例析閱讀理解題中詞義猜測題的解答技巧

盧衛(wèi)平

正確理解文中單詞或短語的含義是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基礎(chǔ)。但英語單詞、短語的含義并非完全等同于詞典中所標(biāo)注的漢語意思，其含義隨不同語境會有所不同。我們能根據(jù)上下文理解靈活變化的詞義，才算是真正初步具備了一定的閱讀理解能力。在高考閱讀理解題中，詞義猜測題通常有以下三種情況：①推測劃線單詞或短語的含義；②推測劃線代詞的指代含義；③推測劃線句子的含義。

技巧一：對于推測劃線單詞或短語的含義的題目，可以依據(jù)定義、同位語、文章中的例子、對比關(guān)系或比較關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、并列結(jié)構(gòu)、因果關(guān)系等來解題。

【典題例析1】（蘇州市2022學(xué)年第二學(xué)期學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量陽光指標(biāo)調(diào)研卷） For Amazon and Netflix，adding games to their platforms could attract more subscribers. Or at the very least dissuade existing ones from leav- ing. After a jump caused by pandemic in users，Netflix dropped 430，000 subscribers in the second quarter but regained some of these in the third quarter. Netflix hassaid in the past that in the“attention economy”，it com- petes against video games just as much as video stream- ing services.

What does the underlined word“dissuade ”in Para- graph 3 mean？

A. Forbid. ???????B. Discourage.

C. Release. ??????D. Protect.

【解析】答案B 。詞義猜測題。該題可根據(jù)原文中的“對比關(guān)系”來解題，本段中的“For Amazon and Net- flix adding games to their platforms could attract more subscribers （對于亞馬遜和 Netflix在他們的平臺上增加游戲可以吸引更多的用戶）”可知，平臺加入電子游戲元素，可以吸引一些新的訂閱用戶。由此推測劃線單詞意思與“吸引”相近，但下文表達(dá)乃正話反說，譯為，“或者（這樣做）至少勸阻現(xiàn)有的用戶離開”，即 dis- suade意為“勸阻”，與 discourage同義。也可以通過構(gòu)詞法來解題，suad詞根的英語單詞舉例：persuade v.勸說；說服，per 徹底+ suad 勸告+ e→徹底的勸告→勸說；說服；dissuade勸阻 v.，dis 表否定+ suad 勸告+ e →勸告不要怎么樣→勸阻。故選 B項。

【典題例析2】（北京市海淀區(qū)2021-2022學(xué)年第一學(xué)期期末考試） Dislike can certainly transform into an- ger or hate，but it may also take a more playful form. Sometimes we could see people joyfully watch the ob- ject of their dislike and offer a commentary of criticism， instead of?tuning out and turning off. Why？ Reveling in?dislike ?can ?help ?regain ?control ?in ?a ?world ?that ?over- whelms ?everyone ?with ?content. Keeping ?the ?despised shows at hand rather than avoiding them can help the dislikers ?speak ?up ?in ?the ?court ?of public ?opinion. Or some might enjoy their dislikes as a way to avoid ruin- ing certain relationships. Many of us can probably relate to ?the ?experience ?of ?having ?a ?friend ?who ?insists ?we watch something against our will.

What does the underlined phrase“Reveling in ”in the text probably mean？

A.Taking delight in.

B. Showing concern for.

C. Drawing lessons from.

D. Establishing connection to.

【解析】答案A。詞義猜測題。該題可以根據(jù)劃線 詞組前的例子“Sometimes we could see people joyfully watch the object of their dislike and offer a commentary of criticism，instead of tuning out and turning off.” （有時我們可以看到人們高興地看著他們不喜歡的事 物，并給出批評，而不是不予理會）以及劃線詞的后文 “Keeping the despised shows at hand rather than avoiding them can help the dislikers speak up in the court of public opinion. Or some might enjoy their dislikes as a way to avoid ruining certain relationships. ”（保留那些 受人鄙視的節(jié)目，而不是避開它們，可以幫助那些不 喜歡的人在公眾輿論的法庭上暢所欲言?；蛘哂行?人可能喜歡他們不喜歡的東西，以此來避免破壞某些 關(guān)系。）可知，在一個讓每個人都感到滿足的世界里， 著迷于不喜歡可以幫助你重新獲得控制權(quán)。所以 Reveling in為“深愛；酷愛；著迷”之意。故選A項。

技巧二：對于推測代詞含義，可以從宏觀上充分把握代詞指代內(nèi)容涉及段落的整體含義，并從微觀入手抓住關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵句，弄清邏輯關(guān)系（因果關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，補充說明，對比關(guān)系等）來解題。

【典題例析】（2022年蘇錫常鎮(zhèn)四市高三教學(xué)情況調(diào)查） Particularly in early times，art also had social and moral functions. The earliest wall paintings referred to in ancient texts often described merciful emperors，offi- cials，and their evil opposites as examples and warnings to the living. Human relationships have always been of great importance in China，and a common theme of fig- ure painting is that of gentlemen enjoying staying to- gether or of the depressing partings and infrequent re- unions. Among the typical themes of traditional Chinese art，there ?is ?no ?place ?for ?war，violence ?or ?death. No theme would be accepted in traditional Chinese art that was not inspiring，noble，or refreshing to the spirit.

What ?does ?the ?underlined ?word “that ”in ?Para-graph 2 refer to？

A. The art.

C. The theme.B. The

D. Thepainting.?relationship.

【解析】答案C。詞義猜測題。該題通過分析句子 結(jié)構(gòu)，聚焦劃線詞前并列句中 and 之后的內(nèi)容“Human relationships have always been of great importance in China，and a common theme of figure painting...”（人 際關(guān)系在中國一直是非常重要的，是人物畫的一個共 同主題）可知，人物畫的一個共同主題是士大夫喜歡 呆在一起，或者是令人沮喪的離別和難得的團(tuán)聚。代 詞that指代前文中的“theme（主題）”。故選C項。

技巧三：關(guān)于推測劃線句子含義，采用三步法—— 一定位，返回原文，定位劃線句子，理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)；二 分析，分析劃線句子前后語境，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息和邏輯 關(guān)系（因果關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，補充說明，對比關(guān)系等）合 理推斷句意；三比較，比較選項，找出與推斷出的句義 相似的選項。

【典題例析】（南京市2023屆高三年級學(xué)情調(diào)研）

Watching your kids learn new skills is extraordinarily rewarding，but Ive experienced more personal growth than I have at any other point in my life.

Last year，after a winter of practicing skiing on the green tracks for beginners each week，Alicia was frenchfrying her way down blues and even attempted her first black. That month also witnessed me visiting the mountain more times than in the 15 years combined and Iv?got myself a partner for life.

What does the farther imply by saying“I ve got myself a partner for life.”？

A. It is rewarding to learn new skills.

B. Skiing has become his lifelong hobby.

C. He will explore more with his daughter.

D. His daughter will accompany him forever.

【解析】答案 C 。句意猜測題。返回原文，該句在 段落的結(jié)尾，是對上文的一個簡要總結(jié)。根據(jù)節(jié)選部 分第一段中“Watching your kids learn new skills is ex- ?traordinarily rewarding，but I ve experienced more per- ?sonal growth than I have at any other point in my life.”（看著你的孩子學(xué)習(xí)新技能是非常值得的，但我經(jīng)歷 的個人成長比我生命中其他任何時候都要多。）以及劃線句前“Last year，after a winter of practicing skiing on the green tracks for beginners each week，Alicia was french-frying her way down blues and even attempted her first black. That month also witnessed me visiting the ?mountain ?more ?times ?than ?in ?the 15 years ?com- bined...”（去年，艾麗西亞在為初學(xué)者準(zhǔn)備的綠色雪道上練習(xí)了一個冬天的滑雪之后，她在藍(lán)色中級雪道一路摸索，甚至嘗試了她的第一個黑色鉆石雪道。那個月我去山上的次數(shù)比過去15年的總和還多……）進(jìn)行概括可推知，孩子在探索的同時，我也在探索。所以劃線句的意思是他將和女兒一起探索更多。故選C項。

總之，結(jié)合語境，理解劃線詞上下文的關(guān)系，輔之以構(gòu)詞法等，是解答詞意猜測題的關(guān)鍵。

（作者單位：江蘇省東臺市三倉中學(xué)）