塔拉灘的藍(lán)、綠、白

黃蕾

塔拉灘，位于青海省海南藏族自治州共和縣。這里地廣人稀，平均海拔在2 900 米左右，年均日照時(shí)長(zhǎng)達(dá)3 000 小時(shí)，曾是黃河上游風(fēng)沙危害最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)之一，土地荒漠化率高達(dá)98.5%。由于其海拔高、日照時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，所以是利用太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電的理想?yún)^(qū)域。

Talatan， situated in Honghe County， Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture within QinghaiProvince， China， is known for its expansive land and sparse population. Sitting at an average altitude ofaround 2，900 meters， it receives approximately 3，000 hours of sunlight annually. Historically， it grappledwith severe wind and sand hazards in the upper Yellow River basin， with desertification rates soaring upto 98.5%. Yet， its high altitude and abundant sunlight also make it an excellent location for harnessingsolar energy.

2012 年，中國(guó)耗資3 億人民幣在塔拉灘建造了一座光伏發(fā)電園區(qū)—青海省海南州太陽(yáng)能生態(tài)發(fā)電園區(qū)，也稱“塔拉灘光伏發(fā)電園區(qū)”。園區(qū)最初建設(shè)面積77.9 平方公里，后擴(kuò)建至609 平方公里。這是中國(guó)首個(gè)千萬(wàn)千瓦級(jí)太陽(yáng)能生態(tài)發(fā)電園，也是目前全球一次性投入最大、單體容量最大、集中發(fā)電規(guī)模最大的光伏電站群。

In 2012， China made a substantial investment of300 million RMB to establish a photovoltaic powergeneration park in Talatan， which gave birth to theQinghai Hainan Prefecture Solar Power Park， alsoknown as the “Talatan PV Power Park.” Initiallyspanning 77.9 square kilometers， the park has sinceexpanded to cover 609 square kilometers. It is China’sfirst solar eco-power park， boasting a capacity often million kilowatts. It also holds the distinctionof being the world’s largest cluster of photovoltaicpower stations， evaluated based on single-installmentinvestment， individual unit capacity， and overall powergeneration scale.

站在高高的瞭望塔上極目遠(yuǎn)眺，成片的光伏板一望無(wú)際，綿延不斷，宛如一片“藍(lán)色海洋”。

From a high vantage point on anobservation tower， one can behold aninfinite array of photovoltaic panelsstretching toward the horizon， resemblinga vast panorama of “blue ocean.”

光伏發(fā)電的原理是利用大量光伏板吸收太陽(yáng)能，再將太陽(yáng)能轉(zhuǎn)化成電能。光伏發(fā)電有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，如低成本、無(wú)噪聲、無(wú)毒害、易安裝、可再生等。但是，在一片荒漠之中建造大型發(fā)電園區(qū)也非易事。

Photovoltaic power is generated using solar panelsthat absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. Thismethod is cost-effective， environmentally friendly，quiet， non-toxic， and relies on renewable energysources. However， building a large solar power park inthe middle of a desert is by no means an easy task.

在塔拉灘光伏發(fā)電園區(qū)建立之初，工作人員就遇到了重重困難。首先是風(fēng)沙。由于當(dāng)?shù)仫L(fēng)沙大，光伏板很容易被大量的塵土覆蓋，光電轉(zhuǎn)化效率會(huì)因此降低，只能人工從36 公里外的黃河河道中取水清理。但令人沒(méi)想到的是，原本用來(lái)清理板材的水，流入了荒蕪的土壤，加上太陽(yáng)能板的遮擋，土壤蒸發(fā)率降低，在一片片光伏板之下，土地竟萌發(fā)出了綠茵，不久就形成了一片草原?！八{(lán)色海洋”和綠色草原交相輝映，令人無(wú)限欣喜。

Initially， several obstacles were encountered， with the primary one beingfrequent sandstorms that covered the solar panels with a thick layer of dust，reducing their efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. The nearestfeasible solution was to fetch water from the Yellow River， located 36 kilometersaway， to clean the panels. Interestingly， the water used for cleaning also hada positive effect on the barren soil， reducing its evaporation rate due to theshading provided by the solar panels. This led to the growth of lush greeneryunderneath， transforming the site into a harmonious combination of theexpansive “blue sea” of solar panels surrounded by green landscapes， andcreating a delightful view.

然而新的問(wèn)題也來(lái)了，生命力頑強(qiáng)的小草開(kāi)始野蠻生長(zhǎng)，很快就要超過(guò)光伏板的高度。一方面，草遮蓋光伏板會(huì)降低光電轉(zhuǎn)化效率；另一方面，冬季枯萎的草很容易引發(fā)火災(zāi)，這種情況一旦發(fā)生，將造成巨大的損失。這時(shí)，有人想到讓羊來(lái)吃草—對(duì)牧民而言，這樣降低了飼料成本；對(duì)園區(qū)而言，草勢(shì)得到控制的同時(shí)，也不用增加人工費(fèi)；對(duì)整個(gè)生態(tài)環(huán)境而言，羊糞又可以肥沃和優(yōu)化土壤、滋養(yǎng)草場(chǎng)，可謂一舉多得。于是，工作人員在600 多平方公里的光伏區(qū)域搭建了四個(gè)羊圈，羊兒們?cè)谶@里自由自在散步、大口大口吃草，好不愜意！這群特殊的羊被稱為“光伏羊”，而在這兒放羊的牧民也被稱為“光伏羊倌”。

However， new challenges emerged as the resilient grassunderneath the solar panels began to grow uncontrollably，posing a threat to the panels and their photovoltaicefficiency. During the winter， this dry grass became afire hazard， increasing the risk of damage. An innovativesolution was devised to address this issue by using sheepto manage the grass growth. This not only reduced feedingcosts for herders but also maintained the park withoutadditional labor expenses. Additionally， it improved theecosystem by naturally fertilizing the soil through sheepdung. Consequently， four sheep pens were establishedacross the vast 600 square kilometers of the photovoltaicarea， allowing the sheep to graze freely. These uniquecreatures are affectionately referred to as “PV sheep” andare cared for by a group of “PV shepherds.”

2022 年，塔拉灘光伏發(fā)電園區(qū)年產(chǎn)牧草11.8 萬(wàn)噸，“光伏羊”的出欄量達(dá)到5 萬(wàn)只。在每只“光伏羊”的耳朵上，都懸掛著2 厘米見(jiàn)方的耳標(biāo)，那是羊的“身份證”。一掃耳標(biāo)上的二維碼，就能查到該羊的月齡、養(yǎng)殖戶、疫苗注冊(cè)等信息，消費(fèi)者能買得更放心。給牧民帶來(lái)了收益、為園區(qū)解決了實(shí)際問(wèn)題的“光伏羊”，也成為海南州人民的“團(tuán)寵”。 2023 年是青海省海南藏族自治州成立70周年，慶祝的吉祥物“南小陽(yáng)”就是根據(jù)“光伏羊”設(shè)計(jì)的?！澳闲￡?yáng)”身著藏族服裝，腳踏草地，背靠光伏板，十分惹人喜愛(ài)。

In 2022， the park produced 118，000 tons of forageand fostered a population of 50，000 “PV sheep.” Eachsheep is identifiable through a 2-square-centimeter eartag that contains a QR code. Consumers can scan thisto access vital information about the sheep’s age， theirherders and vaccination records， promoting transparencyand confidence in purchase. This initiative has not onlybolstered the income of local herders and resolvedpractical challenges within the park but has also turned?these sheep into a cherished symbol for the people of Hainan Prefecture. In 2023，as the Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture celebrated its 70th anniversary， theconcept of “PV sheep” inspired the design of the celebration’s official mascot —“Nan Xiaoyang.” “Nan Xiaoyang” dons traditional Tibetan attire and is setagainst a backdrop of grasslands and photovoltaic panels， making it exceptionallyendearing.

如今，海南州已在園區(qū)內(nèi)建成10 個(gè)光伏生態(tài)牧場(chǎng)，可養(yǎng)殖近八萬(wàn)只羊，年均增收6 000余萬(wàn)元，形成了“光伏產(chǎn)業(yè) + 生態(tài)保護(hù) + 生態(tài)農(nóng)牧業(yè)”的融合發(fā)展新模式。

Today， Hainan Prefecture has successfully set up 10 PV eco-ranches withinthe park， providing a home for nearly 80，000 sheep. With the annual increase inrevenue by over 60 million RMB， the park has set up a sustainable model thatharmoniously combines the photovoltaic industry with ecological conservationand animal husbandry.

在塔拉灘光伏發(fā)電園區(qū)人多年不懈的努力下，海南州清潔能源裝機(jī)容量達(dá)4 314 萬(wàn)千瓦，其中光熱35 萬(wàn)千瓦、水電736 萬(wàn)千瓦、抽水蓄能910 萬(wàn)千瓦、光伏2 103 萬(wàn)千瓦、風(fēng)能530萬(wàn)千瓦，完成并網(wǎng)裝機(jī)2 094 萬(wàn)千瓦（占青海省裝機(jī)容量的52%），在建2 220 萬(wàn)千瓦。園區(qū)新能源不僅能夠滿足青海省內(nèi)的需求，多余的還會(huì)輸送到其他省份。2020 年，中國(guó)首條清潔能源特高壓輸電線路青?！幽稀?00 千伏特高壓直流工程正式投運(yùn)。青海的綠電直接供給1 500 公里之外的河南。通往江蘇的輸電通道建設(shè)已獲批并進(jìn)入前期準(zhǔn)備工作，通往港珠澳的外送輸電通道正在謀劃當(dāng)中。2022 年，海南州光伏發(fā)電園區(qū)與龍羊峽水光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電站正式獲得吉尼斯世界紀(jì)錄認(rèn)證，分別成為全球最大裝機(jī)容量的光伏發(fā)電園區(qū)和最大裝機(jī)容量的水光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電站。

Through the park’s steadfast dedication， HainanPrefecture has achieved a clean energy with a totalinstalled capacity of 43.14 million kilowatts. Thisincludes 350，000 kilowatts of solar thermal power，7.36 million kilowatts of hydropower， 9.1 millionkilowatts of pumped storage， 21.03 million kilowattsof photovoltaic power， and 5.3 million kilowatts ofwind power. The park’s completed grid-connectedcapacity is 20.94 million kilowatts， which accountsfor 52% of Qinghai Province’s total installedcapacity. An additional 22.2 million kilowattsof capacity is under construction. Remarkably，the park not only satisfies new energy demandsof Qinghai Province but has initiated the exportof surplus energy to other provinces. In 2020， amilestone was achieved with the launch of China’sfirst clean energy ultra-high-voltage transmissionline — the Qinghai-Henan ±800 kV ultra-highvoltagedirect current line. This project facilitatesthe direct transfer of green electricity from Qinghaito Henan， located 1，500 kilometers away. Furtherexpansions are underway， with preparations for a?transmission channel to Jiangsu， and plans beingdrawn up for channels extending to Hong Kong，Macau， and Zhuhai. In 2022， the Talatan PVPower Park and the Longyangxia HydropowerStation officially received the Guinness WorldRecords certification， becoming the world’s largestphotovoltaic power park and the largest hydrosolarhybrid photovoltaic power station in terms ofinstalled capacity respectively.

昔日黃沙漫天的戈壁荒漠早已改變了模樣，綿延的草地上整齊搭建著藍(lán)色光伏板，一眼望不到邊，羊群穿梭其間，編織出一條獨(dú)特的藍(lán)綠白三色高原生態(tài)風(fēng)景線。

What once was a barren desert， characterizedby relentless winds and blowing yellow sand，has transformed. Now， vast grasslands stretch tothe horizon， adorned with neatly arranged bluephotovoltaic panels. Amidst this landscape， herdsof sheep roam freely， creating a unique highlandscenery of blue， green， and white.