孟現(xiàn)鑫 俞德霖 陳怡靜 張 玲 傅小蘭
兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系:一項(xiàng)三水平元分析*
孟現(xiàn)鑫1,2俞德霖1陳怡靜1張 玲1傅小蘭2,3
(1福建師范大學(xué)心理學(xué)院, 福州 350117) (2中國科學(xué)院心理研究所, 腦與認(rèn)知科學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 北京 100101) (3中國科學(xué)院大學(xué)心理系, 北京 100101)
本研究運(yùn)用三水平元分析技術(shù)系統(tǒng)探討兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系及其調(diào)節(jié)因素。通過文獻(xiàn)檢索與篩選, 獲得46項(xiàng)研究和352個(gè)效應(yīng)量, 共包含23039名被試。元分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情存在顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(= ?0.076)。兒童期創(chuàng)傷類型存在調(diào)節(jié)作用, 軀體忽視(= ?0.095)與情感忽視(= ?0.128)均與共情顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 而軀體虐待(= 0.005)、情感虐待(= ?0.051)和性虐待(= ?0.058)均與共情相關(guān)不顯著。共情成分存在調(diào)節(jié)作用, 在認(rèn)知共情中, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與觀點(diǎn)采擇(= ?0.127)顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 而與幻想(= ?0.044)相關(guān)不顯著; 在情感共情中, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)注(= ?0.148)顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 而與個(gè)人痛苦(= 0.153)顯著正相關(guān)。本研究首次系統(tǒng)比較了不同類型兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系以及兒童期創(chuàng)傷在共情各成分上的效應(yīng), 并提出了培養(yǎng)共情的建議。
兒童期創(chuàng)傷, 共情, 觀點(diǎn)采擇, 個(gè)人痛苦, 元分析
共情(empathy)是指理解、感受和共享他人的感受, 并在這個(gè)過程中具有自我與他人的區(qū)別(Eklund & Meranius, 2021)。共情是個(gè)體情感與社會(huì)性發(fā)展的重要組成部分, 影響個(gè)體社會(huì)關(guān)系的質(zhì)量(McDonald & Messinger, 2011)。具有較高共情特質(zhì)的個(gè)體能準(zhǔn)確理解他人的情緒與認(rèn)知, 這有利于減少?zèng)_突和維持關(guān)系(Chow et al., 2013)。同時(shí), 共情利他假說(empathy-altruism hypothesis)認(rèn)為共情是產(chǎn)生幫助行為的重要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)(Batson, 2017)。在眾多共情的影響因素中, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷(childhood maltreatment)被普遍認(rèn)為是對(duì)共情影響較大的因素之一(Shaver et al., 2016)。兒童期創(chuàng)傷指18歲以下的兒童與青少年在發(fā)展過程中受到的所有類型的虐待與忽視(World Health Organization, 2022)。多數(shù)理論認(rèn)為兒童期創(chuàng)傷會(huì)損害共情(Adelmann & Zajonc, 1989; Meltzoff, 2005; Shaver et al., 2016), 但也有理論認(rèn)為兒童期創(chuàng)傷能助長共情(Preston, 2007)。目前, 國內(nèi)外關(guān)于兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的研究報(bào)告二者相關(guān)系數(shù)從?0.451到0.86, 結(jié)果差異很大。因此, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情有無相關(guān), 相關(guān)程度幾何, 成為了亟待解決的問題。元分析技術(shù)不僅可以整合多項(xiàng)研究成果, 有效降低單一研究結(jié)果中存在的測量誤差和抽樣誤差, 且可以探索研究間異質(zhì)的因素(Harrer et al., 2021)。為解決兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系領(lǐng)域的爭議, 得出更普遍、更精確的結(jié)論, 本研究采用元分析方法(meta-analysis)定量整合和分析兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系以及可能影響二者關(guān)系的因素, 從而為減少兒童期創(chuàng)傷的傷害、培養(yǎng)個(gè)體共情能力、促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
依戀理論認(rèn)為情緒調(diào)節(jié)和內(nèi)部工作模式是早期經(jīng)歷影響個(gè)體后期共情能力的主要內(nèi)在機(jī)制(Shaver et al., 2016)。兒童期創(chuàng)傷容易使個(gè)體形成不安全的依戀風(fēng)格(Lo et al., 2019)。不安全依戀個(gè)體傾向于采用抑制與回避的情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略(Mikulincer & Shaver, 2019), 因而面對(duì)處于困境中的他人時(shí), 更可能選擇回避或抑制來自他人的負(fù)性情緒, 從而更難與他人共情(Henschel et al., 2020)。此外, 不安全依戀個(gè)體的內(nèi)部工作模式對(duì)威脅有放大的傾向, 并認(rèn)為自身缺少應(yīng)對(duì)威脅的能力(Mikulincer & Shaver, 2010), 因此更可能與他人保持距離以避免陷入困境, 進(jìn)而難以與他人共情(Izhaki-Costi & Schul, 2011)。楊娟等人(2020)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 不安全依戀在兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情之間起中介作用。
共情的面部反饋假說(facial feedback hypothesis)和“似我”假說(‘like me’ hypothesis)強(qiáng)調(diào)模仿是共情發(fā)生的基礎(chǔ), 認(rèn)為面部表情模仿能夠促進(jìn)個(gè)體內(nèi)化和理解他人的情緒體驗(yàn)(Adelmann & Zajonc, 1989; Meltzoff, 2005)。有兒童期創(chuàng)傷的個(gè)體往往生活在冷漠與被忽視的環(huán)境中, 缺乏模仿他人面部表情的機(jī)會(huì)(比如, 面對(duì)面交流) (Buisman et al., 2021), 因此可能更難對(duì)他人產(chǎn)生共情(McDonald & Messinger, 2011)。已有研究表明, 有兒童期創(chuàng)傷個(gè)體的面部表情模仿能力更差(Ardizzi et al., 2016), 而面部表情模仿能力正向預(yù)測共情能力(Drimalla et al., 2019; Holland et al., 2021)。
共情的感知?行動(dòng)模型(perception-action model)強(qiáng)調(diào)先前經(jīng)驗(yàn)的相似性在共情中扮演的重要角色(Preston, 2007)。相似的先前經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)軒椭鷤€(gè)體形成與他人相近的情緒表征, 從而提高理解和體驗(yàn)他人的情緒的準(zhǔn)確性(Preston, 2007)。有研究表明, 與他人處境相似的先前經(jīng)歷能促進(jìn)個(gè)體對(duì)他人的共情反應(yīng)(Barnett et al., 1986; Gerace et al., 2015)。有兒童期創(chuàng)傷的個(gè)體可能由于自身經(jīng)歷過創(chuàng)傷事件, 從而更能對(duì)有相同處境的他人“感同身受”。例如Jones等人(2020)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 童年期經(jīng)歷性虐待的模擬陪審員對(duì)性虐待案件中的受害者有更多的共情。
de Waal和Preston (2017)的俄羅斯玩偶模型(Russian-doll model)認(rèn)為共情具有不同的層次, 它們是層層疊加的關(guān)系: 最基礎(chǔ)的層次是以感知?行動(dòng)模型模型為核心的情緒傳染, 它是個(gè)體通過共情對(duì)象傳遞的情緒線索而產(chǎn)生與共情對(duì)象相似的情緒狀態(tài); 更高層次的共情建立在情緒傳染之上, 它需要個(gè)體對(duì)基礎(chǔ)層次的共情進(jìn)行情緒調(diào)節(jié)才能產(chǎn)生。該理論模型提示, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情可能并非單一的關(guān)系模式。具體而言, 有兒童期創(chuàng)傷的個(gè)體可能因?yàn)橄惹敖?jīng)歷更容易被情緒傳染, 產(chǎn)生更多基礎(chǔ)層次的共情, 同時(shí)因缺乏有效的情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略, 而產(chǎn)生更少高級(jí)層次的共情。但這一觀點(diǎn)目前有待實(shí)證研究的確認(rèn)。
兒童期創(chuàng)傷可以分為軀體虐待、情感虐待、性虐待、軀體忽視和情感忽視五種類型(Juruena et al., 2020)。不同類型的兒童期創(chuàng)傷可能使個(gè)體形成不同的依戀風(fēng)格。例如, Struck等人(2020)發(fā)現(xiàn), 受情感虐待的個(gè)體更多形成焦慮型依戀, 而受情感忽視的個(gè)體更多形成回避型依戀。不同依戀風(fēng)格與共情的關(guān)系不一致。最近一項(xiàng)元分析表明, 焦慮型依戀與共情相關(guān)不顯著而回避型依戀與共情顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(Xu et al., 2022)。上述研究暗示, 不同類型的兒童期創(chuàng)傷可能與共情的關(guān)系不同。這一現(xiàn)象也得到了諸多研究的證實(shí)(Berzenski & Yates, 2022; 侯小花等, 2021; Sesar et al., 2022)。例如, Flasbeck等人(2018)發(fā)現(xiàn)情感虐待與共情關(guān)注相關(guān)不顯著, 而情感忽視與共情關(guān)注顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。因此, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷的類型可能是兒童期創(chuàng)傷和共情關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)變量。
共情包含認(rèn)知共情和情感共情。認(rèn)知共情是理解和推斷他人情感、感受、想法及動(dòng)機(jī)的能力, 包括觀點(diǎn)采擇(perspective taking)和幻想(fantasy) (Zhou et al., 2019)。觀點(diǎn)采擇指自發(fā)地接受另一個(gè)人心理邏輯觀點(diǎn)的傾向, 而幻想指將感覺和行為想象成電影、書籍中虛擬角色的傾向(Ingoglia et al., 2016)。情感共情是個(gè)體感受他人情感的能力, 包括共情關(guān)注(empathic concern)和個(gè)人痛苦(personal distress) (Zhou et al., 2019)。共情關(guān)注指對(duì)不幸他人的同情和關(guān)心; 而個(gè)人痛苦指因他人的痛苦而感到痛苦和不適的傾向(Ingoglia et al., 2016)。在俄羅斯玩偶模型中, 個(gè)人痛苦被劃分為共情的基礎(chǔ)層次, 共情關(guān)注和觀點(diǎn)采擇被劃分為共情的高級(jí)層次(de Waal & Preston, 2017)。不同層次的共情發(fā)生機(jī)制不同, 受到兒童期創(chuàng)傷的影響也可能不同。已有研究表明, 共情的不同成分與兒童期創(chuàng)傷的關(guān)系不一致(Flasbeck et al., 2017; Milone et al., 2019; 徐凱文等, 2010)。例如, 楊娟等人(2020)發(fā)現(xiàn), 情感忽視與共情關(guān)注存在顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 而與個(gè)人痛苦相關(guān)不顯著。因此, 共情的成分可能是兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)變量。
不同測量工具的維度設(shè)置或評(píng)估方法往往存在差異。例如, 在兒童期創(chuàng)傷的測量工具中, Bernstein等人(2003)的兒童期創(chuàng)傷問卷(Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ)將兒童期創(chuàng)傷分為軀體虐待、情感虐待、性虐待、軀體忽視和情感忽視五個(gè)維度, 而潘辰等人(2010)的兒童心理虐待量表(Child Psychological Maltreatment Scale, CPMS)分為恐嚇、忽視、貶損、干涉和縱容五個(gè)維度。在共情的測量工具中, Davis (1980)的人際反應(yīng)指數(shù)問卷(Interpersonal Reactivity Index, IRI)屬于自評(píng)量表, 而Dadds等人(2008)的格里菲斯共情量表(Griffith Empathy Measure, GEM)屬于他評(píng)量表。不同工具所測量的結(jié)果并非完全一致, 可能影響兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系。因此, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷的測量工具和共情的測量工具可能是兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)變量。
一些人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)特征也可能調(diào)節(jié)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系。情緒調(diào)節(jié)是促進(jìn)創(chuàng)傷后復(fù)原的重要因素(Polizzi & Lynn, 2021)。已有研究表明, 情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力隨年齡增長而提高(Martin & Ochsner, 2016)。具有良好情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力的個(gè)體面對(duì)他人困境時(shí)能有效減少對(duì)自身痛苦體驗(yàn)的過度關(guān)注, 更多地關(guān)注他人(Thompson et al., 2019)。因此, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷對(duì)共情的影響可能隨個(gè)體成長逐漸減弱。與此相一致, Luke和Banerjee (2013)的元分析表明, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷對(duì)人際情緒識(shí)別與理解的損害隨年齡增長逐漸降低。據(jù)此, 年齡可能是兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)變量??紤]到兒童期創(chuàng)傷對(duì)女性的社會(huì)認(rèn)知發(fā)展影響更大(Crawford et al., 2022), 以及社會(huì)認(rèn)知能力與共情關(guān)系密切(Lockwood, 2016), 性別可能是兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)變量。此外, 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同程度的兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系不同(Locher et al., 2014)。臨床與非臨床樣本中個(gè)體的兒童期創(chuàng)傷程度往往存在差異(Stein et al., 1996)。據(jù)此, 樣本類型可能調(diào)節(jié)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系(Flasbeck et al., 2018)。
綜上, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系不僅在理論上存在爭議, 在實(shí)證研究的結(jié)果上也存在分歧。鑒于兩者在現(xiàn)實(shí)中均會(huì)對(duì)人們的工作和生活產(chǎn)生十分重要的影響。所以, 兩者存在何種關(guān)系, 對(duì)于預(yù)防和干預(yù)兒童期創(chuàng)傷以及培養(yǎng)共情有著重要的參考價(jià)值。但目前尚未有研究從宏觀和整合的視角對(duì)此予以澄清, 因而通過元分析定量確認(rèn)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系的方向、強(qiáng)度以及潛在的影響因素十分必要。這不僅有助于澄清理論之間的爭議, 檢驗(yàn)理論的適用性或深化對(duì)理論適用條件的認(rèn)識(shí), 而且能為培養(yǎng)共情提供支持性證據(jù)。為此, 本研究將運(yùn)用元分析方法, 檢驗(yàn)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的相關(guān)關(guān)系, 并探究這一關(guān)系在共情的成分、兒童期創(chuàng)傷的類型、測量工具、年齡、性別和樣本類型上是否存在差異。
為保證元分析的系統(tǒng)性和可重復(fù)性, 本研究根據(jù)PRISMA 2020聲明進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)檢索、篩選、編碼、質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)以及發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估, 并報(bào)告結(jié)果(Page et al., 2021)。
鑒于“共情” “移情”和“同情”三者詞源上相近, 且在當(dāng)今研究中存在不少混用的情況(顏志強(qiáng)等, 2018), 為保證納入有關(guān)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的文獻(xiàn)足夠全面, 本研究首先在中文數(shù)據(jù)庫中(中國知網(wǎng)、萬方期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫及維普期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫), 以關(guān)鍵詞“共情” “移情” “同情”與“兒童期創(chuàng)傷” “兒童期虐待” “童年期創(chuàng)傷” “童年期虐待”之間組合的方式進(jìn)行檢索; 其次在英文數(shù)據(jù)庫中(Web of Science, PubMed, PsycARTICLES和Science Direct)以關(guān)鍵詞“empathy” “sympathy” “compassion”與“childhood maltreatment”和“childhood trauma”之間組合的方式進(jìn)行檢索。檢索截止日期為2022年12月10日, 共檢索到文獻(xiàn)3326篇。最后, 為避免遺漏, 通過文獻(xiàn)中的引文補(bǔ)充文獻(xiàn)。
使用EndNote X9導(dǎo)入文獻(xiàn)并按照如下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選: (1)文獻(xiàn)類型為量化實(shí)證研究, 排除理論綜述、個(gè)案研究以及質(zhì)性研究; (2)研究結(jié)果報(bào)告了兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情總分或分量表得分之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)(), 或者能轉(zhuǎn)化為的Cohen’s值、η2值、值、值以及一元線性回歸的值(效應(yīng)量轉(zhuǎn)化依照Fritz等人(2012)的公式完成); (3)如果在符合本研究主題的原始研究中沒有報(bào)告符合要求的效應(yīng)量, 但向作者索要后得到或可以轉(zhuǎn)化為的效應(yīng)量, 也納入分析; (4)研究需明確測量的創(chuàng)傷發(fā)生時(shí)間為兒童期(18歲之前); (5)數(shù)據(jù)重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)僅選取內(nèi)容報(bào)告最為全面的一篇; (6)樣本量明確。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見圖1。
首先, 由本研究兩位作者根據(jù)以下特征對(duì)納入的每項(xiàng)研究獨(dú)立進(jìn)行編碼: (A)作者; (B)發(fā)表年份; (C)研究設(shè)計(jì)(橫斷/縱向); (D)樣本類型(樣本符合臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究被編碼為“臨床”, 樣本心理健康水平正常的研究被編碼為“非臨床”); (E)樣本大小; (F)性別(女性在樣本中的百分比); (G)平均年齡(測量共情時(shí)樣本的平均年齡); (H)共情的成分(觀點(diǎn)采擇、想象、共情關(guān)注、個(gè)人痛苦); (I)兒童期創(chuàng)傷的類型(軀體虐待、情感虐待、性虐待、軀體忽視和情感忽視); (J)測量共情的工具(如IRI, GEM等); (K)測量兒童期創(chuàng)傷的工具(如CTQ, CPMS等)以及(L)效應(yīng)量(相關(guān)系數(shù))。并且, 在編碼時(shí)遵循以下原則: (1)每個(gè)獨(dú)立樣本進(jìn)行一次編碼, 若研究報(bào)告了多個(gè)獨(dú)立樣本, 則逐個(gè)編碼; (2)若研究按被試特征(如男/女)分別報(bào)告效應(yīng)量, 則分別編碼; (3)若研究同時(shí)測量了多個(gè)變量指標(biāo), 則分別針對(duì)各個(gè)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行編碼。隨后, 將兩位作者獨(dú)立完成的編碼表進(jìn)行Kappa評(píng)分者信度檢驗(yàn)以評(píng)估編碼一致性。經(jīng)計(jì)算, 兩份編碼表的Kappa系數(shù)為0.974, 一致性較高。最后, 由全體作者討論后確定兩份編碼表中不一致的編碼。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)檢索流程圖
對(duì)于納入的每項(xiàng)研究, 根據(jù)美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院(National Institutes of Health, NIH)的縱向和橫斷研究質(zhì)量評(píng)估工具(Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies)的每個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估, 并以符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(記1分)或不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(記0分)進(jìn)行研究質(zhì)量評(píng)分(National Institutes of Health, 2014)。橫斷研究的評(píng)價(jià)總分介于0~8之間, 縱向研究的評(píng)價(jià)總分介于0~14之間。研究質(zhì)量評(píng)分結(jié)果見網(wǎng)絡(luò)版附表1, 評(píng)分越高表明文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量越好。
在每一項(xiàng)納入分析的研究中, 本研究提取或計(jì)算兒童期創(chuàng)傷或其亞類型與共情或共情成分之間的每個(gè)相關(guān)系數(shù)。由于相關(guān)系數(shù)不符合正態(tài)分布, 因此, 本研究在計(jì)算主效應(yīng)或調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)時(shí), 將所有相關(guān)系數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)為Fisher’s分?jǐn)?shù)(Cooper et al., 2019)。在計(jì)算完成后, 再將Fisher’s分?jǐn)?shù)轉(zhuǎn)為相關(guān)系數(shù)以便解釋。在解釋相關(guān)系數(shù)大小時(shí), 本研究依照Cohen (1992)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 以0.10、0.30和0.50為相關(guān)系數(shù)的臨界值, 分別判定小、中和大的效應(yīng)量。
傳統(tǒng)元分析方法假設(shè)各效應(yīng)量之間相互獨(dú)立, 因而在一項(xiàng)研究中只提取一個(gè)效應(yīng)量(Assink & Wibbelink, 2016)。但是, 本研究所納入元分析的大多數(shù)原始文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了多個(gè)效應(yīng)量。值得注意的是, 同一研究中報(bào)告的多個(gè)效應(yīng)量往往來自同一樣本, 因此效應(yīng)量之間是相關(guān)的。而傳統(tǒng)的元分析方法忽略了這種相關(guān), 可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致總體效應(yīng)量被高估(Lipsey & Wilson, 2001)。相較于傳統(tǒng)元分析方法, 三水平元分析方法能夠處理來自同一研究效應(yīng)量之間的依賴性問題, 從而最大化地保留信息, 提高統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)力(Assink & Wibbelink, 2016)。因此, 本研究將基于三水平隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行主效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)、異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)、調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)、發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn)以及敏感性分析。
在三水平元分析模型中, 共檢驗(yàn)了三種方差來源: 觀察到的效應(yīng)量的抽樣方差(水平1); 從同一研究提取的效應(yīng)量之間的方差(水平2); 以及不同研究之間的方差(水平3) (Cheung, 2014)。本研究將對(duì)水平2方差和水平3方差進(jìn)行單側(cè)對(duì)數(shù)似然比檢驗(yàn)(one tailed log likelihood ratio tests)以確定其是否顯著。若水平2方差和水平3方差顯著, 則表明主效應(yīng)中存在異質(zhì)性, 可以進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)以確定異質(zhì)性的來源(Gao et al., 2023)。在調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)中, 本研究將調(diào)節(jié)變量分別作為協(xié)變量加入三水平元分析模型以估計(jì)調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)大小(Gao et al., 2023)。本研究的調(diào)節(jié)變量涉及: (1)連續(xù)調(diào)節(jié)變量。包括樣本中女性被試數(shù)占總被試數(shù)的比例和樣本的平均年齡。(2)分類調(diào)節(jié)變量。包括兒童期創(chuàng)傷的類型、共情的成分、測量共情的工具、測量兒童期創(chuàng)傷的工具和樣本類型。為了保證調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)結(jié)果的代表性, 本研究根據(jù)Card (2012)的建議, 在設(shè)置分類調(diào)節(jié)變量水平時(shí), 每個(gè)水平的效應(yīng)量個(gè)數(shù)不少于5。
已出版的文獻(xiàn)往往不能全面地代表該領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)完成的研究總體, 因?yàn)轱@著的結(jié)果更容易被發(fā)表(Franco et al., 2014)。這一現(xiàn)象被稱為“發(fā)表偏倚”, 可能降低元分析結(jié)果的可靠性(Rothstein, 2008)。為了控制發(fā)表偏倚, 本研究不僅納入已出版的期刊論文, 還納入未出版的學(xué)位論文與會(huì)議論文。本研究將利用漏斗圖(funnel plot)定性評(píng)估發(fā)表偏倚。如果漏斗圖呈對(duì)稱的倒漏斗狀, 則表明發(fā)表偏倚較小(Sterne & Harbord, 2004)。同時(shí), 利用Egger-MLMA回歸法定量評(píng)估發(fā)表偏倚。在納入分析的效應(yīng)量之間非獨(dú)立的情況下, 相較于剪補(bǔ)法(trim and fill method)和傳統(tǒng)的Egger回歸法, Egger-MLMA回歸法更能有效地控制I類錯(cuò)誤(Rodgers & Pustejovsky, 2021)。由于本研究納入分析的大多數(shù)研究報(bào)告了多個(gè)彼此相關(guān)的效應(yīng)量, 因此選用Egger-MLMA回歸法。如果Egger-MLMA回歸的結(jié)果不顯著, 則表明發(fā)表偏倚較小(Rodgers & Pustejovsky, 2021)。
納入元分析的研究報(bào)告兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的二者相關(guān)系數(shù)從?0.451到0.86, 結(jié)果差異很大。這提示當(dāng)前元分析結(jié)果可能受到異常值的影響, 導(dǎo)致虛假的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)論(Kepes & Thomas, 2018)。為了評(píng)估異常值的影響以及元分析結(jié)果的穩(wěn)健性, 本研究將采用“去一法” (leave-one-out method)進(jìn)行兩項(xiàng)敏感性分析。首先, 逐個(gè)剔除納入的效應(yīng)量, 并重新進(jìn)行三水平元分析, 直到所有的效應(yīng)量均被剔除過, 以衡量異常效應(yīng)量的影響(Dodell-Feder & Tamir, 2018)。其次, 逐個(gè)剔除納入的原始研究, 并重新進(jìn)行三水平元分析, 直到所有的原始研究均被剔除過, 以衡量異常研究的影響(Dodell-Feder & Tamir, 2018)。
本研究使用R 4.2.0的metafor包進(jìn)行元分析(Viechtbauer, 2010)。R代碼來自Assink和Wibbelink (2016)以及Rodgers和Pustejovsky (2021)所發(fā)表的程序。本研究所有模型參數(shù)將采用限制性極大似然法(restricted maximum likelihood method)進(jìn)行估計(jì)(Viechtbauer, 2005), 將雙尾值小于0.05的結(jié)果界定為顯著。本研究數(shù)據(jù)處理過程中所使用到的公式見網(wǎng)絡(luò)版附錄。
本研究共納入研究46項(xiàng)(含46個(gè)獨(dú)立樣本, 352個(gè)效應(yīng)值, 23039名被試), 其中學(xué)位論文9篇, 會(huì)議論文2篇, 期刊論文35篇; 中文文獻(xiàn)17篇, 英文文獻(xiàn)29篇; 時(shí)間跨度為2002~2022年。納入文獻(xiàn)的基本信息見表1。納入的45項(xiàng)橫斷研究的文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)得分范圍在5分至8分, 均值為6.47分, 高于理論均值(4分); 納入的1項(xiàng)縱向研究的文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)得分為11分, 高于理論均值(7分)。整體而言, 納入的文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量較好。
表1 納入分析的原始研究的基本信息
續(xù)表
注: CM測量為兒童期創(chuàng)傷的測量工具; EM測量為共情的測量工具。PSIR為出庭調(diào)查報(bào)告(Presentence Investigative Report); CTS為沖突決策量表(Conflict Tactics Scales); CTQ為兒童期創(chuàng)傷問卷(Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form); CECA為童年照料和虐待經(jīng)歷訪談(Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Interview); CTES為兒童期創(chuàng)傷性事件量表(Childhood Traumatic Events Scale); SLESQ為應(yīng)激性生活事件篩查問卷(Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire); CCMS為綜合兒童期虐待量表(Comprehensive Child Maltreatment Scale); MCS為虐待分類系統(tǒng)(Maltreatment Classification System); CPMS為兒童心理虐待量表(Child Psychological Maltreatment Scale); ACE 為不良童年經(jīng)歷問卷(Adverse Childhood Experiences); ETI為早年創(chuàng)傷問卷(Early Trauma Inventory); MNBS為多維忽視行為量表(Multidimensional Neglectful Behavior Scale); DQ為人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)問卷(Demographic Questionnaire); SSI為半結(jié)構(gòu)化訪談(Semi-Structured Interview); CNS為兒童期忽視量表(Childhood Neglect Scale); CET為兒童共情測試(Child Empathy Test); EWT為婦女共情測試(Empathy for Women Test); BSES為巴特森共情量表(Batson’s Empathy Scale); IRI為人際反應(yīng)指數(shù)(Interpersonal Reactivity Index); SRES 為自我報(bào)告情緒量表(Self-Reported Emotion Scales.); UDIP為非結(jié)構(gòu)化結(jié)對(duì)交互范式(Unstructured Dyadic Interaction Paradigm); BES為基本共情量表(Basic Empathy Scale); MDEES為多維情感共情量表(Multi-Dimensional Emotional Empathy Scale); EQ為共情商數(shù)問卷(Empathy Quotient); QCAE為認(rèn)知和情感共情問卷(The Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy); GEM為格里菲斯共情量表(Griffith Empathy Measure); SOR為主觀口頭報(bào)告(Subjective Oral Report); JSPE為杰弗遜共情量表(Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, JSPE)。中文核心為北大或南大核心期刊論文; SSCI 為社會(huì)科學(xué)引文索引收錄的期刊論文; SCI 為科學(xué)引文索引收錄的期刊論文; 普通期刊為除上述三種文獻(xiàn)類型以外的公開發(fā)表期刊論文。橫向研究的文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)分上限為8分, 縱向研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)分上限為14分。
當(dāng)前元分析采用三水平元分析模型對(duì)兒童期創(chuàng)傷和共情進(jìn)行主效應(yīng)估計(jì)。結(jié)果顯示, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情之間呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(= ?0.076,= 351,< 0.001), 95% CI [?0.116, ?0.035]?;贑ohen (1992)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 該相關(guān)系數(shù)屬于小效應(yīng)量。
當(dāng)前元分析采用單側(cè)對(duì)數(shù)似然比檢驗(yàn)法確定研究內(nèi)方差(水平2)和研究間方差(水平3)的顯著性。結(jié)果顯示, 當(dāng)前研究在研究內(nèi)方差(水平2) (20.028,< 0.001)和研究間方差(水平3) (20.010,< 0.001)均存在顯著差異。在總方差來源中, 抽樣方差(水平1)為7.63%, 研究內(nèi)方差(水平2)為67.75%, 研究間方差(水平3)為24.61%。因此, 可以分析調(diào)節(jié)變量以便進(jìn)一步解釋兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系。
漏斗圖(見網(wǎng)絡(luò)版附圖1)顯示, 效應(yīng)量多數(shù)集中在圖形上方且均勻分布于主效應(yīng)的兩側(cè); Egger- MLMA回歸的結(jié)果不顯著(= 1.710,= 350,= 0.088), Egger-MLMA回歸的截距為0.778, 95% CI [?0.117, 1.673]。漏斗圖的對(duì)稱性和Egger-MLMA回歸結(jié)果均表明當(dāng)前元分析不存在顯著的發(fā)表偏倚。
逐個(gè)剔除納入的效應(yīng)量并重新進(jìn)行三水平元分析, 結(jié)果顯示, 在剔除李婷(2016)報(bào)告的軀體忽視與共情關(guān)注的相關(guān)系數(shù)后, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的相關(guān)程度最低(= ?0.076,= 343,< 0.001); 在剔除候小花等人(2021)報(bào)告的軀體虐待與個(gè)人痛苦的相關(guān)系數(shù)后, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的相關(guān)程度最高(= ?0.084,= 350,< 0.001)。逐個(gè)剔除納入的原始研究并重新進(jìn)行三水平元分析, 結(jié)果顯示, 在剔除王麗萍和張雨欣(2022)報(bào)告的所有相關(guān)系數(shù)后, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的相關(guān)程度最低(= ?0.067,= 347,< 0.001); 在剔除候小花等人(2021)報(bào)告的所有相關(guān)系數(shù)后, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的相關(guān)程度最高(= ?0.088,= 341,< 0.001)。無論逐個(gè)剔除納入的效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行敏感性分析, 還是逐個(gè)剔除納入的原始研究進(jìn)行敏感性分析, 本研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 剔除前與剔除后重新計(jì)算的主效應(yīng)在顯著性上均未改變。上述結(jié)果表明, 當(dāng)前元分析的結(jié)果穩(wěn)健可靠。
利用元回歸分析檢驗(yàn)調(diào)節(jié)變量對(duì)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系是否存在顯著影響, 結(jié)果如表2所示。兒童期創(chuàng)傷類型的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)顯著,(4, 296) = 4.056,= 0.003。軀體虐待(= 0.005,= 296,= 0.880), 情感虐待(= ?0.051,= 296,= 0.121)和性虐待(= ?0.058,= 296,= 0.073)與共情相關(guān)不顯著; 而軀體忽視(= ?0.095,= 296,= 0.005)和情感忽視(= ?0.128,= 296,< 0.001)與共情顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。共情成分的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)顯著,(3, 258) = 83.051,< 0.001。在認(rèn)知共情的成分中, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與觀點(diǎn)采擇(= ?0.127,= 258,< 0.001)顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 而與幻想(= ?0.044,= 258,= 0.195)相關(guān)不顯著。在情感共情的成分中, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)注(= ?0.148,= 258,< 0.001)顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 而與個(gè)人痛苦(= 0.153,= 258,< 0.001)顯著正相關(guān)。年齡也存在顯著的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)(1, 259) = 4.415,= 0.037。兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的負(fù)相關(guān)隨樣本平均年齡的增大而減小(= 0.004,= 0.037)。此外, 沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)其他顯著的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)。
表2 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)
續(xù)表
注: 水平2方差為研究內(nèi)方差, 水平3方差為研究間方差。
為效應(yīng)量個(gè)數(shù), mean為Fisher變換后的效應(yīng)量(Fisher’s), CI為置信區(qū)間,為元回歸系數(shù),為皮爾遜相關(guān)系數(shù),為自由度;
IRI為人際反應(yīng)指數(shù)(Interpersonal Reactivity Index); BES為基本共情量表(Basic Empathy Scale); EQ為共情商數(shù)問卷(Empathy Quotient); GEM為格里菲斯共情量表(Griffith Empathy Measure); UDIP為非結(jié)構(gòu)化結(jié)對(duì)交互范式(Unstructured Dyadic Interaction Paradigm); CTQ為兒童期創(chuàng)傷問卷(Childhood Trauma Questionnaire); CCMS為綜合兒童期虐待量表(Comprehensive Child Maltreatment Scale); CPMS為兒童心理虐待量表(Child Psychological Maltreatment Scale); CTES為兒童期創(chuàng)傷性事件量表(Childhood Traumatic Events Scale); CNS為兒童期忽視量表(Childhood Neglect Scale)。
*< 0.05; **< 0.01; ***< 0.001.
以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情存在密切關(guān)系, 但這一關(guān)系的研究結(jié)果并不一致。本研究通過三水平元分析技術(shù)整合兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的相關(guān)研究, 以探討兒童期創(chuàng)傷對(duì)共情的影響及其調(diào)節(jié)因素, 從而全面了解兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系。
對(duì)主效應(yīng)的分析, 本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情之間存在顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。此外, 兩項(xiàng)敏感性分析和發(fā)表偏倚分析顯示, 當(dāng)前元分析結(jié)果穩(wěn)健可靠, 且不存在明顯的發(fā)表偏倚。上述結(jié)果說明兒童期創(chuàng)傷對(duì)共情的總體影響是負(fù)性的, 與本研究的假設(shè)一致。需要注意的是, 當(dāng)前元分析主效應(yīng)在研究內(nèi)(水平2)和研究間(水平3)的方差顯著, 表明主效應(yīng)存在異質(zhì)性。這提示不能孤立地看待主效應(yīng)的結(jié)果(Harrer et al., 2021), 兒童期創(chuàng)傷經(jīng)歷與共情的關(guān)系可能在不同的情境中表現(xiàn)出不同的相關(guān)。因此, 需要分析潛在的調(diào)節(jié)變量以解釋主效應(yīng)的異質(zhì)性, 進(jìn)一步闡明二者關(guān)系。
當(dāng)前元分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系受到兒童期創(chuàng)傷類型的調(diào)節(jié), 與本研究的假設(shè)一致, 不同類型的兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情存在不一致的關(guān)系。軀體虐待、情感虐待和性虐待均與共情相關(guān)不顯著; 而軀體忽視、情感忽視與共情均存在顯著負(fù)相關(guān); 且軀體忽視和情感忽視的效應(yīng)量要顯著高于軀體虐待的效應(yīng)量。該結(jié)果說明不同類型的兒童期創(chuàng)傷對(duì)共情的損害程度不同, 忽視比虐待對(duì)共情的損害更大, 一定程度上支持了依戀理論、面部反饋假說和“似我”假說。相比虐待, 忽視是缺少交流的過程, 更容易導(dǎo)致個(gè)體形成回避型依戀和抑制對(duì)他人的社會(huì)信息加工(Dykas & Cassidy, 2011; Kim et al., 2021)。因此, 受忽視的個(gè)體更難模仿他人的面部表情、內(nèi)化他人的情緒體驗(yàn)和理解他人的情緒狀態(tài), 從而表現(xiàn)出更差的共情能力。這一結(jié)果和Weinstein等人(2016)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一致。Weinstein等人(2016)發(fā)現(xiàn)忽視而非虐待能預(yù)測對(duì)他人心理狀態(tài)的識(shí)別反應(yīng)時(shí)延長。
當(dāng)前元分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系受到共情成分的調(diào)節(jié), 與本研究的假設(shè)一致。在認(rèn)知共情的兩個(gè)成分上, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與觀點(diǎn)采擇顯著負(fù)相關(guān)而與幻想相關(guān)不顯著; 在情感共情的兩個(gè)成分上, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)注之間存在顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 且與個(gè)人痛苦之間存在顯著正相關(guān)。該結(jié)果表明兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情并非單一的關(guān)系, 符合俄羅斯玩偶模型的觀點(diǎn)。先前有研究表明, 個(gè)體由于先前的創(chuàng)傷經(jīng)歷而對(duì)他人困境中的消極情緒更加敏感(Dannlowski et al., 2012; Thompson et al., 2014), 因此更容易被他人情緒傳染, 產(chǎn)生更高的個(gè)人痛苦。兒童期創(chuàng)傷增強(qiáng)個(gè)人痛苦的現(xiàn)象符合感知?行動(dòng)模型的預(yù)測。需要注意的是, 本研究并未區(qū)分主體共情的對(duì)象是否與主體具有相同或者不同經(jīng)歷, 因而無法直接驗(yàn)證共情的感知?行動(dòng)模型。未來研究在考察兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系時(shí)可以關(guān)注共情的對(duì)象是否與主體的相似性, 以便進(jìn)一步檢驗(yàn)感知?行動(dòng)模型。此外, 根據(jù)俄羅斯玩偶模型, 更高層次的共情關(guān)注和觀點(diǎn)采擇需要個(gè)體調(diào)節(jié)基礎(chǔ)層次的個(gè)人痛苦后才能產(chǎn)生。有兒童期創(chuàng)傷的個(gè)體往往缺乏良好的情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略(Gruhn & Compas, 2020), 因此更難進(jìn)行共情關(guān)注與觀點(diǎn)采擇。上述結(jié)果或許可以解釋兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系不一致的現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)測量的共情層次較低時(shí), 如個(gè)人痛苦和疼痛共情, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷會(huì)增強(qiáng)這種共情反應(yīng)(Flasbeck et al., 2018); 而當(dāng)測量的共情層次較高時(shí), 如觀點(diǎn)采擇和共情關(guān)注, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷則會(huì)損害這種共情反應(yīng)(Flasbeck & Brüne, 2021)。兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情四個(gè)成分關(guān)系的不一致提示, 看待兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系時(shí)應(yīng)考慮共情的層次。
當(dāng)前元分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 年齡調(diào)節(jié)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系, 與本研究的假設(shè)一致, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的負(fù)相關(guān)隨樣本平均年齡的增大而減小。該結(jié)果說明兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系隨年齡增長逐漸減弱。與一項(xiàng)縱向研究結(jié)果類似, 距離創(chuàng)傷的時(shí)間點(diǎn)越近, 創(chuàng)傷造成的影響越大(Spinhoven et al., 2016)。這一現(xiàn)象的原因可能是隨年齡增長, 個(gè)體能夠更加有效調(diào)節(jié)自身的痛苦體驗(yàn)(Martin & Ochsner, 2016), 從而對(duì)他人有更多的共情。當(dāng)然, 這一假設(shè)還需未來研究加以驗(yàn)證。
當(dāng)前元分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童期創(chuàng)傷和共情的測量工具均不影響兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系, 與本研究的假設(shè)不一致。這可能反映了兒童期創(chuàng)傷和共情的測量工具均有趨同性。盡管兒童期創(chuàng)傷的量表在維度設(shè)置上各有不同, 但都涉及到了虐待和忽視經(jīng)歷等兒童期創(chuàng)傷的核心內(nèi)容。共情的自評(píng)量表(例如, IRI)與他評(píng)量表(例如, GEM)在內(nèi)容上均包括認(rèn)知共情與情感共情。因此, 雖然不同測量工具在維度設(shè)置和評(píng)估方式上有所差別, 但并不影響兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系。
當(dāng)前元分析沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)性別的調(diào)節(jié)作用, 與本研究的假設(shè)不一致。這可能說明兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系存在跨性別的趨同效應(yīng)。該結(jié)果與主題相近的元分析結(jié)果一致(de Ruiter et al., 2022; Gallo et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019)。例如, 在de Ruiter等人(2022)關(guān)于兒童期創(chuàng)傷與精神病態(tài)(psychopathic traits)的元分析中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)性別存在調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)。此外, 當(dāng)前元分析結(jié)果沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)樣本類型的調(diào)節(jié)作用, 與本研究的假設(shè)不一致。這可能提示在兒童期創(chuàng)傷的低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)樣本中均存在損害共情的現(xiàn)象。
值得注意的是, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情之間僅僅是很微弱的相關(guān)(Cohen, 1992), 因此對(duì)二者關(guān)系的解釋應(yīng)更加謹(jǐn)慎。二者微弱的相關(guān)說明存在其他影響共情的外部和內(nèi)部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素, 例如家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)地位等(Chen et al., 2012; G?tz et al., 2022)。在本研究納入的46項(xiàng)原始研究中, 只有11項(xiàng)涉及罪犯和臨床群體。本研究納入的被試大多數(shù)來自正常家庭, 不需要處理系統(tǒng)的家庭不良環(huán)境。這可能削弱了兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系。此外, 從基因?環(huán)境相互作用的角度來看, 個(gè)人的特質(zhì)可能在共情發(fā)展中起著關(guān)鍵作用。例如, 宜人性是共情的預(yù)測因素(van Heel et al., 2020)。因此, 有必要在未來探索宜人性在兒童期創(chuàng)傷和共情之間的中介作用。另一方面, 共情的產(chǎn)生很可能是各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的累積而不是單一風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素所致。從這個(gè)角度來看, 當(dāng)其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素已經(jīng)存在時(shí), 兒童期一次或多次創(chuàng)傷經(jīng)歷可能是決定性的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的累積與共情的關(guān)系值得在未來進(jìn)行研究。
本研究在整合國內(nèi)外兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系實(shí)證研究的基礎(chǔ)上, 通過元分析方法探討兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系及其調(diào)節(jié)變量。本研究有如下理論意義。首先, 本研究首次采用三水平元分析方法系統(tǒng)比較不同兒童期創(chuàng)傷類型與共情的關(guān)系, 發(fā)現(xiàn)不同類型兒童期創(chuàng)傷經(jīng)歷對(duì)共情的影響不同, 忽視比虐待對(duì)共情的損害更大, 該結(jié)果不僅提示了特定早期經(jīng)歷對(duì)共情發(fā)展的重要性, 而且提示了模仿、依戀和內(nèi)部工作模式在共情中的重要作用, 一定程度上支持了依戀理論、面部反饋假說和“似我”假說。其次, 本研究首次系統(tǒng)比較兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情各成分的關(guān)系, 發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童期創(chuàng)傷增強(qiáng)個(gè)人痛苦, 且損傷觀點(diǎn)采擇和共情關(guān)注。該結(jié)果說明兒童期創(chuàng)傷如何影響共情是一個(gè)仍值得深入探索的復(fù)雜過程, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷對(duì)共情的影響不能簡單被定性為積極或消極, 啟發(fā)研究者需要運(yùn)用多元關(guān)系模式的角度看待兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系。兒童期創(chuàng)傷對(duì)共情各成分的影響不同也提示依戀理論、面部反饋假說與“似我”假說和感知?行動(dòng)模型在對(duì)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情關(guān)系的解釋方面均缺乏全面性。本研究為俄羅斯玩偶模型補(bǔ)充了可靠的支持性證據(jù)。區(qū)分共情層次的俄羅斯玩偶模型不僅有助于整合以往的理論解釋, 而且為今后兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的相關(guān)研究提供了理論和研究框架。
同時(shí), 本研究也具有實(shí)踐意義。本研究結(jié)果可以為共情的研究和干預(yù)提供重要參考。首先, 本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)軀體忽視與情感忽視是共情的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。未來研究還可以進(jìn)一步探討兒童期忽視與共情關(guān)系之間的調(diào)節(jié)變量, 比如心理韌性和情感支持等(Meng et al., 2018; van der Put et al., 2018)。探索能夠減輕兒童期忽視損害共情的因素研究不僅有助于理解共情的發(fā)展機(jī)制, 而且有助于開發(fā)更有針對(duì)性的共情培養(yǎng)方案。其次, 本研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 兒童期創(chuàng)傷減弱了共情關(guān)注, 增強(qiáng)了個(gè)人痛苦。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為個(gè)體面對(duì)處于困境中的他人時(shí), 產(chǎn)生共情關(guān)注或是個(gè)人痛苦可能取決于個(gè)體的情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略(Thompson et al., 2019)。采用反芻與抑制的情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略時(shí), 面對(duì)他人困境時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生個(gè)人痛苦而不是共情關(guān)注(Grynberg & López-Pérez, 2018; Lebowitz & Dovidio, 2015); 而采用認(rèn)知重評(píng)的情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略時(shí), 出現(xiàn)了相反的結(jié)果(Lebowitz & Dovidio, 2015; López-Pérez & Ambrona, 2015)。因此, 在對(duì)有兒童期創(chuàng)傷個(gè)體的共情與親社會(huì)行為干預(yù)中, 可以進(jìn)行認(rèn)知重評(píng)策略的訓(xùn)練減少個(gè)人痛苦并提高共情關(guān)注, 以促進(jìn)親社會(huì)行為(Eisenberg et al., 1989; Eisenberg et al., 2010)。
本研究可能存在以下幾個(gè)局限, 有待后續(xù)研究進(jìn)一步完善。首先, 在測量兒童期創(chuàng)傷方面, 大多數(shù)納入的原始研究只使用單一的自我報(bào)告方法。這一方面可能產(chǎn)生共同方法變異(common method variance), 影響本研究結(jié)果的效度(Podsakoff et al., 2012); 另一方面, 被試在自我報(bào)告過程中可能產(chǎn)生記憶偏差和掩飾, 干擾測量結(jié)果。為了減少共同方法變異和提高測量結(jié)果的可靠性, 未來的研究需要使用多種測量工具, 如自評(píng)量表、他評(píng)量表和臨床訪談。且由于納入元分析的文獻(xiàn)大部分是橫斷設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)系研究, 所以本研究無法對(duì)兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的因果關(guān)系做出結(jié)論。為了界定因果關(guān)系, 未來研究需要采用縱向設(shè)計(jì)和足夠時(shí)間跨度的追蹤。
其次, 雖然已有研究表明兒童期創(chuàng)傷發(fā)生的年齡(Teicher et al., 2016)、兒童期創(chuàng)傷的頻率和嚴(yán)重程度(Locher et al., 2014)、兒童對(duì)母親形象的表征(Brassard et al., 2022)、rs53576基因型(Flasbeck et al., 2018)等因素是兒童期創(chuàng)傷和共情關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)變量, 但是本研究納入元分析的大部分文獻(xiàn)沒有報(bào)告兒童期創(chuàng)傷的這些相關(guān)信息, 因此無法進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析。未來元分析研究在考察兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系時(shí)應(yīng)進(jìn)一步探討這些調(diào)節(jié)變量, 進(jìn)而更好地歸納兒童期創(chuàng)傷影響共情的條件。
另外, 兒童期創(chuàng)傷不僅有軀體虐待、性虐待、情感虐待、情感忽視和軀體忽視, 還包括地震、洪水等自然災(zāi)害(Falasca & Caulfield, 1999)。并且已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 地震、洪水等自然災(zāi)害會(huì)對(duì)兒童的認(rèn)知、情感和社會(huì)性發(fā)展造成創(chuàng)傷(Masten & Narayan, 2012)。本研究納入元分析的文獻(xiàn)沒有報(bào)告地震、洪水等自然災(zāi)害對(duì)共情的影響, 因此未對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析。未來元分析研究在考察兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系時(shí)不僅需要關(guān)注軀體虐待、性虐待、情感虐待、情感忽視和軀體忽視, 而且也應(yīng)進(jìn)一步關(guān)注地震、洪水等自然災(zāi)害其他類型的創(chuàng)傷。
最后, 部分調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)中效應(yīng)量個(gè)數(shù)分配不均衡。例如, 在兒童期創(chuàng)傷測量工具的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)中, CTQ量表的效應(yīng)數(shù)(271)大于其他量表的效應(yīng)數(shù)之和(53)。這可能會(huì)在一定程度上影響結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性, 有待未來研究補(bǔ)充驗(yàn)證。
本研究采用三水平元分析方法發(fā)現(xiàn), 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情存在顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系受到兒童期創(chuàng)傷類型的調(diào)節(jié), 情感忽視和軀體忽視與共情顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 而軀體虐待, 情感虐待和性虐待與共情相關(guān)不顯著。兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系受到共情成分的調(diào)節(jié), 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與觀點(diǎn)采擇和共情關(guān)注顯著負(fù)相關(guān), 與幻想相關(guān)不顯著, 與個(gè)人痛苦顯著正相關(guān)。兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系受到年齡的調(diào)節(jié), 兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的負(fù)相關(guān)隨年齡的增長而減小。當(dāng)前研究不僅能夠幫助人們更好地理解兒童期創(chuàng)傷與共情的關(guān)系, 而且可以為培養(yǎng)共情提供參照依據(jù)。
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Association between childhood maltreatment and empathy: A three-level meta-analytic review
MENG Xianxin1,2, YU Delin1, CHEN Yijing1, ZHANG Lin1, FU Xiaolan2,3
(1School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China) (2State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China) (3Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China)
A considerable number of studies have discussed the association between childhood maltreatment and empathy, but the results have been mixed. Theoretically, there are four main arguments regarding the association between childhood maltreatment and empathy. Attachment theory suggests that childhood maltreatment predisposes individuals to an insecure attachment style that is detrimental to empathy development. The facial feedback hypothesis and “l(fā)ike-me” hypothesis suggest that neglected children have fewer opportunities to imitate others’ facial expressions, and show deficits in empathy. However, the perception-action model argues that individuals with childhood maltreatment are more likely to empathize with others who have traumatic experiences, while the Russian doll model implies that the association between childhood maltreatment and empathy may not be linear. Empirically, current research has reported an inconsistent correlation between childhood maltreatment and empathy, with r values ranging from ?0.451 to 0.86. Therefore, the present meta-analysis aimed to estimate the extent to which childhood maltreatment is associated with empathy and whether these associations vary depending on the study or sample characteristics such as the type of childhood maltreatment, gender, and age.
A systematic literature review was conducted using Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, PsycARTICLES, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CSTJD (China Science and Technology Journal Database) and WFD (Wan Fang Data). Three-level meta-analyses were performed using R to synthesize the effect sizes and conduct moderator analyses. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's regression tests. No significant publication bias was observed in any of the studies.
A total of 46 studies (= 23039 participants) producing 352 effect sizes were included. The results showed that the correlation between childhood maltreatment and empathy was significantly negative but only to a small extent (= ?0.076, 95% CI [?0.117, ?0.035]). Moderator analysis revealed that the association between childhood maltreatment and empathy was moderated by the type of childhood maltreatment. The association between childhood maltreatment and empathy was stronger for physical neglect (= ?0.095) and emotional neglect (= ?0.128) than for physical abuse (= 0.005). Furthermore, the association between childhood maltreatment and empathy was moderated by the dimensions of empathy. Specifically, the association between childhood maltreatment and empathy was negative for perspective-taking (= ?0.127), fantasy (= ?0.044), and empathic concern (= ?0.148), but positive for personal distress (= 0.153). In addition, the mean age of the participants moderated the association between childhood maltreatment and empathy, with the mean age predicting a reduced negative association between childhood maltreatment and empathy (= 0.004). However, the percentage of females did not moderate the observed association, which may indicate consistency in the association between childhood maltreatment and empathy across genders.
The results supported the attachment theory, the facial feedback hypothesis, the "like-me" hypothesis, the perception-action model, and the Russian doll model, suggesting that the association between childhood maltreatment and empathy was complicated. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the association between childhood maltreatment and empathy but also produce meaningful practical implications for future research and intervention program design regarding how to promote the development of empathy.
childhood maltreatment, empathy, perspective taking, personal distress, meta-analysis
2022-09-07
* 國家自然科學(xué)基金(31600886, 61621136008)資助。
孟現(xiàn)鑫和俞德霖為本文共同第一作者。
孟現(xiàn)鑫, E-mail: mxx01@fjnu.edu.cn; 傅小蘭, E-mail: fuxl@psych.ac.cn
B844; C912.6