基于語篇提高“七選五”閱讀理解的解題能力

廣東 王環(huán)局 王仁平

高考英語“七選五”閱讀理解選材一般為300 詞左右的說明文，偶有記敘文或議論文，該題型要求考生從短文后的七個選項中選出五個能填入文章空格處的最佳選項，主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯關(guān)系的理解和掌握。其命題形式體現(xiàn)了《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017 年版2020 年修訂）》中“用英語獲取、處理和運(yùn)用信息的能力；逐步獲取用英語思維的能力”的閱讀學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué)理念。

一、分析易錯題，探究解題策略

在日常的教學(xué)中，教師會發(fā)現(xiàn)，學(xué)生做詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)題、選小標(biāo)題題和代詞指代題正確率較高。這是因為學(xué)生通過查找詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象——原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等，再加上并列句式和名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)，可以很快選出正確選項。然而如果學(xué)生只抓住了空格前后句的單詞，單純地從單詞的角度選擇選項，就說明他們?nèi)狈ζ乱庾R，不能準(zhǔn)確地把握文章的脈絡(luò)，也缺乏對句式的靈活運(yùn)用以及深層次地理解句子間的邏輯關(guān)系的能力。這也就解釋了為什么學(xué)生的易錯題主要是篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題、上下文的邏輯關(guān)系題和承上啟下的銜接句式題。因此，本文中筆者結(jié)合2018—2021年高考英語真題，從研讀語篇的角度，探究英語“七選五”閱讀理解的解題策略：

（一）基于語篇，掌握文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

通過認(rèn)真研讀語篇，可以確定文章的體裁，進(jìn)而明析篇章的結(jié)構(gòu)。一般而言，說明文常采用“總—分—總”的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，第一段介紹要說明的主題，中間的段落多是平行關(guān)系，通常是從不同的角度來說明問題，最后總結(jié)。議論文則一般先拋出議題，然后從正反兩方面進(jìn)行議論，最后得出結(jié)論。

【例1】（2018 年全國Ⅰ卷）

But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home:the small ones,the medium ones,and the large ones.（總）

（38）D.Small color choicesare the ones we’re most familiar with.They’re the little spots of color ...（分）

Medium color choices...

The large color decisions...

【解題策略】通過研讀語篇可知，本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了室內(nèi)設(shè)計中顏色的選擇問題，采用了“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)。38 題上面一段的結(jié)尾部分提到“...the small ones,the medium ones,and the large ones.”，結(jié)合下面兩段首句中的“Medium color choices”和“The large color decisions”可判斷，本段應(yīng)介紹“Small color choices”。且38 題是本段的主題句，D 選項中的Small 和38 題后一句中的 little 是一組近義詞。故選D。

【例2】（2018 年全國Ⅰ卷）

Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas,dinner tables or bookshelves.（39）G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways.（總—分）①They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones,and② they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.

【解題策略】根據(jù)設(shè)空處下文講述的“這種范圍的顏色選擇比小型顏色選擇花費得更多”和“這種范圍的顏色選擇對空間感覺有更大的影響”兩個方面可知，其與G 選項的“in two major ways.”相呼應(yīng)，構(gòu)成段內(nèi)的“總—分”關(guān)系。故選G。

【例3】（2020 年全國Ⅲ卷）

（37）B.It istraditional to bring a giftto a housewarming party.（總—分）Some people register a list of things they want or need for their new home at a local store or stores.①Some common thingspeople will put on a gift registry includekitchen tools like knives and things like curtains.Even if there isn’t a registry,②a good housewarming giftis something to decorate the new house with,like a piece of art or a plant.

【解題策略】通過研讀語篇可知，本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了喬遷聚會的定義、習(xí)俗和來源。37 題為本段的中心句，意為“喬遷聚會送禮物是一個傳統(tǒng)”，下文分別闡述了適合喬遷聚會送的禮物：主人清單上的禮物，如廚房用品、窗簾；非清單上的禮物，如藝術(shù)作品、植物，構(gòu)成段內(nèi)的“總—分”關(guān)系。故選B。

（二）研讀語篇，判斷句子間的邏輯關(guān)系

1.研讀語篇，靈活運(yùn)用并列句式

【例1】（2019 年全國Ⅰ卷）

（好處一）（37）A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.If the air you’re breathing is clean...the air is filled with life-giving,energizing oxygen....breathe more deeply,allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles（肌肉）and your brain.

...

（好處二）（40）D.Another side benefitof getting fresh air is sunlight.While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin,they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.

【解題策略】通過研讀語篇可知，本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了呼吸新鮮空氣的好處——新鮮空氣中的氧氣、陽光對人們的身心健康有好處。37 題和40 題雖然隔得比較遠(yuǎn)，但都在闡述呼吸新鮮空氣所帶來的好處，相當(dāng)于一個并列句式：one benefit....another benefit...。

37 題闡述了呼吸新鮮空氣的第一個好處。根據(jù)設(shè)空處下一句中提到的“If the air you’re breathing is clean...the air is filled with life-giving,energizing oxygen.”可知，新鮮空氣中充滿賦予人生命的、充滿活力的氧氣。下文中的“...breathe more deeply,allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles（肌肉）and your brain.”是對前文內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步闡述。意為“呼吸得更深會讓更多的氧氣進(jìn)入你的肌肉和大腦”。根據(jù)前面的分析可以推知，該空應(yīng)該涉及呼吸新鮮空氣的好處，根據(jù)常識可知，我們吸入的空氣首先進(jìn)入的是肺部，然后才會使我們的肌肉和大腦受益。故選A。

40 題闡述了通過呼吸新鮮空氣獲得的另一個好處是陽光。根據(jù)設(shè)空處下文中提到的“the sun’s rays...give us beneficial Vitamin D”可知，該段介紹了陽光的好處。故該設(shè)空處應(yīng)該涉及陽光。選項中只有D選項涉及陽光。故選D。

【例2】（2020 年全國Ⅲ卷）

（好處一）The party is a chancefor friends and family to congratulate the person on the new home.（好處二）（36）E.It also gives people a chanceto see what the new home looks like.（好處三）And it is a good timeto fill the new space with love and hopefully presents.

【解題策略】通過研讀語篇可知，本段介紹了喬遷聚會的好處。36 題上文介紹喬遷聚會帶來的第一個好處：給朋友和家人提供祝賀喬遷之喜的機(jī)會。下文介紹喬遷聚會帶來的第三個好處：喬遷聚會讓新家充滿愛與充滿希望的禮物。所以36 題應(yīng)該是介紹喬遷聚會帶來的第二個好處：喬遷聚會提供參觀新房的機(jī)會。篇章中使用了并列句式“The party is a chance to do sth....It also gives people a chance to do sth....And it is good time to do sth.”。

2.研讀語篇，判斷句子間的轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系

【例1】（2018 年全國Ⅰ卷）

Do you want a room that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?（36）B.Whatever you’re looking for,color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

Over the years,there have beena number of different techniquesto help designers approach this important point.（37）A.While all of them are useful,they can get a little complex .

【解題策略】通過研讀語篇可知，36 題前的三個問句是問讀者要尋找什么樣的房間設(shè)計。結(jié)合空后的“...color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.”可知，36 題應(yīng)選擇半句話，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，構(gòu)成“不管你在尋找哪一種風(fēng)格，顏色是關(guān)鍵?！惫蔬xB。

A 選項中的“them”和后文的“they”指代的是上文中的“a number of different techniques”。前文：在過去的許多年里，有許多技術(shù)幫助設(shè)計者實現(xiàn)這一要點；下文：它們有點復(fù)雜。A 項意為“雖然他們都很有用”符合語境，文中用while 表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系。故選A。

【例2】（2020 年全國Ⅲ卷）

Sometimes,because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home,people may be asked to help unpack boxes.（39）A.This isn’t usualthough.

【解題策略】通過研讀語篇可知，39 題上文介紹：有時候在喬遷聚會上，主人邀請客人幫忙打開箱子；A 選項“但是這種情況不常見”中的This 指代上面的情況，用though 連接上下文起到轉(zhuǎn)折的作用。本題考查學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力和篇章理解能力。故選A。

3.研讀語篇，判斷句子間的因果關(guān)系

【例1】（2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷）

My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.（36）F.Our aim was to see if we could live,in some way,like real Parisians.Sothe first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.

【解題策略】通過研讀語篇可知，本文是一篇記敘文。文章介紹了作者夫婦兩人在法國巴黎居住的房子、巴黎人生活精致的原因以及法國人對待生活的態(tài)度。36題上文“My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.（作者夫婦剛剛在法國巴黎度過了一周。）”說明了背景。選項F“Our aim was to see if we could live,in some way,like real Parisians.”意為我們的目標(biāo)是看看我們是否能以某種方式，像真正的巴黎人一樣生活。36 題與下句 “So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.”構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。因為想體驗法國當(dāng)?shù)厝说纳?，所以“我們”租了一個非常昂貴的公寓。故選F。

【例2】（2020 年全國Ⅰ卷）

Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.We are often ashamed of our shortcomings,our mistakes and our failures.（38）D.Remember,you are only human.You will make mistakes,time and time again.

【解題策略】通過研讀語篇可知，文章介紹了幾個自我接納的小技巧。根據(jù)38 題所在段落的中心句“Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.（原諒自己所犯的錯誤。）”及下文的“You will make mistakes,time and time again.（你會一次又一次地犯錯誤。）”可知，選項D“Remember,you are only human.”與下文銜接順暢。故選D。

（三）研讀語篇，選準(zhǔn)承上啟下的銜接句式

1.研讀語篇，靈活運(yùn)用“問答”句式

【例1】（2019 年全國Ⅰ卷）

We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.”（36）E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?（問）According to recent studies,the answer is a big YES（答），if the air quality in your camping area is good.

【解題策略】通過研讀語篇，并根據(jù)36 題下一句中的“the answer is a big YES”可知，該空應(yīng)該是一個一般疑問句，選項中只有E 選項是一般疑問句，E 選項意為“但是新鮮空氣真的像你母親說的那樣對你有好處嗎？”且36 題前面的“people tell us to‘go out and get some fresh air’”和選項中的“your mother always said”呼應(yīng)。故選E。

【例2】（2020 年全國Ⅰ卷）

A Few Tips for Self-Acceptance

We all want it...to accept and love ourselves.But at times it seems too difficult and too far out of reach.（36）B.Where do you start?（問）Here’s a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.（答）

【解題策略】通過研讀語篇可知，本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了幾個自我接納的小技巧。根據(jù)標(biāo)題“A Few Tips for Self-Acceptance”及下文的“Here’s a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.（這有很多可以幫你找到正確方向的方法。）”可知，選項B“Where do you start?（從哪里開始呢？）”的問句最符合下文語境。故選B。

2.研讀語篇，理解文章中承上啟下的含義

【例1】（2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷）

...they eatgreat foodand never gain weight.（原因一）（38）G.The food is so deliciousthat you don’t need much of it to make you happy.French strawberries do not taste like cardboard.Instead,they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.

（39）E.That’s not the onlyreasonthe Frencheat lessthan we do....（原因二）But they cost $18!

【解題策略】針對第38 題，通過研讀語篇可知，選項G 中的“The food”承接上文“...they eat great food and never gain weight.（他們吃得很好，而且從不發(fā)胖）”，“The food is so delicious”引出下文“French strawberries do not taste like cardboard.Instead,they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.（法國草莓嘗起來不像紙板。相反，它們會像小炸彈一樣在你嘴里爆炸）”，從而說明法國的草莓很好吃。結(jié)合上下文可知，因為法國的食物質(zhì)量很高，所以不用吃很多就能獲得滿足感，同時吃的少也就不會發(fā)胖了。選項G“The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.（食物是如此美味，你不需要吃太多就能使你快樂）”承上啟下，符合語境。故選G。

第三段主要描述了作者夫婦買少量的草莓。下文“My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten.But they cost $18!（我丈夫和我都認(rèn)為這是我們吃過的最好的水果。但它們要18 美元!）”說明法國的水果好吃但是也很貴。選項E“That’s not the only reason the French eat less than we do.（這并不是法國人吃得比我們少的唯一原因。）”承接了上一段法國人吃得少的第一個原因：“The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.”，“you don’t need much of it”與“eat less”相呼應(yīng)，同時引出另一個原因：“But they cost $18!”，即法國人吃得少的另一個原因是“物價貴”，通過研讀語篇可知，39 設(shè)空處在篇章中起承上啟下的作用。故選E。

【例2】（2019 年全國Ⅰ卷）

Recently,people have begun studying the connection betweenthe natural worldandhealing（治愈）.(38) G.All across the country,recovery centershave begun buildingHealing Gardens.Inthese placespatients can go to be near nature during theirrecovery.It turns out that justlooking at green,growing things can reduce stress，lower blood pressure，and put people into a bettermood（情緒）.Greeneryis good for us....（39）C.Being in nature refreshes us.It gives us a great feeling of peace.

【解題策略】選項G 中的“Healing”與上文的“healing”為單詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，下文的“these places”指代G 選項中的“recovery centers”，選項G“All across the country,recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.”在語篇中起到承上啟下的作用。39 題前文介紹了“康復(fù)花園”中的綠色植物對于病人康復(fù)有好處：綠色的植物可以減輕壓力、降低血壓，使人情緒良好。39 題下文提到“它給我們一種平和感”。并且選項C“Being in nature refreshes us.（身處大自然可以使人精神煥發(fā)）”在語篇中起承上啟下的作用，此空繼續(xù)闡述處于“康復(fù)花園”這種自然環(huán)境中的好處，空后的It 也指代身處大自然的情況。故38 題選G，39 題選C。

二、明確備考方向，重點突破

高考英語“七選五”閱讀理解的設(shè)空類型一般分為標(biāo)題類、主題句類、詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)類、代詞指代類、邏輯關(guān)系類、承上啟下類、概括總結(jié)類等。學(xué)生需要快速瀏覽文章，確定文章的體裁、主題語境，分析文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出主題句或概括主旨大意，關(guān)注句子間的銜接標(biāo)志詞，理順句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而提高答題的速度和準(zhǔn)確率。

三、高考預(yù)測題（原創(chuàng)試題）

Most international students had to deal with internships（實習(xí)）work-study jobs,social life,family concerns and financial difficulties ——plus a worldwide pandemic,which has made many students feel stressed in unexpected ways. 36 .

You’re not alone

First,accept the fact that you are not the only one facing with anxiety. 37 .I found faith and resilience during this time by talking to my closest friends about my worries and expectations.Expressing your concerns will help balance your thoughts and release（釋放）distress so you don’t overthink,which only makes it worse.If you find yourself worrying about online learning and your family’s safety,I suggest letting your professors know about your situation.Keeping them updated regarding your academic progress will also help them apply a different approach.Remember:Everything can be solved by preserving good communication.

38

Second,use the free student resources（資源）in the university.Knowledgeable advisors can help you navigate personal and educational decisions throughout the term.In many cultures and families,we are taught to“tough it out”and control（壓制）some feelings.

Seeing mental health advisors comes in handy when we are under unmanageable stress and can’t talk about certain problems with our friends. 39 .Don’t hesitate to reach out to your campus advisors,who will help you in any way possible.

Especially during these times,I encourage you to stay connected with your loved ones,consistently exercise and find an adequate sleep schedule. 40 ,and make the most of it!We are constantly learning,and this current situation will help us manage future events.

A.Accept the situation

B.Find a way to release your stress

C.Take advantage of available resources

D.Yet,at the beginning of the university,I had to readjust

E.This can turn into strength once we realize we are not alone

F.Talking to advisors can help us reset our goals and solve the problems

G.Therefore,here are some suggestions on how to address these difficult times

答案：36.G 37.E 38.C 39.F 40.A

命題分析：本文的主題語境屬于人與社會，本文是一篇說明文。文章闡述在疫情期間，留學(xué)生如何適應(yīng)全新的大學(xué)生活，應(yīng)對來自多方面的壓力。

36.G

【命題思路】本題根據(jù)文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)命題。本篇文章主要介紹國際大學(xué)生適應(yīng)全新的大學(xué)生活的建議。此空設(shè)于段末，考查因果邏輯關(guān)系，并起到總領(lǐng)全文的作用。故選G。干擾項D 設(shè)置了與本文內(nèi)容相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞university，readjust 及表示轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系的yet。

37.E

【命題思路】此空設(shè)于段中，命題時考慮了代詞指代、承上啟下的作用，設(shè)置了代詞This 指代前文提到的面對現(xiàn)實的建議，并以strength 指代下文的faith，resilience，照應(yīng)了前后文。故選E。

38.C

【命題思路】基于文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，選擇合適的小標(biāo)題，本段主要講述充分利用校園里面的可用的人力資源，向同學(xué)、導(dǎo)師、顧問求助。故選C。干擾項B 設(shè)置了可以做標(biāo)題的祈使句句式，并使用Find，stress 等使其與下文的次要信息相關(guān)，但“Find a way to release your stress”范圍太大，與下文不符。

39.F

【命題思路】命題依據(jù)詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)設(shè)置正確選項。選項F 意為“和顧問交流可以幫助我們重新樹立目標(biāo)和解決問題”，advisors 與上下文的advisors 為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選F。

40.A

【命題思路】命題依據(jù)文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，考查考生找出總結(jié)文章的祈使句“Accept the situation”，與上文中的“Accept the fact”和下文的“make the most of it”相呼應(yīng)。故選A。選項B“Find a way to release your stress”對本題也有一定的干擾。