揭開(kāi)?；韬顕?guó)的神秘面紗

黃雪寅

在2015 年中國(guó)文物網(wǎng)發(fā)起的“中國(guó)十大文物事件網(wǎng)絡(luò)評(píng)選”活動(dòng)中，“江西海昏侯墓葬考古成果發(fā)掘”高居榜首，成為中國(guó)年度最具影響力的文物事件。?；韬顫h墓一夜之間被推到了鎂光燈下，成為媒體記者和廣大民眾熱議的對(duì)象，人們期待揭開(kāi)海昏侯國(guó)和墓主人劉賀的神秘面紗。

In 2015， the excavation of the Haihunhou tomb in Jiangxi Provincetopped the Top 10 Cultural Discoveries in China， considered the mostinfluential event related to cultural heritage and museology in that year.Overnight， the Haihunhou tomb became the focus of media attentionand public discussion， as people looked forward to lifting the veil of themysterious Haihunhou State and the tomb owner， Liu He.

2011 年，江西省文物考古研究所接到群眾舉報(bào)，在南昌市新建縣（現(xiàn)為新建區(qū)）大塘坪鄉(xiāng)觀西村東北約500 米的墩墩山上，一座古代墓葬遭到盜掘。江西省文化廳、江西省文物局和南昌市政府高度重視，立即組織專(zhuān)家對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行勘查。從盜洞到出土葬具，專(zhuān)家判斷，該墓規(guī)模較大，等級(jí)較高，很可能與文獻(xiàn)記載的昌邑王（?；韬睿﹦①R有關(guān)。據(jù)歷史記載，海昏侯國(guó)是劉賀被廢黜后，于公元前63 年在豫章郡?；杩h建立的侯國(guó)。劉賀作為一位既當(dāng)過(guò)皇帝又成為列侯的特殊人物，在江西?；韬顕?guó)至少延續(xù)了四代。發(fā)掘?；韬顕?guó)歷史的責(zé)任落在了考古人的身上。從2011 年至2015 年，江西省集結(jié)本地和全國(guó)相關(guān)科技考古力量，經(jīng)過(guò)歷時(shí)五年的考古發(fā)掘，共勘探約100 萬(wàn)平方米，發(fā)掘約1 萬(wàn)平方米，在海昏侯墓周邊5 平方公里內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)了紫金城遺址、歷代?；韬钅箞@、貴族和平民墓地等海昏侯國(guó)一系列重要遺存。以海昏侯和侯夫人墓為中心的墓園中，兩座主墓同塋異穴，占據(jù)了總面積達(dá)4 000 平方米的禮制性高臺(tái)建筑。

In 2011， the Jiangxi Provincial Institute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology received a report of tomblooting in Dundunshan， Xinjian County （now XinjianDistrict）， about 500 meters northeast of Guanxi Villageof Datangping Township. Alerted by the report， thecultural agencies on both the municipal and provinciallevels immediately organized a team of experts toconduct an on-site investigation. Based on the way thelooters made their entry and the burial objects found，the experts believed that the tomb was both large andhistorically significant， and that it probably belonged toLiu He， the Prince of Changyi （Haihunhou or Marquisof Haihun of the Han Dynasty）.

According to historical records， Haihunhou Statewas established in Haihun County， Yuzhang Prefecture，in 63 BC after Liu He was deposed from the Hanthrone. As a unique figure who had served first as anemperor and later as a marquis， Liu Hes lineage continuedfor at least four generations.

The responsibility of discovering the history ofthe state fell on the Chinese archaeologists. From2011 to 2015， local and national archaeological teamsinvestigated about one million square meters of thesite and excavated about 10，000 square meters of it.They discovered， within a five-square-kilometer areaaround the Haihunhou tomb， a series of importantrelics， including the ruins of Zijin City， the cemeteryof Haihunhou of generations and the tombs of thenobility and commoners.

In the center of the cemetery， the Haihunhou tomband the tomb of his wife was buried separately butadjacently. The two main tombs were located in a highplatform building covering an area of 4，000 squaremeters.

?；韬钅箤儆谖鳚h中晚期采取“漢制”埋葬的列侯墓葬。從發(fā)掘情況看，?；韬钅箻∈以缒暌呀?jīng)坍塌，且有地下室水，遺物基本沒(méi)有被盜，這在全國(guó)漢代高等級(jí)墓葬的發(fā)掘中十分罕見(jiàn)。出土金器、青銅器、鐵器、玉器、漆木器、陶瓷器、竹編、草編、紡織品和簡(jiǎn)牘（簽牌和奏章副本）等各類(lèi)精美文物1 萬(wàn)余件（套）。其中出土了10 余噸約200 萬(wàn)枚五株錢(qián)，378 件馬蹄金、麟趾金、金餅、金板等，這是迄今為止出土的我國(guó)漢墓考古史上保存最完整、數(shù)量最集中的一次發(fā)現(xiàn)。此外，墓中還發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量工藝精湛的錯(cuò)金銀、包金、鎏金銅器，其中，在一件青銅豆形燈座上，清晰刻有“南昌”二字，這是關(guān)于“南昌”城最早、最珍貴的實(shí)物資料。判定墓主人身份的重要物證也出土于墓中，一是真車(chē)馬陪葬坑、整套的樂(lè)器（包括兩架編鐘，一架編磬，琴、瑟、排簫、笙和36 尊伎樂(lè)木俑，形象再現(xiàn)了西漢列侯的用樂(lè)制度），證實(shí)了墓主人的地位屬于列侯級(jí)別。二是墓中出土的有“臣賀”等字樣的漆器、青銅器、印章和木牘，特別是棺內(nèi)提取出了刻有“劉賀”二字的玉印，證實(shí)了墓主人是西漢第一代?；韬顒①R。這一考古成果一經(jīng)發(fā)布，引發(fā)了社會(huì)各界的高度關(guān)注，?；韬钅钩鐾廖奈锖湍怪魅藙①R“視死如生”的地宮生活成為關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)。

The experts categorize the Haihunhou tomb as amarquis tomb from the middle to the late Western HanDynasty that was built based on the “Han system”. Theexcavation reveals that because the coffin chamber hadcollapsed very early on and flooded by undergroundwater， the relics were not looted， which is extremelyrare in the excavation of high-level Han Dynasty tombsthroughout the country.

More than 10，000 exquisite cultural relics ofvarious types were unearthed， including items ofgold， bronze， iron， jade， lacquer， ceramics， bambooweaving， grass weaving， textiles， and bamboo slips（copies of signs and memorials）. Among them， morethan 10 tons of about 2 million Wuzhu bronze coinswere unearthed， as well as 378 pieces of horse-shoeshapedcast gold， Kylin-toe-shaped1 cast gold， pieshapedgold and gold plaques， etc. This is the mostcomplete and concentrated discovery of Han Dynastytomb archaeology in China to date. In addition， a largenumber of exquisitely crafted gold and silver inlaid，gold-plated， and gilded copper wares were also discovered. On abronze bean-shaped lamp stand， the characters 南昌 （Nanchang）were clearly engraved， which is the earliest and most preciousphysical evidence about the city of Nanchang.

Also unearthed were two pieces of important physicalevidence for determining the identity of the tomb owner： First，a burial pit for real chariots and real horses， and a completeset of musical instruments （including two sets of bianzhong，one set of bianqing， qin， se， paixiao， sheng， and 36 figurinesof musicians， which vividly enacted a typical scene of musicperformance at a marquiss palace during the Western HanDynasty）. It confirms that the tomb owner was a marquislevelnobleman. Second， extracted from the coffin werelacquerware， bronze ware， seals， and wooden slips with thecharacters 臣賀， and most importantly， a jade seal with thecharacters 劉賀. These are convincing evidence of the tombowners identity. The announcement of these archaeologicalachievements immediately caught the attention of society， withfocus on the unearthed cultural relics and how they re-createdLiu Hes life.

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，考古發(fā)掘成果在博物館展覽，是博物館展覽中的重要內(nèi)容。但通常，考古人員完成考古發(fā)掘并發(fā)表考古報(bào)告之后，博物館才可以將文物及發(fā)掘報(bào)告等成果集中展示并公布于眾。當(dāng)時(shí)，海昏侯墓尚處于發(fā)掘整理過(guò)程中，許多出土文物仍在文物實(shí)驗(yàn)室接受保護(hù)和研究，大量的考古成果尚無(wú)結(jié)論。在如此大規(guī)模的社會(huì)目光關(guān)注下，如何發(fā)揮博物館的考古知識(shí)普及功能，最大限度揭開(kāi)考古學(xué)的神秘面紗，讓觀眾一睹這個(gè)墓群珍貴的出土文物，領(lǐng)略“事死如事生”的漢代葬俗和漢代列侯的奢華地宮生活，從而了解中國(guó)漢代政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等多方面的成就，成了亟待考古人解決的課題。在江西省文物局和北京文物局主辦下，首都博物館聯(lián)手江西省文物考古研究所和江西省博物館等機(jī)構(gòu)，克服邊考古邊展覽的困難，于2016 年3 月在北京首都博物館舉辦了“五色炫曜——南昌漢代海昏侯國(guó)考古成果展”，展覽的大門(mén)一打開(kāi)，觀眾如潮水般蜂擁而至，在短時(shí)間內(nèi)形成了“首博熱”，首都博物館也成為當(dāng)時(shí)北京市民文化生活的網(wǎng)紅打卡地，收獲了良好的社會(huì)效益。

Generally speaking， results of archaeologicalexcavations can only be displayed at museums afterthe completion of the excavation and the release ofits archaeological report. At the time， the processof excavating the Haihunhou tomb was ongoingand many unearthed artifacts were still beingprotected and studied in the laboratory， and therewere still a large number of archaeological findingswithout conclusions. With such a large-scale socialattention， how to make full use of the museumsfunction of popularizing the knowledge ofarchaeology and give ordinary people access to theprecious unearthed artifacts， the funeral customs，and the political， economic， cultural achievementsof the Han Dynasty — all reflected in the luxuryof the Haihunhou tomb — becomes an urgentproblem.

The Capital Museum in Beijing solved this problemby joining forces with the Jiangxi ProvincialInstitute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and theJiangxi Provincial Museum， under the sponsorship ofthe Jiangxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau and theBeijing Cultural Relics Bureau. In March 2016， themuseum held the special exhibition “Splendor Finds：The Archaeological Excavations at the Royal Cemeteryof Haihunhou Kingdom in Han Dynasty”. As soon asthe exhibition opened， visitors rushed in like a tide，making the museum one of the most popular culturaldestinations in Beijing overnight.

面對(duì)大眾的期待，為解決如何全面介紹漢代歷史和列侯制度，如何客觀理解漢代“視死如生”的生死觀，如何正確認(rèn)識(shí)?；韬顕?guó)的奢華陪葬遺物等問(wèn)題，首都博物館借助江西省博物館、江西省文物考古研究所考古科研優(yōu)勢(shì)，以墓葬考古為主要展覽內(nèi)容，介紹西漢王侯的陵寢并延伸至漢代歷史。同時(shí)，展覽展示了當(dāng)代科技在考古中的應(yīng)用，如考古現(xiàn)場(chǎng)科技保護(hù)專(zhuān)家如何精心處理木簡(jiǎn)、漆器、青銅器的銘文以及許多出土器物的多光譜分析結(jié)果，令觀眾親眼目睹了科技考古的神奇力量。首博策展團(tuán)隊(duì)利用科技手段在展廳營(yíng)造了漢文化元素氛圍，并將考古現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的發(fā)掘照片大量用于輔助展版，采用通體玻璃多面可視展柜，為觀眾提供了多角度欣賞這批珍貴出土精品的絕佳條件。在照明設(shè)計(jì)和展版文字方面，策展團(tuán)隊(duì)最大限度地滿足觀眾參觀可視度，使觀眾在閱讀展版文字和拍照的參與度方面，能得到最大限度的獲得感和心理滿足感。為了提高講解的專(zhuān)業(yè)化水平，首博特意派出講解員團(tuán)隊(duì)前往江西?；韬畎l(fā)掘現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，在考古專(zhuān)家的帶領(lǐng)下親身體驗(yàn)?zāi)乖岚l(fā)掘的工作過(guò)程，并通過(guò)與當(dāng)?shù)夭┪镳^交流，更多地掌握江西歷史文化知識(shí)，更深入地了解?；韬钇淙似涫拢瑢⑽奈锉澈蟮墓适屡c人物進(jìn)行深度結(jié)合，讓一位“沉睡”了2 000 多年的漢代?；韬钤谟^眾的面前“復(fù)活”。

To meet the publics high expectation， the museumhad to not only comprehensively introduce the history

of the Han Dynasty and the marquis system， but alsointroduce them in a way that would enable the visitorsto objectively understand the Han peoples view of “l(fā)ifeand death as equal”， and to rationally understand theluxurious burial artifacts.

With the assistance of the Jiangxi ProvincialMuseum and the Jiangxi Provincial Institute ofCultural Relics and Archaeology， the Capital Museumorganized an exhibition mainly focused on tombarchaeology， from the tombs of the Western Hanemperor to the history of the Han Dynasty.

At the same time， the exhibition highlighted theapplication of modern technology in archaeology. Forexample， visitors could see with their own eyes themagical power of technology in archaeology， and getto know how technology protection experts carefullyhandled the inscriptions on bamboo slips， lacquerware，and bronze artifacts， and what multispectral analysisfound about many unearthed artifacts. In addition，the exhibition team of the Capital Museum usedtechnology to re-create the atmosphere of Han in theexhibition hall， displaying a large number of excavationphotos from the archaeological site. Moreover， theiruse of all-glass multi-angle display cabinets providedthe audience with the best experience of viewing theseprecious unearthed treasures from all directions. Interms of lighting design and the display of exhibitionintroductions， the museum tried its best to make thetexts reader-friendly， giving the visitors the greatestsense of participation and enjoyment in reading thetexts and taking photos. In order to improve theprofessionalism of its guides， the Capital Museumsent them to the excavation site of Haihunhou Statein Jiangxi， to personally experience the process oftomb excavation under the guidance of archaeologicalexperts. The trip also allowed the guides to developa deeper understanding of Jiangxis historical andcultural knowledge from their communication withthe local museums， and to gain a deeper understandingof Haihunhou State and its people. When the culturalrelics are connected with the stories and characters，Haihunhou， who has been “sleeping” for more thantwo thousand years， will “come alive” in front of theaudience.

該展覽在首都博物館展出了300 多件（套）?；韬顕?guó)精品，引發(fā)了轟動(dòng)性文化效應(yīng)。為期三個(gè)月的展覽，參觀人數(shù)達(dá)到422 485 人，展覽后評(píng)估整體滿意度達(dá)到95%。

The exhibition showcased more than 300 pieces（including sets） of exquisite artifacts from HaihunhouState， causing a sensational cultural effect. Theexhibition lasted for three months and attracted422，485 visitors， receiving an overall satisfaction rate of95%.

2021 年，在考古遺址上建設(shè)的南昌漢代海昏侯國(guó)遺址博物館落成。博物館設(shè)計(jì)獨(dú)特，占地面積118 802 平方米，總建筑面積39 250 平方米，其中地上兩層，地下一層，共有展品近萬(wàn)件。此外，?；韬顕?guó)遺址數(shù)字博物館也已上線。數(shù)字博物館更直接地呈現(xiàn)和展示了漢代?；韬顕?guó)的建筑、衣食住行和文化生活，方便有興趣的觀者隨時(shí)觀賞。

The Nanchang Relic Museum of Marquis HaihunState of Han Dynasty， built on the archaeologicalsite， was completed in 2021. The museum， unique inits design， covers an area of 118，802 square meters，with a total construction area of 39，250 squaremeters， including two above-ground floors and oneunderground floor， with nearly 10，000 exhibits. Inaddition， the digital museum has also been launched，making it convenient for those who are interestedto instantly access the architecture， clothing， food，housing， and cultural life of Haihunhou State.