解密Paraphrase 命題法，提高閱讀解題能力
——以2021—2022 年高考英語閱讀理解為例

韓玉梅

（新疆昌吉州第一中學(xué)）

高考英語在學(xué)科關(guān)鍵能力方面重點(diǎn)考查學(xué)生的英語語言解碼能力及閱讀理解能力。除了語篇宏觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)的理解，如段際、語篇各部分與主題之間的關(guān)系、語篇類型等，微觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)中的必備知識，如詞匯、短語搭配、句子、信息展開方式等的掌握也直接影響了學(xué)生對語篇的理解及信息的獲取。高考閱讀理解的設(shè)題及對信息的處理通常會采用Paraphrase 技巧，學(xué)生若想準(zhǔn)確高效地理解語篇文本信息與問題信息的對應(yīng)，解決閱讀理解的問題，那么掌握Paraphrase 技巧是必要的。

一、Paraphrase 概念及使用

Paraphrase 英文意為“to express what sb.has said or written using different words,especially in order to make it easier to understand”，漢語意為“（用更容易理解的文字）解釋，意譯”，也可以理解為語義轉(zhuǎn)換。在閱讀試題中，命題者普遍采用Paraphrase 技巧，通過替換目標(biāo)詞匯或短語，或者通過“換句話說”重新建構(gòu)意義相同的新句子，考查學(xué)生基于英語必備知識及關(guān)鍵能力對文本語篇的理解。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年全國乙卷閱讀理解C 篇]

28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?

A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.

B.Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.

C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.

D.Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.

【解析】本題的正確選項為A 項。在本題中，有四處采用了Paraphrase 技巧。對比C 篇閱讀第二段前兩句：Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines...可以看出，原文的動詞use 在正確選項中被替換成了名詞use，原文中的examine 被替換成同義詞check，而原文中的high-tension electrical lines則簡化成了更易理解的power lines。此外，問題中的makes the application of drones to rail lines possible（使得無人機(jī)應(yīng)用于鐵路成為可能）轉(zhuǎn)述了原文could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines（能同樣精確地監(jiān)測鐵路），從而形成了相同意義的轉(zhuǎn)換。

二、解構(gòu)Paraphrase 命題技巧

（一）詞匯及短語的轉(zhuǎn)換

1.同義/近義替換

對目標(biāo)詞匯及短語采用Paraphrase 技巧進(jìn)行設(shè)題，最常用的就是同義或近義詞及短語的替換，具體表現(xiàn)在單詞與單詞之間，單詞與短語之間的互換。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年全國甲卷閱讀理解D 篇]

33.What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?

A.He goes to work by boat.

B.He looks forward to a new life.

C.He pilots catamarans well.

D.He is attached to the old ferries.

【解析】本題的正確選項為D 項。第二段第一句“Andrew Reynolds...pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living.”說明了Andrew Reynolds 的工作，第三段中的“I’ll miss these old boats”和第五段中 的“they’re replacing them with catamarans”可以看出Andrew Reynolds 對old boats 被替代的惋惜。原文中的old boats 同義替換為選項中的old ferries，原文中的miss（想念）被近義替換為選項中的be attached to（依依不舍）。D.He is attached to the old ferries.意為：Andrew Reynolds 懷念過去的渡船。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年全國甲卷閱讀理解C 篇]

29.What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?

A.Lovely penguins.

B.Beautiful scenery.

C.A discount fare.

D.A friend’s invitation.

【解析】本題的題干把原文第三段第三句中的“I just decided I wanted to go”的直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱的表述，文中“she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego...”中的“l(fā)ast-minute cheap deals”本意為“最后一刻的便宜交易”，也可以譯為“最后一分鐘的優(yōu)惠”，on ships going to ...可理解為“坐船去某地”，所以本題答案為C.A discount fare.即“打折的（船）票”。

同義或近義Paraphrase 替換

2.反義替換

除了使用同義詞和近義詞進(jìn)行語義替換之外，反義詞或“否定詞+反義詞”也是Paraphrase 的常用技巧，通常表現(xiàn)為正話反說。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年新高考Ⅱ卷閱讀A 篇]

23.What are children prohibited from doing at the Museum?

A.Using the computer.

B.Talking with each other.

C.Touching the exhibits.

D.Exploring the place alone.

【解析】題干中主語children，處所at the Museum，動詞prohibit someone from doing sth.,禁止某人做某事，對應(yīng)文中的“Children are not allowed unaccompanied in all areas of the Museum.”意為：不允許孩子們在沒有陪同的情況下（游覽）博物館的各個區(qū)域。其中 allow 被反義替換為prohibit，unaccompanied 被同義替換為alone,故答案圈定為D.Exploring the place alone.即“禁止孩子獨(dú)自探索本場所?！?/p>

反義Paraphrase 替換

3.詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

采用構(gòu)詞法對目標(biāo)詞匯進(jìn)行同義替換也屢見不鮮，較常使用的Paraphrase 有轉(zhuǎn)類法和派生法，如amount 在文中可能當(dāng)名詞使用，在題干或選項中被轉(zhuǎn)類成了動詞，admit 加后綴,被替換成其派生名詞admission。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年全國乙卷閱讀理解C 篇]

29.What does“maintenance”underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to ?

A.Personnel safety.

B.Assistance from drones.

C.Inspection and repair.

D.Construction of infrastructure.

【解析】本題考查猜詞能力。第三段第二句“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance,including sending maintenance staff,often at night,to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”中的including后面的動詞解釋了上文中maintenance 的具體工作，其后的動詞inspect 和 repair 在選項中被替換成了名詞inspection and repair。

詞類Paraphrase 轉(zhuǎn)換

4.簡化及合并替換

在語言表述中，作為定語的修飾語可以采用后置限定，這種修飾方式一般包括了多個單詞，而設(shè)題時往往采用更加簡潔的修飾方式，采用前置限定。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年全國乙卷閱讀理解A 篇]

23.How can full-time students get group discounts?

A.They should go on Sunday mornings.

B.They should come from art schools.

C.They must be led by teachers.

D.They must have ID cards with them.

【解析】題干中信息詞full-time，group,discount,對應(yīng)了文章最后一段中“A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person is available to all in full-time education,up to and including those at first degree level,in organised groups with teachers.”題干中進(jìn)行前置修飾，對象為full-time students，A special low entrance charge of ￡2 被 簡 化 為discount。in organised groups with teachers 是 獲 得團(tuán)體折扣的條件，所以答案為C，即由老師帶領(lǐng)組織的團(tuán)體享有折扣。

另外，一連串的動詞及描述語也可以簡化或合并為一個濃縮詞。

【高考鏈接】[2021 年全國甲卷閱讀理解C 篇]

28.What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London?

A.He felt disappointed.

B.He gave up his hobby.

C.He liked the weather there.

D.He had disagreements with his family.

【解析】本題有兩處采用了簡化處理。首先，題干中 moved to London 對文章第一段第一句中的“wepacked up our homein Los Angeles andarrived atHeathrow,London on a gray January morning”的黑體動詞進(jìn)行了語義合并，意為搬到了倫敦。選項A 中的“disappointed”對文章第一段 第二句“Withoutmybelovedbeaches andendlessblue-sky days,I feltat a loss and out of place”的環(huán)境沖突及情緒變化進(jìn)行了概括。

Paraphrase 的簡化及合并替換

5.同族廣義/具象替換

語義替換還可以發(fā)生在同疇詞族內(nèi)，采用語義包含或具象的方式。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年全國甲卷閱讀理解B 篇]

25.Which task canhuman one-year-oldsmost likely complete according to the text?

A.Using a key to unlock a door.

B.Telling parrots from other birds.

C.Putting a ball into a round hole.

D.Grouping toys of different shapes.

【解析】題干中human one-year-olds 簡化了文章中的In humans,babies... from around one year of age 的表述指代，babies can put a round shape in a round hole 的表述在正確選項Putting a ball into a round hole 中用ball 具象化了a round shape，用具體的例子解釋了原文中的形狀描述。

在同族替換中，使用廣義的上一級目錄歸屬方式可以避免意義偏差，消除爭議。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年全國乙卷閱讀理解D 篇]

32.Why was the sugar tax introduced?

A. To collect money for schools.

B. To improve the quality of drinks.

C. To protect children’s health.

D. To encourage research in education.

【解析】文章第二段第一句“First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5 g of sugar per 100 ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖).”中childhood obesity，意為“兒童肥胖”，屬于兒童健康大范疇，因此reduce childhood obesity，實(shí)際上就是protect children’s health。故選C。

Paraphrase 的同族廣義或具象替換

（二）句子的轉(zhuǎn)換

閱讀理解設(shè)題時受題干和選項的詞數(shù)限制，往往會對語篇中的長句進(jìn)行縮句或簡化處理，為了考查學(xué)生對句子和句法的知識掌握，以及語篇的理解，設(shè)題時還會采取“換一句話”的替換方式。

1.句子順序調(diào)換

把目標(biāo)句的主語和賓語在設(shè)定句中進(jìn)行調(diào)換，使得原來的賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年全國甲卷閱讀理解A 篇]

21.Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted?

A.At the New Theatre.

B.At the Glee Club.

C.At Sherman Cymru.

D.At St David’s Hall.

【解析】本題題目使用了被動表述，對應(yīng)文中的目標(biāo)句“St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff”，把原來的賓語Welsh Proms Cardiff替換成了題干中的主語。

主賓互換位置的替換方式如下：

①主動句和被動句的互轉(zhuǎn)

把目標(biāo)句的主動表達(dá)改為題干或選項中的被動表達(dá)，或者被動改為主動是比較基本的變換方式。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年新高考Ⅱ卷閱讀A 篇]

22.How many chaperones are needed for a group of 30 children to visit the Museum?

A.One. B.Two.

C.Three. D.Four.

【解析】本題答案為C。題干把文章中We require one chaperone（監(jiān)護(hù)人）per ten children.的主動表述替換成了被動表達(dá)。

②主動和使動互換

使動用法通常使用在have/let/make/get sth.done 結(jié)構(gòu)中。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年全國乙卷閱讀理解D 篇]

33.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?

A.They turned to overseas markets.

B.They raised the prices of their products.

C.They cut down on their production.

D.They reduced their products’ sugar content.

【解析】本題對應(yīng)的文章中的目標(biāo)句為“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）”.主語為half of soft drinks，謂語使用了have sth.done 的結(jié)構(gòu)，在正確選項中主語為they，替代了原句中的賓語manufacturers，改為了主動表述。故本題答案為D。

③同義替換

目標(biāo)句與設(shè)定句的主賓順序替換遵循的原則是同義替換，句式可以靈活多樣。

【高考鏈接】[2021 年全國乙卷閱讀理解D 篇]

34.What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?

【解析】本題題干采用了Paraphrase 技巧，把文章中“So why do so many of us hate our open offices?”中的hate 替換成 make sth.unwelcome to sb.,調(diào)換了主語和賓語的順序。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年全國甲卷閱讀理解D 篇]

35.Which statement will the author probably agree with ?

A.A city can be young and old at the same time.

B.A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.

C.Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.

D.Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.

【解析】本題的正確選項為A。A city can be young and old at the same time.調(diào)換了主賓順序，改寫了文中的目標(biāo)句：On the other hand,being young and old at the same time has its attractions.

2.簡化替換

把文章中的長句進(jìn)行簡化，一般采用合句、刪減或概括的方法。

【高考鏈接】[2022 年新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀B 篇]

27.What does Curtin suggest people do ?

A.Buy only what is needed.

B.Reduce food consumption.

C.Go shopping once a week.

D.Eat in restaurants less often.

【解析】對比文章中的目標(biāo)句：“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat.”命題者設(shè)題只使用了whether 的部分，即不要購買超出需要的食物，替換成正確答案Buy only what is needed.

【高考鏈接】[2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀D 篇]

32.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?

A.It can be measured by an IQ test.

B.It helps to exercise a person’s mind.

C.It includes a set of emotional skills.

D.It refers to a person’s positive qualities.

【解析】文章中的目標(biāo)句很長，可以采用刪減的方式進(jìn)行簡化。Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test,such as character,motivation,confidence,mental stability,optimism and“people skills”....emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities.刪減后desirable 對應(yīng)選項中的positive，因此正確選項為D。

句子的Paraphrase

三、教學(xué)建議

高考雖然沒有雅思和托?？荚囍械腜araphrase的替換題，但是Paraphrase 的命題技巧無處不在，這就要求教師給予其足夠重視，并在教學(xué)中進(jìn)行有意識地引導(dǎo)。在平時的教學(xué)及復(fù)習(xí)備考中，針對新詞匯和短語，堅持進(jìn)行英英釋義，讓學(xué)生養(yǎng)成用英語思維的習(xí)慣；進(jìn)行詞匯復(fù)習(xí)或?qū)W習(xí)時，利用同義詞、反義詞、構(gòu)詞法、語義詞群、記憶法等進(jìn)行詞語替換、詞類替換、詞語拓展，建立詞匯語義網(wǎng)，提高學(xué)生詞語替換意識和能力；設(shè)置或練習(xí)句子的Paraphrase，包括解釋長難句，簡化復(fù)雜句，對句子進(jìn)行概括、縮寫、改寫、擴(kuò)寫等；基于語篇解讀需求，設(shè)置相應(yīng)句子替換練習(xí)，幫助學(xué)生在培養(yǎng)句子多樣性表述能力的同時，提高文本理解及解題能力。