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      植物SWEET蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)與分類及功能研究進展

      2023-05-30 10:48:04任凱麗孔維萍唐桃霞程鴻
      甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)科技 2023年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:分類結(jié)構(gòu)功能

      任凱麗 孔維萍 唐桃霞 程鴻

      摘要:植物SWEET蛋白是一類重要的轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白,研究其生理生化功能,有助于分子輔助育種,縮短育種年限。本文基于文獻資料,梳理歸納了近年來國內(nèi)外的植物SWEET蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)、分類、轉(zhuǎn)運底物和功能方面的相關(guān)研究進展,闡述表明SWEET蛋白是植物中廣泛存在的一類糖轉(zhuǎn)運體,既能轉(zhuǎn)運單糖又能轉(zhuǎn)運蔗糖,屬于Mt N3家族。不同植物間的SWEET蛋白具有一定的保守性,根據(jù)親緣關(guān)系SWEET家族可以分為四類。植物SWEET蛋白是位于膜系統(tǒng)上,參與糖分的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運,在植物生長發(fā)育及逆境脅迫中均有不同程度的調(diào)控作用,如調(diào)控花蜜的分泌、花粉的營養(yǎng)、灌漿期種子的發(fā)育、果實發(fā)育、植物抗逆性和抗病性等。然而不同植物的SWEET蛋白轉(zhuǎn)運底物和調(diào)控功能不同,目前僅在擬南芥等少數(shù)植物中研究較為深入。

      關(guān)鍵詞:SWEET;糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白;糖;結(jié)構(gòu);分類;功能

      中圖分類號:S184;Q51? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻標志碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? 文章編號:2097-2172(2023)01-0005-08

      doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2172.2023.01.002

      Advances in Structure, Classification and Functions of

      SWEET Protein in Plants

      REN Kaili, KONG Weiping, TANG Taoxia, CHENG Hong

      (Institute of Vegetables, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China)

      Abstract: The yield and quality of crops depend on sugar transport and regulation. In this paper, we reviewed the structure, classification, transport substrates and functions of SWEET protein, in order to lay a foundation for the study of SWEET protein in other plants. SWEET transporter is a newly discovered sugar transporter located in membrane system, which can transport both hexose and sucrose and belongs to Mt N3 family. SWEET proteins are conserved in different plants, and the SWEET family can be divided into four groups according to their relatives. plant SWEET protein plays an important role in plant growth and development, biological and abiotic stress response, such as regulating nectar secretion, pollen nutrition, seed development during grain filling, fruit development, plant stress resistance and disease resistance. However, the transport substrates and regulatory functions of SWEET proteins are different in different plants, and only in a few plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana had this protein been studied in depth.

      Key words: SWEET; Sugar transporter; Sugar; Structure; Classification; Function

      糖是植物的重要能源。植物葉片通過光合作用進行碳固定,形成糖類物質(zhì),除自身消耗外,其余大部分運輸?shù)綆炱鞴伲炱鞴偕L發(fā)育,而糖類物質(zhì)從源到庫的運輸離不開糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的參與。植物的糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白分為3類,即蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白(Sucrose transporters,SUTs)、單糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白(Monosaccharide transporters,MSTs)和SWEET糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白(Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters)[1 ]。單糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白和蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白分別主要負責單糖和蔗糖的轉(zhuǎn)運,而SWEET蛋白既能轉(zhuǎn)運單糖又能轉(zhuǎn)運蔗糖[2 ],是植物中最新發(fā)現(xiàn)的一類轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白,除了糖轉(zhuǎn)運外SWEET蛋白在植物生長發(fā)育和抗逆性等方面均發(fā)揮著重要的作用[3 - 5? ]。

      SWEET蛋白最先在擬南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中發(fā)現(xiàn)并鑒定[6 ],隨后逐漸在水稻(Oryza sativa)、葡萄(Vitis vinifera)、木薯(Manihot esculenta)、蘋果(Malus domestica)、甜橙(Citrus sinensis)等作物中陸續(xù)被鑒定[7 - 11 ]。目前,SWEET蛋白在模式植物擬南芥中的研究較為深入,很多其他植物的報道少且深度不夠。我們綜述了近年來已經(jīng)鑒定的SWEET蛋白相關(guān)研究,以期為其他植物的SWEET轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白研究提供參考。

      1? ?植物SWEET蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)與分類

      SWEET蛋白是植物、動物和微生物中廣泛存在的、定位于膜結(jié)構(gòu)的糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白[6, 12 - 14 ],屬于Mt N3家族。真核生物SWEET蛋白具有7個TM螺旋(transmembrane domains),N端THB由TMs 1-3組成,C端THB由TMs 5-7制成,且N端與C端THB結(jié)構(gòu)相似,均以平行方向排列,各自為1個單元(圖1)。TM4作為連接螺旋,連接N端和C端的THB,不同SWEET蛋白中連接螺旋的蛋白序列是不保守的(圖1)[14 - 16 ]。原核生物的semiSWEET蛋白僅含有單個THB結(jié)構(gòu),也具有糖轉(zhuǎn)運功能[13, 17 - 18 ]。Yuan等[7 ]認為真核生物SWEET基因可能是原核生物semiSWEET基因復制的結(jié)果,TM4是轉(zhuǎn)運體的一部分;而Hu等[19 ]提出一個基因融合假設(shè)理論,認為在進化過程中當產(chǎn)甲烷古菌吞噬細菌時,會導致semiSWEET基因轉(zhuǎn)移到宿主基因組中,因此細菌的semiSWEET和寄主基因結(jié)合形成了1個雙THB的SWEET,但保守的TM4是如何在2個THB之間插入或產(chǎn)生的仍不清楚。基因復制和基因融合是SWEET轉(zhuǎn)運體進化的主流理論,然而不論哪種進化理論,SWEET中涉及糖運輸?shù)年P(guān)鍵殘基在進化過程中是保守的[20 ]。

      隨著SWEET家族研究的深入,不少植物的SWEET蛋白被鑒定,表1為已經(jīng)發(fā)表的幾種植物SWEET蛋白家族成員數(shù)量。對擬南芥的17個、水稻的21個、黃瓜的17個SWEET家族蛋白成員利用MAGA11軟件采用鄰接發(fā)構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)進化樹,結(jié)果見圖2。植物的SWEET家族蛋白分為4個分支。以擬南芥為例,分支Ⅰ有AtSWEET1-3,分支Ⅱ有AtSWEET4-8,分支Ⅲ有AtSWEET9-15,分支Ⅳ有AtSWEET16和AtSWEET17[2, 6, 21 ]。

      2? ?植物SWEET蛋白轉(zhuǎn)運底物

      植物SWEET蛋白大多位于質(zhì)膜,少數(shù)位于液泡膜,具有不依賴能量的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運糖分的功能。擬南芥SWEET1蛋白具有跨膜轉(zhuǎn)模葡萄糖的功能[6 ],SWEET2蛋白跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運2-脫氫葡萄糖[55 ],SWEET4蛋白跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運葡萄糖和果糖[56 ],SWEET5蛋白跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運葡萄糖和半乳糖[57 ],SWEET8蛋白跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運葡萄糖[58 ],SWEET9、SWEET11、SWEET12、SWEET13、SWEET14和SWEET15蛋白跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運蔗糖[59 - 62 ],SWEET16蛋白跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖[2 ],SWEET17蛋白跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運果糖(表2)[21 ]。

      此外,不同植物間SWEET蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)運底物也略有不同。茶樹的SWEET1a蛋白可跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運葡萄糖、半乳糖和蔗糖[43 ],SWEET16蛋白可跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖[43 ],SWEET17蛋白可跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、甘露糖和蔗糖等多種糖分[43 ];葡萄SWEET4、SWEET10蛋白可跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運葡萄糖和果糖的功能[5, 63 ];百脈根SWEET3蛋白可跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運蔗糖的功能[35 ];番茄SWEET7a、SWEET14蛋白可跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖(表2)[3 ]。

      3? ?植物SWEET蛋白功能

      植物SWEET蛋白參與糖分的轉(zhuǎn)運,而糖不僅可以作為養(yǎng)分物質(zhì)供植株生長,也可作為信號因子,因此SWEET蛋白在植物生長發(fā)育、響應生物與非生物逆境脅迫過程中均有不同程度的調(diào)控作用(表2)。

      3.1? ?植物SWEET蛋白的生理功能

      SWEET蛋白可以調(diào)控花蜜的分泌。擬南芥SWEET1蛋白具有給配子體或花蜜提供營養(yǎng)的作用[6 ],擬南芥和蕪菁的SWEET9蛋白也具有調(diào)控花蜜分泌的功能[59 ]。SWEET蛋白可以調(diào)控花粉的發(fā)育,擬南芥的SWEET5、SWEET8、SWEET13、SWEET14蛋白均具有調(diào)控花粉營養(yǎng)與萌發(fā)的功 能[57 - 58, 61 ]。SWEET蛋白可以調(diào)控灌漿期種子的發(fā)育,例如Chen等[62 ]的研究表明,擬南芥SWEET11、SWEET12和SWEET15蛋白可以調(diào)控種子發(fā)育。此外,SWEET蛋白可以調(diào)控果實發(fā)育,如葡萄SWEET10蛋白介導了果實中糖分的積累[63 ]。

      3.2? ?植物SWEET蛋白對逆境脅迫的調(diào)控

      SWEET蛋白可以調(diào)控植物對非生物脅迫的抗性。過表達茶樹SWEET1a、SWEET16與SWEET17基因和過表達擬南芥SWEET4與SWEET16基因,可以提高茶樹和擬南芥對冷脅迫的耐受性[2, 43, 56, 64 ];擬南芥水分脅迫下通過調(diào)控SWEET11和SWEET12基因的表達將更多的糖分從葉片運輸?shù)礁?,以維持根的生長發(fā)育,從而增強對水分脅迫的適應性[60 ];擬南芥SWEET11和SWEET12可協(xié)同作用調(diào)控植株抗凍性,冷脅迫處理下擬南芥SWEET11和SWEET12表達下調(diào),且sweet11和sweet12雙突變體表現(xiàn)出抗凍性[60 ];擬南芥sweet17敲除突變體表現(xiàn)出側(cè)根減少和側(cè)根發(fā)育相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達減少,導致耐旱性降低[66 ]。

      SWEET蛋白可以調(diào)控植物對生物脅迫的抗性。過表達SWEET2可以增強擬南芥對腐霉的抗性;過表達葡萄SWEET4可促進具有真菌抗性的黃酮類化合物的生物合成,增強對真菌的抗性[5 ];過表達甘薯SWEET10可通過降低甘薯的糖含量來增強了對尖孢菌的抗性[4 ];擬南芥SWEET11和SWEET12蛋白參與病原體驅(qū)動下胚軸內(nèi)蔗糖分布的調(diào)控,進而對甘藍根腫菌的侵染產(chǎn)生負面影響[65 ]。

      4? ?小結(jié)與展望

      SWEET蛋白是植物中廣泛存在的一類糖轉(zhuǎn)運體,其既能轉(zhuǎn)運單糖又能轉(zhuǎn)運蔗糖,屬于Mt N3家族。不同植物間的SWEET蛋白具有一定的保守性,根據(jù)親緣關(guān)系SWEET家族可以分為四類。植物SWEET蛋白是位于膜系統(tǒng)上,參與糖分的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運,在植物生長發(fā)育及逆境脅迫中均有不同程度的調(diào)控作用,例如調(diào)控花蜜的分泌、花粉的營養(yǎng)、灌漿期種子的發(fā)育、果實發(fā)育、植物抗逆性和抗病性等。因此,植物SWEET蛋白是一類重要的轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白,研究其生理生化功能,有助于分子輔助育種,縮短育種年限。

      目前,SWEET蛋白在模式植物擬南芥中的研究較為深入,在其他植物的研究還相對較少且深度不夠。今后的研究重點應從以下幾點入手,一是作物生長調(diào)控,如水稻、玉米等作物,研究營養(yǎng)器官與生殖器官的關(guān)系,保證充足營養(yǎng)面積的基礎(chǔ)上更多的糖分轉(zhuǎn)運到種子/果實中,以提高產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì);二是園藝瓜果植物的高品質(zhì)育種,深入研究葡萄、蘋果、甜瓜、西瓜等園藝植物SWEET蛋白的功能,利用生物技術(shù)手段進行高品質(zhì)育種;三是植物抗性育種,挖掘植物SWEET蛋白的功能,通過SWEET蛋白對糖的調(diào)控增強植物對生物與非生物脅迫的耐受性,結(jié)合分子生物學手段,達到抗性育種的目的。

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      收稿日期:2022 - 07 - 11;修訂日期:2022 - 12 - 09

      基金項目:甘肅省農(nóng)業(yè)科學院生物育種專項(2022GAAS05);國家自然科學基金(31960523)。

      作者簡介:任凱麗(1993 — ),女,河北邯鄲人,研究實習員,研究方向為西甜瓜新品種選育與栽培。Email: 2296802504@qq.com。

      通信作者:程? ?鴻(1972 — ),男,甘肅會寧人,研究員,研究方向為分子育種。Email: chengjn@yeah.net。

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