怎樣設(shè)計(jì)英語(yǔ)閱讀作業(yè)踐行生活教育理念

汪麗

生活教育為偉大的人民教育家陶行知所倡導(dǎo)并實(shí)踐。他主張“教育以生活為中心”，認(rèn)為教育內(nèi)容必須根據(jù)社會(huì)生活的需要來(lái)安排。作業(yè)是幫助學(xué)生鞏固知識(shí)、形成能力、養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣的有效手段，是幫助教師檢測(cè)教學(xué)效果、精準(zhǔn)分析學(xué)情、改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法的重要途徑，是促進(jìn)學(xué)校完善教學(xué)管理、開展教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)、提高教育質(zhì)量的必由之路。本文的設(shè)計(jì)主題選自譯林版新教材必修三第二單元《自然災(zāi)害》，從“聯(lián)系教學(xué)內(nèi)容，夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)”“發(fā)散學(xué)生思維，培養(yǎng)思維品質(zhì)”“小組合作探究，提升育人價(jià)值”三個(gè)方面闡述基于生活教育的高中英語(yǔ)閱讀作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。基于生活教育的作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，不但能激發(fā)學(xué)生完成英語(yǔ)閱讀的熱情，還能提高學(xué)生的閱讀能力，讓學(xué)生把知識(shí)和能力結(jié)合起來(lái)，使學(xué)生在思考批判性問(wèn)題的過(guò)程中形成良好的思維品質(zhì)，激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力，從而提高英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的質(zhì)量。

《關(guān)于全面改進(jìn)和加強(qiáng)中小學(xué)作業(yè)管理的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》指出，設(shè)計(jì)作業(yè)需基于課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，符合學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)，統(tǒng)籌考慮目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)、類型、難度、數(shù)量、時(shí)長(zhǎng)等關(guān)鍵要素，保持“教——學(xué)——評(píng)”的一致性。作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)先于教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，作業(yè)內(nèi)容應(yīng)符合教學(xué)目標(biāo)要求。為此，筆者結(jié)合譯林版教材必修三第二單元 Reading 部分的教學(xué)開展當(dāng)天的作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。本板塊主題是“災(zāi)難逃生”，語(yǔ)篇是兩則新聞報(bào)道，分別介紹了地震和海嘯發(fā)生時(shí)人們正確應(yīng)對(duì)從而得以逃生的故事。該作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)既是對(duì)課堂教學(xué)知識(shí)的鞏固，又是對(duì)課堂教學(xué)的延伸和拓展，以期達(dá)到夯實(shí)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)，提高學(xué)生災(zāi)難逃生能力，為生命保駕護(hù)航。

一、設(shè)計(jì)原則

1.科學(xué)性

作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容需具有科學(xué)性，符合教學(xué)規(guī)律和學(xué)生身心發(fā)展規(guī)律的科學(xué)要求。教師的教學(xué)應(yīng)該以學(xué)生的認(rèn)知發(fā)展水平和已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)，既面向全體學(xué)生，又關(guān)注學(xué)生的個(gè)體差異，設(shè)計(jì)有差異的作業(yè)，使每個(gè)學(xué)生都得到充分的發(fā)展。

2.目標(biāo)性

作業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)要考慮與教學(xué)目標(biāo)的關(guān)聯(lián)性。教師設(shè)計(jì)作業(yè)所要達(dá)成的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)是與課堂的教學(xué)目標(biāo)密切相關(guān)的。因此，作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)課堂學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的延伸，也是與課內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)的達(dá)成相輔相成的。

3.探究性

探究性作業(yè)，是在探究性問(wèn)題的引領(lǐng)下，學(xué)生基于自身的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、思維方式展開探究。作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察能力、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)和組織能力，通過(guò)探究活動(dòng)，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主動(dòng)性，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。

4.育人性

作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)要體現(xiàn)育人的原則。作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)要以立德樹人為本。作業(yè)是學(xué)生在課下自主完成的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)，是教師精準(zhǔn)分析學(xué)情和進(jìn)行教學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)的重要手段。教師要對(duì)作業(yè)的目標(biāo)、結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容、功能、批改和反饋等環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行深入研究和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，以彰顯其獨(dú)特的育人價(jià)值，以學(xué)生德智體美勞全面發(fā)展為價(jià)值取向。

二、設(shè)計(jì)思路

1.聯(lián)系教學(xué)內(nèi)容，夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

（Natural disasters：_____________________）

Q1：List as many words as possible related to thetheme.

設(shè)計(jì)意圖：學(xué)生通過(guò)課堂學(xué)習(xí)，了解了有關(guān)“自然災(zāi)害”的相關(guān)知識(shí)。在作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中，教師首先要讓學(xué)生積累與主題語(yǔ)境有關(guān)的詞匯，鞏固課堂所學(xué)的知識(shí)。這樣做有利于幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)一步構(gòu)建該主題語(yǔ)境下的詞匯網(wǎng)，讓學(xué)生進(jìn)一步“輸入”該主題詞匯，為后面的作業(yè)打下詞匯基礎(chǔ)。

Q2：Complete a quiz on the signs of natural di-sasters.

（1）If animals start panicking and fish jump irregular-ly，You might experience_____.

（2）If the sky turns a sickly shade of green，it is a fair-ly common indicator for exceptionally a severe_____.

（3） If animals run towards you，there may be a_____nearby.

（4）The water is like the bubbles on the top of a beer.Itisn t calm and it is just coming in and in and in whichis the sign of a_____.

（5）Developing cracks on the ground indicates ain the making. Even strong surfaces like pave-ments can suddenly crack before it brings them down.

A. thunderstorm B. wildfire

C. earthquake D. landslide E. tsunami

設(shè)計(jì)意圖：設(shè)空處都是自然災(zāi)害的跡象，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)能讓學(xué)生在掌握與主題語(yǔ)境有關(guān)的詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上，從生活角度激活已有的知識(shí)體驗(yàn)，聯(lián)系生活實(shí)際，并結(jié)合課堂所學(xué)，來(lái)判斷不同自然災(zāi)害的表現(xiàn)。

Q3：What can we learn from these two news re-ports？

設(shè)計(jì)意圖：通過(guò)對(duì)新聞報(bào)道的學(xué)習(xí)，讓學(xué)生反思有哪些收獲，不僅培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的歸納概括能力，更重要的是提高了學(xué)生的遷移創(chuàng)新能力，也是檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生是否真正理解課堂所學(xué)的試金石。

2.發(fā)散學(xué)生思維，培養(yǎng)思維品質(zhì)

Passage 1：How to Get Preparedfor Natural Disasters

We can t stop natural disasters from happening. But we can make them less damaging if we understand better why they happen，and what we can do to prevent or mitigate them. People are partly responsible for disas - ters happening. So we have to change what we are doing wrong，in order to avoid or reduce the impact of natural disasters.

Every community must get to know its own features and surroundings：the natural environment as well as en- vironment built by human beings. This is the only way for a community to manage the dangers that surround it. Don t be scared，be prepared！

Learn about the history of the place where you live.? Ask your parents and your friends if they have ever expe- rienced a disaster. What made it happen？ What did peo- ple do that they shouldn t have？ What did they do to make things better？

Share and join in. Newspapers，radio and television can help you to learn more about disasters and disaster prevention. School activities can be useful too. Making drawings about what you have learned can help you to un- derstand disasters and disaster prevention better and to explain them to other people. Talk to your family，friends and people you know about the way risks can be reduced in your community.

Get ready. Get together with your family to spot safe places. Convince your parents that your family should have an emergency plan，and put together an emergency kit with them.

Q1：What preparations are mentioned in the pas-sage？

（1） Learn about the__________? of the place ?????? you live. For instance ：_________________________? .

（2） Share and_______________ . For instance：

（3）Get__________ .For instance：_________________________.

設(shè)計(jì)意圖：為了幫助學(xué)生通過(guò)閱讀文本，快速梳理事實(shí)性信息，筆者設(shè)計(jì)了填寫關(guān)鍵詞和舉例的題目。由淺入深，符合學(xué)生的心理預(yù)期，能激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。

Q2. It is crucial to plan an“Emergency Supplies kit ”.You are a student，you want to prepare it with your pocket? money.? However，your? money? can? only cover? five? items，so? which? five? would? you? like? to choose and why？

（Items are ：canned food，water，chocolate，compressed? biscuits，medicine，torch，candle，match，battery，cellphone， knife，rope，extinguisher，blanket，warm? clothes，hygiene? product，whistle，compass，cash，umbrella，gloves，safety? helmet，sleeping bag，oxygen bottle）

（My Emergency Supplies Kit should include：_________________）

設(shè)計(jì)意圖：緊急用品箱的設(shè)計(jì)，能夠極大地激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情和參與度。學(xué)生能夠根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)選擇自己認(rèn)為合適的用品，從而給出個(gè)性化的選擇。這是在潛移默化中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維能力。

Passage 2：__________Stars after the storm

Background information ：

the Hurricane Katrina hit Florida，Louisiana，Missis- sippi，and Alabama in August 23-31，2005. It is one of the costliest natural disasters in? US history，causing? USD108 billion in damage. It claimed more than 1800 lives.

It s strange，but I don t really remember much about the hurricane itself. It all happened so quickly. I was sit- ting in my room with my cat，Smartie，on my lap，when theroof just flew off. All of a sudden，there was sky where the? roof had been. I was so frightened that I just froze.

Mom cried to get out quickly，but it was already too late by then. The rain was coming down so hard and so fast. Our street turned into a river in seconds. We were going nowhere.

At first，I was pleased we could stay at home，but soon it got really tough. Without a roof，staying inside was too dangerous. There was water everywhere，but we couldnt drink any of it otherwise we d get really sick. We just had drinking water that was sent to us by helicop- ter，but it was never enough. It was August，so it was real- ly，really hot and it smelled so bad everywhere！ I just spent the days watching the boats going up and down the street and looking out for Smartie. He had disappeared the moment the storm hit.

Living in the open air，we became breakfast，lunch and dinner for the mosquitos. But Mom said that whatev- er happens，we should always try to see the good side of things. It was difficult to stay positive，though. We had lost our home and everything in it，including Smartie. All we had left were the clothes on our backs. But as Mom kept on reminding us，we were all together and safe. Mom s words made us feel better. I remember us all ly- ing under the midnight sky and looking up at the stars. Because there were no lights，we could see the Big Dipper （北斗七星），the Little Dipper（小熊星座）and the Milky Way（銀河）. It was amazing！ Even though we had lost a lot，moments like those gave us hope for the future.

Although it was only a few days before we were res- cued，it felt like months. We were taken to another town in a faraway county. Thankfully，Smartie came home just in time. We were so happy to take him with us，although then，none of us knew that we wouldnt be back for quite awhile.

Now，one year has passed and I m back home in New Orleans. Some families have yet to return，but many others have come back. Although we are surrounded by reminders of the disaster，we are working together to re- build our homes and our lives. Now we have anotherchance to look up at the stars of New Orleans，their beau-ty inspiring us and giving us confidence to move on.

——本文選自新外研版必修三第六單元

Q1：Fill in the blanks according to the passage

設(shè)計(jì)意圖：為了幫助學(xué)生更快地梳理文本細(xì)節(jié)信息，筆者以表格的形式，將颶風(fēng)發(fā)生的不同時(shí)間，主人公的感受和原因展現(xiàn)了出來(lái)，使事實(shí)性信息可視化，有助于學(xué)生輕松理解文本內(nèi)容。

Q2. Can you find out some vivid descriptive sen- tences about feelings，weather and environment？

設(shè)計(jì)意圖：該文本不但描述了颶風(fēng)這一自然災(zāi)害，還用大量的語(yǔ)句描述主人公面對(duì)颶風(fēng)的感受以及周圍環(huán)境的變化。因此，該題讓學(xué)生用欣賞的眼光發(fā)現(xiàn)形象生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)句，有助于提高學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言鑒賞力，也為后續(xù)的英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫增加語(yǔ)言輸入的內(nèi)容。

Passage 3：_____? China to the Rescue

The mobilization of the civilian teams came as Chi -na increased its aid to quake- devastated Turkey and neighboring Syria. The death toll in the two nations had reached more than 11，000 as of Wednesday，according to The Associated Press. A magnitude-7.8 earthquake caused devastation in Turkey and neighboring Syria at 4：17 am local time on Monday，and was followed by a mag- nitude-7.5 quake at 1：24 pm，along with hundreds of af- tershocks.

China will provide Syria 30 million yuan （$4.4 mil- lion） in emergency aid，including $2 million in cash，the China International Development Cooperation Agency said on Wednesday. The agency announced on Tuesday it will send a first tranche of 40 million yuan in emergen- cy aid to Turkey.

Among the civilian teams that left for Turkey on Wednesday was Blue Sky Rescue，a nonprofit Chinese search and rescue organization. Forty- one members of the team departed from Guangzhou，capital of Guangdong province，shortly after midnight，and another 98 members left from Wuhan，capital of Hubei province，at noon，ac- cording to a media release from the organization. Zhang Yupu，from Jiangsu province，said his team could be on the ground in Turkey for 12 to 15 days，depending on how the situation develops.“We will try our best to search for and rescue survivors”，said Zhang，who also joined relief work after a magnitude-8 earthquake hit Wenchuan，Sichuan province，in 2008.

The Zhejiang Rescue Team of Ramunion has al- ready sent a group of eight rescue experts to Turkey. A second group of 14 rescuers has also been dispatched and is expected to arrive on Thursday，according to the NGO.

The Amity Foundation has also sent a team of around 60 to Turkey. The team will carry out rescue work and provide aid to the quake-affected victims，such as distrib- uting clothes and food and helping to improve sanitation， said the Jiangsu-based NGO.

According to the Ministry of Emergency Manage- ment，the chartered flight for China s 82-member offi- cial rescue team，with 20 metric tons of disaster relief ma- terials and equipment onboard，arrived at Adana in south- ern Turkey at 4：30 am local time on Wednesday. The res-cue team was dispatched after a request for help from theTurkey government. In addition to equipment for searchand rescue work，communications and medical treatment，the team also has four rescue dogs. Zhao Ming，head ofthe team，said they unloaded the equipment and aid mate-rials immediately after landing for transportation toquake-hit areas.

Overseas branches of Chinese companies are alsolending a helping hand. Chinese machinery giantXu?zhou Construction Machinery Group has mobilizedemployees of its branch in Turkey to join the relief ef-forts. Dozens of pieces of equipment，including excava-tors and loaders，have been deployed to help rescue survi-vors. The first shipment of relief materials，such as blan-kets and hygiene products，had been sent to the earth-quake-ravaged region，the company said.

——選自 China Daily英語(yǔ)新聞

Q1：Read the passage for detailed information：

設(shè)計(jì)意圖：該文本的選材正值土耳其地震發(fā)生之時(shí)，中國(guó)官方救援隊(duì)和民間救援力量積極行動(dòng)，為土耳其地震救援作出了一份貢獻(xiàn)。該表格有助于學(xué)生梳理細(xì)節(jié)信息，并從字里行間體會(huì)各方力量的愛(ài)心奉獻(xiàn)。

Q2：What can we conclude from the passage？

設(shè)計(jì)意圖：這是一個(gè)開放性題目，目的是發(fā)散學(xué)生思維，讓學(xué)生體會(huì)到我們偉大祖國(guó)的實(shí)力，培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生熱愛(ài)祖國(guó)、熱愛(ài)家鄉(xiāng)的真摯情感。中國(guó)對(duì)土耳其的救援，也體現(xiàn)出我們作為中國(guó)人的驕傲和自豪。

3.小組合作探究，提升育人價(jià)值

設(shè)計(jì)意圖：學(xué)生通過(guò)小組合作學(xué)習(xí)，共同確定一種自然災(zāi)害的名稱，然后研討在該自然災(zāi)害前、災(zāi)害中和災(zāi)害后，人們應(yīng)該怎么做。這既有助于提高學(xué)生避險(xiǎn)能力，又是對(duì)生命教育最好的詮釋。

綜上所述，在高中英語(yǔ)閱讀作業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)中，教師要積極結(jié)合生活實(shí)際，對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行生活教育，最大限度地集中學(xué)生的注意力、提高學(xué)生完成作業(yè)的熱情、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，激發(fā)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的不竭動(dòng)力。