種無與倫比的提供人道主義援助的能力?無論我們設(shè)定的是哪一種,都不會是那種致人骨頭碎裂或使暴徒身體四分五裂的能力。在很大程度上,我們英國人倒樂意把這種能力留給喜歡施虐的市郊脊椎指壓治療師或歹徒們自己。我們喜歡在周日晚上觀看改編的大制作電視作品中罪犯如何落入法網(wǎng),其中的那些偵探通常只有一項(xiàng)超能力,那就是對破案的執(zhí)著,他們還帶著像法國拉格啤酒那樣常能四處傳揚(yáng)的某種幽默感。
(譯者單位:浙江大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院)
1英國演員,2022年主演《新蝙蝠俠》(The Batman)。? 2英國演員,曾主演克里斯托弗·諾蘭(Christopher Nolan)執(zhí)導(dǎo)的《蝙蝠俠》三部曲:《蝙蝠俠:俠影之謎》(Batman Begins,2005)、(The Dark Knight,2008)、《蝙蝠俠:黑暗騎士崛起》(The Dark Knight Rises,2012)。? 3哥譚市是美國DC漫畫虛構(gòu)的城市,首次出現(xiàn)于1940年12月《蝙蝠俠》漫畫第4期中。該市位于美國東海岸的新澤西州,有不少哥特式建筑,軌道交通發(fā)達(dá),犯罪率高,是蝙蝠俠的故鄉(xiāng)和生活的城市。? 4 vigilante(尤指認(rèn)為警方無法維持治安而自發(fā)組織起來的)治安會會員。
5在漫畫《紅月之謎》(The Red Moon Mystery)中,一顆紅色的月亮突然出現(xiàn)在地球軌道上,引發(fā)了嚴(yán)重的地質(zhì)災(zāi)害。阿丹為了拯救人類,全力阻止了這顆星球上的外星人將這顆紅色月球推向地球。? 6布魯斯·韋恩即蝙蝠俠,克拉克·肯特即超人,兩人均是美國DC漫畫旗下的超級英雄;彼得·帕克即蜘蛛俠,是美國漫威漫畫旗下的角色。
7波洛全名赫爾克里·波洛(Hercule Poirot),是阿加莎·克里斯蒂所著系列偵探小說中的主角,摩斯是“摩斯探長”系列偵探小說的主角。? 8華生醫(yī)生是英國作家阿瑟·柯南·道爾創(chuàng)作的偵探小說《福爾摩斯》系列中的角色。故事中,他是偵探福爾摩斯的朋友和助手。? 9雷布斯是蘇格蘭作家伊恩·蘭金系列偵探小說中的主角,是愛丁堡警察局的一名偵探警官,曾在英國的特種空勤團(tuán)(SAS)中服役。? 10英國偵探小說作家阿加莎·克里斯蒂創(chuàng)作的著名偵探人物。? 11 super-sleuth大偵探。
12在電影、電視和文學(xué)中,reboot是指重新創(chuàng)作或重新啟動一個已存在的故事、系列或者角色。這通常涉及更新或者改變故事的設(shè)定、角色的性格或者其他主要的元素,以便吸引新的觀眾,同時也保留一些原始作品的特征。? 13 retribution嚴(yán)懲;報應(yīng)。? 14 embittered怨憤的,怨恨的。? 15指消除罪犯前科,即曾經(jīng)被判有罪的人如在一定年限內(nèi)不再犯有重大罪行,應(yīng)視同未曾被判罪科刑。英國在1974年制定《罪犯前科消除法》(Rehabilitation of Offenders Act),規(guī)定消除前科后不得再提及其原先的判罪,除非被告知加以說明。
16即喬治·史邁利(George Smiley),英國文學(xué)大師約翰·勒卡雷(John Le Carré)塑造的經(jīng)典特工形象,其身份是英國海外情報機(jī)構(gòu)“ 圓場”(the Circus)的職業(yè)情報官員。史邁利是勒卡雷著名間諜小說“史邁利三部曲”的核心人物,該三部曲為《鍋匠,裁縫, 士兵,間諜》(Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy,1974)、《榮譽(yù)學(xué)生》(The Honourable Schoolboy,1977)、《史邁利的人馬》(Smiley’s People,1979)。