見(jiàn)證中國(guó)畜牧業(yè)的科技發(fā)展

文/蔡永久（Dr.Cai Yongjiu） 譯/張佳藝

作為一名畜牧研究人員和公司首席技術(shù)官，在華十年的工作經(jīng)歷讓我深刻感受到了中國(guó)社會(huì)的發(fā)展，也見(jiàn)證了中國(guó)畜牧業(yè)的科技發(fā)展，這段經(jīng)歷彌足珍貴。

我還清楚地記得，十年前我作為達(dá)農(nóng)威公司的首席技術(shù)官來(lái)到中國(guó)深圳，迎接我的是炎熱的天氣和比天氣更熱情的同事。從機(jī)場(chǎng)到公司，一路上隨處可見(jiàn)大運(yùn)會(huì)吉祥物和口號(hào)橫幅。這座年輕的城市熱切地向世界展示它的輝煌與活力。實(shí)際上，在改革開(kāi)放30多年的政策推動(dòng)下，隨著亞洲金融地位的提升，當(dāng)時(shí)的深圳已經(jīng)趨于成為世界級(jí)金融中心。我們公司的所在地——國(guó)際商會(huì)大廈，像藍(lán)色巨人一樣矗立在深圳中心區(qū)中軸線的南端，見(jiàn)證著這座城市和這個(gè)國(guó)家的飛速發(fā)展。

As an animal husbandry researcher and company chief technology officer,my ten years of work experience in China has made me deeply feel the development process of Chinese society and witness the technological development of China’s animal husbandry.This experience is precious.

I still clearly remember that ten years ago,I came to Shenzhen,China,as the chief technology officer of Diamond V Corp.,and I was greeted by hot weather and colleagues who were warmer than the weather.Universiade mascots and slogan banners can be seen everywhere,from the airport to the company,and this young city seems eager to show its splendor and vitality to the world.In fact,under the reform and openingup policy over 30 years and the rise of Asia’s financial status,Shenzhen at that time tended to become a world-class financial center.Our company’s location,the International Chamber of Commerce Tower,stands like a blue giant at the southern end of the central axis of Shenzhen’s main area,witnessing the rapid development of this city and this country.

Compared with the rapid economic development,the level of science and technology in many fields in China was relatively lagging compared with western countries.Since I am engaged in scientific research on animal nutrition,I pay more attention to the scientific and technological development of China’s animal husbandry industry.Ten years ago,there was a big gap between scientific research institutes of many agricultural universities in China and Western countries regarding the level of laboratory equipment,scientific research base construction,research concepts,and methods.In terms of scientific research achievements,only the top scientific research institutes in the industry could occasionally publish articles in top journals such as “Cell,”“Nature,” and “Science,” Now,Most scientific research institutes in China have modern scientific research equipment,the latest scientific research ideas synchronized with the world,and excellent scientific research teams.It is common to publish in top journals in top universities and colleges in China.And many ordinary colleges and universities even increase the publication volumes in top journals.Chinese universities and institutes’ scientific research environment and scientific research level have aligned with international standards and even lead the world in many aspects.

與經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展相比，中國(guó)許多領(lǐng)域的科技水平較西方國(guó)家相對(duì)落后。因我本人從事的是動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)相關(guān)的研究工作，所以更加關(guān)注中國(guó)畜牧業(yè)的科技發(fā)展。十年前，中國(guó)許多農(nóng)業(yè)院校的科研院所在實(shí)驗(yàn)室設(shè)備、科研基地建設(shè)、研究理念和方法等方面與西方國(guó)家有較大差距。在科研成果方面，只有業(yè)內(nèi)頂尖的科研院所偶爾能在《細(xì)胞》《自然》《科學(xué)》等頂級(jí)期刊上發(fā)表論文。而現(xiàn)在，中國(guó)大多數(shù)科研院所都擁有現(xiàn)代化的科研設(shè)備、與世界同步的最新科研理念和優(yōu)秀的科研團(tuán)隊(duì)。國(guó)內(nèi)一流大學(xué)和學(xué)院在頂級(jí)期刊上發(fā)表論文已屢見(jiàn)不鮮，甚至許多普通高校在頂級(jí)期刊上的發(fā)文量也在不斷增加。中國(guó)高校和科研院所的科研環(huán)境和科研水平已與國(guó)際接軌，在許多方面甚至遙遙領(lǐng)先于其他國(guó)家。

在科技發(fā)展的推動(dòng)下，整個(gè)畜牧業(yè)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。以養(yǎng)豬業(yè)為例，中國(guó)作為豬肉消費(fèi)大國(guó)，擁有最大的養(yǎng)豬業(yè)，其產(chǎn)量幾乎占全球養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的一半。然而，中國(guó)的養(yǎng)豬業(yè)卻是大而不強(qiáng)。不得不承認(rèn)，幾年前的中國(guó)，養(yǎng)殖方式比較粗放、不規(guī)范。

2013年冬天，我和公司的銷(xiāo)售人員一起去西南山區(qū)的一家養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)參觀。那是一個(gè)小規(guī)模的養(yǎng)豬場(chǎng)，圈舍沒(méi)有合理布局，隨意搭建在自家院子里。當(dāng)時(shí)，豬場(chǎng)里有大量斷奶仔豬腹瀉，而養(yǎng)殖戶邀請(qǐng)我們?nèi)⒂^豬圈，卻沒(méi)有嚴(yán)格的消毒程序。進(jìn)入豬圈后，一股濃烈的氨水味撲面而來(lái)，空氣質(zhì)量極差。同時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)屋頂上只有一層鐵皮。冬天為了保暖，只能盡量密封，導(dǎo)致有害氣體嚴(yán)重超標(biāo)。夏天酷熱，根本無(wú)法達(dá)到適合生豬生產(chǎn)的條件。圈內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單，只有必要的食槽和水槽。經(jīng)向養(yǎng)殖戶詢問(wèn)我得知，養(yǎng)殖戶缺乏消毒意識(shí)，食槽和水槽沒(méi)有定期清洗和消毒；科學(xué)防疫觀念不強(qiáng)；只考慮疫苗價(jià)格，忽視疫苗質(zhì)量；免疫劑量一成不變，不能根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)匾咔楹拓i群健康狀況及時(shí)調(diào)整；免疫過(guò)程中操作不規(guī)范，造成豬群過(guò)度應(yīng)激。根據(jù)以上問(wèn)題，我給養(yǎng)殖戶提出了科學(xué)的改進(jìn)措施，建議在飼料中添加酵母培養(yǎng)物等保健抗應(yīng)激產(chǎn)品。

Driven by the development of science and technology,the entire animal husbandry industry has also undergone earthshaking changes.Taking the pig industry as an example,China,as a big pork consumer,also has the largest pig breeding industry.Its output accounts for almost half of the global industry.However,the pig-rasing in China is extensive but not decisive.I must admit that in China a few years ago,the breeding methods were still relatively rough and nonstandard.

I remember that in the winter of 2013,I visited a farm in the mountainous area of Southwest China with a salesperson from the company.That was a small-scale pig farm,and the pen was randomly built in his courtyard without a reasonable layout.Many weaned piglets were suffering from diarrhea on the farm at that time.And the farmer invited us to the pens without strict disinfection procedures.After entering the pens,there was a strong smell of ammonia and poor air quality.At the same time,I noticed only a layer of iron on the roof.The pens could only be sealed as much as possible to keep warm in winter,leading to severe excess of harmful gases.It would be scorching in summer,which could not achieve suitable conditions for live pig production.The feeding equipment in the circle was simple,with only the necessary feeder and water tank.When I asked the farmer,I learned that the farmer lacked disinfection awareness.The feeder and water tank have not been regularly cleaned,rinsed,and disinfected.The concept of scientific epidemic prevention was not strong.Only the price of vaccines was considered,but the quality was.The immune dose remained unchanged and could not be adjusted in time according to the local epidemic situation and the health status of the pig herd.The operation was not standardized during the immunization process,resulting in excessive stress in the pig herd.Based on the above questions,I proposed scientific improvement measures for the farmer and suggested adding yeast culture and other health-care anti-stress products to the feed.

When I revisited this farm,it was 2021 spring.The farm had been relocated to a flat and open area nearby with high terrain.The farm had standardized construction of sow pens,delivery rooms,nursing pens,and fattening pens.There were also veterinary rooms,isolation rooms,disinfection channels,and fecal treatment equipment.It was not difficult to see from the newly built villa and the smile on the farmer’s face that he had obtained tremendous benefits through the scientific breeding of pigs and the scientific management of the farm over the years.

當(dāng)我再次參觀這家養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)時(shí)，已經(jīng)是2021年春天了。那時(shí)，養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)搬到了附近地勢(shì)較高的平坦開(kāi)闊地上，依照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建設(shè)了母豬欄、產(chǎn)房、保育欄和育肥欄。此外，還有獸醫(yī)室、隔離室、消毒通道和糞便處理設(shè)備。從新建的別墅和養(yǎng)殖戶臉上的笑容中我看出，多年來(lái)的科學(xué)養(yǎng)豬和科學(xué)管理養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)讓他獲利不少。

這樣的案例只是中國(guó)數(shù)百萬(wàn)農(nóng)民的一個(gè)縮影。近年來(lái)，環(huán)境保護(hù)和非洲豬瘟迫使中國(guó)養(yǎng)豬業(yè)以高科技手段升級(jí)換代。如今，粗糙簡(jiǎn)陋的豬圈變成了干凈整潔的養(yǎng)殖舍，臭氣熏天的畜禽糞便變成了營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富的有機(jī)肥料。養(yǎng)豬用上了機(jī)器人，養(yǎng)殖過(guò)程中減少了獸用抗生素的使用。過(guò)去十年來(lái)，政策逐步出臺(tái)，變化日新月異。中國(guó)畜牧業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)步伐加快，先進(jìn)技術(shù)、工藝和裝備不斷研發(fā)和集成。畜牧業(yè)科技支撐、畜禽糞污資源化利用、飼料作物種植等，優(yōu)化了種養(yǎng)關(guān)系，保護(hù)了生態(tài)環(huán)境。綠色發(fā)展成為畜牧業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的主旋律；無(wú)抗生素產(chǎn)品成為畜牧業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的重要內(nèi)容；畜禽產(chǎn)品供給不斷滿足消費(fèi)者多樣化需求，質(zhì)量安全水平穩(wěn)步提升。

畜牧業(yè)科技發(fā)展只是中國(guó)各行業(yè)科技發(fā)展的一個(gè)方面。各行各業(yè)的科技進(jìn)步，共同將中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展水平和國(guó)際影響力提升到了新的高度。正如十年前，國(guó)際商會(huì)大廈是深圳公認(rèn)的地標(biāo)性建筑，而現(xiàn)在，一街之隔的平安金融中心則引領(lǐng)著新的城市天際線。再比如，十年前，只有深圳等一線城市才能舉辦大運(yùn)會(huì)這樣的國(guó)際盛會(huì)；而今年，大運(yùn)會(huì)的火炬在地處西南地區(qū)的超大城市成都重新點(diǎn)燃。

作為一名科技領(lǐng)域的外國(guó)專家，我有幸見(jiàn)證了中國(guó)科技近十年來(lái)的發(fā)展。希望中國(guó)的科技發(fā)展在未來(lái)能夠再創(chuàng)新高。

四川省德陽(yáng)市中江縣萬(wàn)家生豬專業(yè)合作社黃鹿豬場(chǎng)（新華社記者 李夢(mèng)馨 攝）

Such a case is just a microcosm of the millions of farmers in China.In recent years,environmental protection and African swine fever have forced the Chinese pig industry to upgrade with higher-tech means.Today,rough and shabby pens have become clean and tidy breeding buildings,and foul-smelling livestock and poultry manures have become nutrient-rich organic fertilizers.Pigs have been raised with robots with less use of veterinary antibiotics in breeding.Policies have been gradually introduced in the past ten years,and changes have steadily occurred.The transformation and upgrading of China’s animal husbandry industry has accelerated,and advanced technologies,processes,and equipment have been continuously developed and integrated.The scientific and technological support of animal husbandry,the utilization of livestock and poultry manure resources,and the implementation of planting feed crops have optimized the relationship between planting and breeding and protected the environment.This made green development the central theme of animal husbandry modernization.Antibioticfree products have become an essential part of the high-quality development of animal husbandry;the supply of livestock and poultry products continues to meet diversified consumer needs,and the level of quality and safety has steadily improved.

The development of animal husbandry science and technology is only one aspect of the scientific and technological development of various industries in China.Various industries’scientific and technical progress has jointly raised China’s social and economic level and international influence to a new height.Just as ten years ago,the International Chamber of Commerce Tower was an accredited landmark in Shenzhen.The Ping An Finance Center,just across the street,now leads the new urban skyline.Another example is ten years ago,only a firsttier city like Shenzhen could hold international events like the Universiade.This year,the torch is rekindled in Chengdu,a megacity in the Southwest China.

As a foreign expert engaged in science and technologyrelated work,I am very fortunate to witness the development of China’s science and technology in the past ten years.At the same time,I wish that China’s scientific and technological development can reach new heights.