百卷大書 讀通浙江

文/沈聽雨

全省各地圖書館已陸續(xù)收藏《浙江通志》，圖為杭州圖書館閱覽室現(xiàn)場。魏志陽 李鏡媛/攝The Zhejiang General Chronicle has been collected by libraries in Zhejiang province. The picture shows readers at the Hangzhou Library. Photo by Wei Zhiyang and Li Jingyuan.

先秦以來，國有史，郡縣有志，家族有譜。編史修志，是世代相沿的文化傳統(tǒng)，也是華夏文明的文化基因。

“一方之志，始于越絕?！?000多年前，中國地方志誕生于浙江紹興，《越絕書》成為“方志之祖”；南宋時，“臨安三志”和“會稽二志”是中國傳統(tǒng)方志的定型之作；至清代，紹興人章學(xué)誠被稱為中國方志學(xué)奠基人。因此，浙江素有“方志之鄉(xiāng)”的美譽(yù)。

賡續(xù)綿延千年的修志傳統(tǒng)，在今天得到進(jìn)一步繼承發(fā)揚(yáng)。不久前，《浙江通志》首發(fā)式隆重舉行。它于2011年啟動編纂，2022年6月全面完成出版任務(wù)。歷時11年，共113卷（其中公開出版的111卷）、131冊，計1.31億字，是自清雍正《浙江通志》編竣后，近300年來第一部完整的省志，全面展現(xiàn)了浙江自然、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會等各方面篳路藍(lán)縷的發(fā)展歷程，堪稱是一部系統(tǒng)介紹浙江的百科全書。

志書如何得以修成？其中怎樣體現(xiàn)浙江發(fā)展脈絡(luò)和特色？記者開卷細(xì)覽，并采訪了部分志書的編纂團(tuán)隊成員。交流中，歷史的風(fēng)云、當(dāng)下的現(xiàn)實(shí)、未來的前景緩緩鋪陳開來—

每一卷都起碼打磨五年

方志學(xué)奠基人章學(xué)誠認(rèn)為，“方志乃一方之全史”。地方志，是一個地方歷史記錄和文化傳承的重要載體。

志書的定位是“資料性文獻(xiàn)”，因此要比其他研究和文獻(xiàn)形式更“全面、客觀、系統(tǒng)”。而通志，一般是記述特定行政區(qū)域貫通古今的歷史發(fā)展過程，時間上的跨度更長。此次《浙江通志》的記錄時限，就是從不同事物的歷史發(fā)端開始直到2010年為止。

“編纂志書講究‘橫排豎寫’，即橫不缺項，縱不斷線。”《浙江通志》總編俞文華告訴筆者，比如編寫《教育志》，首先要把教育按照幼兒教育、基礎(chǔ)教育、高等教育、職業(yè)教育、成人教育、特殊教育等大類進(jìn)行劃分；再比如寫基礎(chǔ)教育，要按小學(xué)、中學(xué)等門類進(jìn)行細(xì)分，然后再從其中各項入手，按照時間線把它們的歷史、現(xiàn)狀都記述清楚。

這并不是記流水賬，而是依時間順序，客觀真實(shí)、全面系統(tǒng)地收集、整理某一時間段的重要政策、關(guān)鍵事件、重點(diǎn)人物等，根據(jù)地方志的記述要求來加以呈現(xiàn)。

編纂志書不能添油加醋，也無須過多修飾，但需要相關(guān)編纂人員仔細(xì)核實(shí)資料，確保入志的事件、人物等準(zhǔn)確無誤，交代清楚。

“修志雖然避免議論性的表達(dá)，但并不意味著沒有觀點(diǎn)。其實(shí)，在對入志資料挑選時，觀點(diǎn)就已經(jīng)融入其中?！薄墩憬ㄖ尽房偩幨抑魅晤佋交⒄f，《浙江通志》在選擇門類和事件時，會考慮它們是否能體現(xiàn)浙江發(fā)展的歷史、成就和地方特色、時代特征，以此為依據(jù)進(jìn)行篇目設(shè)置、志稿編寫。

志書的編纂，講究嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)與規(guī)范，這條路漫長且艱辛。

《浙江通志·方言志》是首批出版的志書之一。杭州師范大學(xué)人文學(xué)院徐越教授是該卷的主編，她和浙江方言打交道已有30多年，但在編纂《方言志》時，仍深感其中的難度和挑戰(zhàn)。

“因為是修志，所以全省每個縣的方言都要有所覆蓋?！毙煸秸f，浙江的方言分布情況較為復(fù)雜，例如我們知道杭州話因為宋室南遷等原因，只分布在杭州老城區(qū)，但梅家塢一帶也說杭州話。這些年來，漢語方言發(fā)生巨大變化，浙江老派方言特點(diǎn)流失日趨嚴(yán)重，現(xiàn)有資料已難以完整反映更早時期浙江省方言全貌。加上多數(shù)方言并沒有書面記載，要通過田野調(diào)查，從各地居民特別是老人的口中去尋找、記錄。

調(diào)查過程中，不僅要找到合適的“發(fā)音人”，最理想的是三代以上的當(dāng)?shù)厝?，不能有長期外出讀書或工作的經(jīng)歷，反應(yīng)要快，記性也要好。同時，還要不斷啟發(fā)“發(fā)音人”，不厭其煩詢問相關(guān)信息，并一字一句地用國際音標(biāo)記錄下來。有時，還需要“發(fā)音人”配合體會舌頭的位置，感受某個音的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法，從中抓住當(dāng)?shù)胤窖岳镒钪饕奶卣鳎M(jìn)行歸納和記錄。

同樣因缺乏書面記載而需要進(jìn)行大量實(shí)地調(diào)查的還有民俗。浙江大學(xué)哲學(xué)學(xué)院教授、《浙江通志·民俗志》副主編何善蒙表示，在浙江歷史上，把民俗作為單獨(dú)門類進(jìn)行修志，這是第一次。浙江民俗資源豐富，但民俗研究相對而言卻比較薄弱，整體較為散亂。

人們常說“十里不同風(fēng)，百里不同俗”，可見風(fēng)俗的異同是一切行政區(qū)域皆可能出現(xiàn)的。但地域歷史文化發(fā)展中最生動、接地氣的傳統(tǒng)往往也正是民俗。

“編纂時，我們嘗試著轉(zhuǎn)換視角，去尋找民俗在老百姓日常生活中的表現(xiàn)力。”何善蒙說，自2012年浙江省民俗文化促進(jìn)會承編以來，經(jīng)過資料收集、實(shí)地調(diào)研以及資料長編整理、集中編纂等，直到2020年6月，《民俗志》才正式出版面世。

細(xì)數(shù)《浙江通志》每一卷，編纂團(tuán)隊都?xì)v經(jīng)了至少5年時間才打磨完成。白紙黑字的背后，是學(xué)者們對浙江歷史文化的守望和耕耘。他們緊揣著情懷與責(zé)任，奔波在之江大地，徜徉于史海文山，筆耕日月星辰，終成皇皇巨構(gòu)。

錢江潮天目山茶葉都編纂入志

浙江歷史悠久、源遠(yuǎn)流長。在這片沃土上，文物遺跡數(shù)不勝數(shù)，文化精品琳瑯滿目。記者注意到，此次《浙江通志》的113卷中，還特別設(shè)置了《錢塘江專志》《雁蕩山專志》《天目山專志》《海塘專志》《運(yùn)河專志》《蠶桑絲綢專志》《茶葉專志》《越文化專志》等14卷特色專志，以此來提煉、彰顯浙江獨(dú)特的自然風(fēng)貌和歷史文脈。

“浙江之潮，天下之偉觀也?！卞X塘江，是浙江的母親河，也是無數(shù)浙江人的地方情結(jié)之所在。

《錢塘江專志》是《浙江通志》第九十八卷，在以某個具體自然地物作為記述對象的專志中，位列第一卷。該專志主編徐有成說：“20世紀(jì)末，浙江曾從水利的角度編過《錢塘江志》，但這次新編卻不僅限于此，還力求從人文歷史中凸顯錢塘江的地方特色?！?/p>

《浙江通志·海塘專志》《浙江通志·茶葉專志》《浙江通志·錢塘江專志》。The three volumes on Zhejiang’s seawalls, tea and the Qiantang River in the Zhejiang General Chronicle.

杭州圖書館宋韻分館。王建龍 李鏡媛/攝The Song Dynasty Culture Branch of the Hangzhou Library. Photo by Wang Jianlong and Li Jingyuan.

于是，《錢塘江專志》為錢江潮和海塘開辟專章，并進(jìn)行了濃墨重彩的介紹。

錢江潮，以洶涌澎湃、氣勢磅礴之景聞名于世，被譽(yù)“天下奇觀”。大潮拍岸驚濤，曾引無數(shù)文人墨客留下詩篇—“鯤鵬水擊三千里，組練長驅(qū)十萬夫”“海闊天空浪若雷，錢塘潮涌自天來”……而觀潮的習(xí)俗則始于漢魏，盛于唐宋，流傳至今。錢江潮，不僅是水文奇觀，也成為一種文化意象和精神象征。

筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，在《錢江潮》一章中，編纂團(tuán)隊不僅系統(tǒng)整理了關(guān)于“錢江潮”的各類水文數(shù)據(jù)，介紹在現(xiàn)代水文科學(xué)視野下錢江潮的生成機(jī)理，還梳理了觀潮作為浙江特有的社會、文化現(xiàn)象，古往今來人們對于“錢江潮”的觀察與研究，以及針對觀潮行為的社會管理。

在徐有成看來，作為《浙江通志》的一部分，《錢塘江專志》不能僅從自然區(qū)域的角度去編纂，還要回答錢塘江對于浙江而言意味著什么這一問題。如此，就需要從更大的視野來看錢塘江。

《茶葉專志》主編阮浩耕也認(rèn)同這一觀點(diǎn)。浙江的茶葉種植、飲茶歷史歷經(jīng)千年，創(chuàng)造了豐厚的物質(zhì)文明，孕育了濃厚的精神遺產(chǎn)，造就了享譽(yù)中外的茶文化。此次《茶葉專志》更是用大量篇幅，記述了浙江茶文化，強(qiáng)化了茶葉的文化特性。

南宋吳自牧所著的《夢粱錄》中有“蓋人家每日不可闕者，柴米油鹽醬醋茶”的描寫。也許是江南濕潤多雨的氣候、清淡的飲食，讓浙江人在長久的光陰里逐漸形成飲茶的習(xí)俗，由此演變成此地不可割舍的文化脈絡(luò)。

翻閱《茶葉專志》，該志在篇目設(shè)置上專門設(shè)有茶文化一章，下設(shè)茶以載道、茶事藝文、茶館文化、茶事禮俗、茶文化勝跡、非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)、茶文化對外傳播與交流、茶文化社團(tuán)與活動等八節(jié)，是各章中設(shè)節(jié)最多的一章。

千年以來，茶的滋味延續(xù)不斷。而從采茶、飲茶、品茶中，一代代愛茶者以各自擅長的藝術(shù)形式展現(xiàn)著其中蘊(yùn)含的情趣。唐代的詠茶詩，宋代的茶畫與法書，元代的茶事入戲，明清以散文、小說書寫茶情，近現(xiàn)代關(guān)于茶的歌舞和影視等，這些都被一一記錄在《茶葉專志》中，拓寬了其作為浙江茶葉專志的內(nèi)涵。

“編纂時，我們還特別增加了現(xiàn)存浙江的古茶樹一節(jié)，通過在各地調(diào)研、搜集資料，明確了目前浙江共有20處古茶樹所在地。”阮浩耕說，這是《茶葉專志》編纂的一大成果，這些古茶樹不僅是茶葉科研的對象，也是景觀資源，更是浙江的文化積淀。

修志為用，讓大部頭活起來

夏日，走進(jìn)杭州臨安的天目山抗戰(zhàn)展示館，講解員正在向參觀者介紹發(fā)生在這里的抗戰(zhàn)故事。里面的展陳文稿，來自《浙江通志·天目山專志》。

《天目山專志》是《浙江通志》中第一家通過初審、第一批出版的志書，完整記載了各歷史時段天目山在自然、科研、生態(tài)保護(hù)、旅游開發(fā)等方面的變化，已然成為大家了解天目山的首要參考資料之一。今年3月，省地方志辦公室印發(fā)《關(guān)于公布〈浙江通志〉編纂成果轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用“十佳”典型案例和優(yōu)秀案例的通知》，《天目山專志》的應(yīng)用入選“十佳”典型案例。

修志的目的在于用志。如今，《天目山專志》還成為天目山“名山公園”建設(shè)的主要參考資料之一，助推天目山“名山公園”高質(zhì)量建設(shè)和生物多樣性保護(hù)工作。

東晉常璩在《華陽國志》序志中說，地方志有“達(dá)道義、章法戒、通古今、表功勛、旌賢能”的作用。地方志編纂，既是因為眷戀一方水土，讓所在地的方方面面形成系統(tǒng)性文件被記錄，也是為地方發(fā)展進(jìn)一步積聚力量，讓后人能以更飽滿的精神意氣風(fēng)發(fā)地發(fā)投入到新時代建設(shè)中。

正如《浙江通志·越文化專志》主編潘承玉所說，全面梳理越國歷史文化，意在化古為新，激活其中以“膽劍精神”為核心的越文化的不朽生命力，為新時代的文化浙江建設(shè)引入豐厚的歷史資源。

堅持“修志為用”的理念，推動方志成果轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用的天地很廣闊。

“我們不能讓《浙江通志》成為束之高閣的志書。”浙江省人民政府地方志辦公室主任鄭金月表示，接下來，將進(jìn)一步拓展用志途徑，發(fā)揮方志功能，讓這項有著兩千多年歷史的古老事業(yè)煥發(fā)新機(jī)。

比如，依托數(shù)字化改革，推動傳統(tǒng)方志向數(shù)字方志轉(zhuǎn)型，打造一批可聽、可視、可讀、可體驗的方志產(chǎn)品，推進(jìn)地方志“用起來”“立起來”“活起來”“熱起來”；比如，加強(qiáng)各卷資源的開發(fā)利用，將其融入宋韻文化、大運(yùn)河文化、錢塘江文化、詩路文化等研究活動，發(fā)揮志書在新時代文化高地建設(shè)中的基礎(chǔ)作用；比如，利用方志成果，推動浙江故事走向海外；比如，利用方志記載的人物和故事，進(jìn)行精品文藝創(chuàng)作。

盛世修志，志載盛世。翻閱這一冊冊裝幀精美、典雅厚重的志書，字里行間是時間與空間的激蕩、歷史與現(xiàn)實(shí)的交響。

Zhejiang Province in a Hundred Volumes

By Shen Tingyu

《浙江通志·蠶桑絲綢專志》和《浙江通志·茶葉專志》。The two volumes on sericulture & silk and tea in the Zhejiang General Chronicle.

Since the pre-Qin period, there has been a history for states,local gazetteers or chronicles for prefectures and counties, and a genealogy for families. Compilation of histories and chronicles is a cultural tradition that has been passed down from generation to generation, and it is also the cultural gene of Chinese civilization.Local chronicles began within Zhejiang’s Shaoxing city more than 2,000 years ago, which became the “prototype of local chronicles”. In the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279),the “Three Chronicles of Lin’an” and “Two Chronicles of Kuaiji”were the pacesetters of traditional Chinese local chronicles. In the Qing dynasty (1616-1911), Zhang Xuecheng (1738-1801) from Shaoxing was known as the founder of Chinese local chronicles.Therefore, Zhejiang is known as the “Hometown of Local Chronicles”.

Not long ago, the launch ceremony ofwas held. It started to be compiled in 2011 until it was fully published in June 2022. In the last 11 years, a collection of 113 volumes in 131 books (including 111 volumes published and distributed openly) were issued, totaling 131 million Chinese characters. The process of Zhejiang’s natural, political, economic,cultural and social development is shown comprehensively, hence an encyclopedia that systematically introduces Zhejiang.

Zhang Xuecheng believed that local chronicles are an important carrier of local historical records and cultural heritage,thus more “comprehensive, objective and systematic” than other forms of research and documentation. The time span that thehas covered is from the historical origins of different things in different areas to the year 2010.

Yu Wenhua, editor-in-chief of,said that in compiling “educational records”, education should be based on major categories of education, including early childhood education, basic education, higher education, vocational education,adult education, special education and others; basic education should be subdivided into categories such as primary school and middle school, and then they are further divided according to the timeline.

The volume on Zhejiang’s dialects is among one of the first published. Professor Xu Yue from the School of Humanities of Hangzhou Normal University is the editor-in-chief of this volume.She has been studying Zhejiang dialects for 30-odd years, but she still felt the difficulty and challenge in compiling it, “for the dialects of every county in the province must be covered.” Xu Yue said that the distribution of dialects in Zhejiang is complicated.For example, it is known that the Hangzhou dialect is only distributed in the old parts of the city due to the southward migration of the Song imperial clan, but it is also spoken in the suburban Meijiawu area. Over the years, Chinese dialects have undergone tremendous changes, and the characteristics of the old-school Zhejiang dialects have been increasingly lost. Existing data cannot fully reflect the whole picture of Zhejiang dialects in earlier periods. In addition, most dialects do not appear in written records, so they must be found and recorded from the mouths of local residents, especially the elderly, through field surveys.During the investigation, it is not only necessary to find a suitable“pronouncer”, but the ideal one is local people whose families have lived there for more than three generations, who should not have long-term experience of going out to study or work, and should respond quickly and have a good memory. At the same time, it is necessary to constantly inspire “pronouncers”, take the trouble to ask for relevant information, and record it word by word using the International Phonetic Alphabet. Sometimes, it is also necessary for the “pronouncer” to cooperate with the proper position of the tongue, feel the position and pronunciation method of a certain sound, and grasp the most important feature of the local dialect before summarizing and recording it.

《浙江通志·方言志》和《浙江通志·民俗志》。The two volumes on Zhejiang’s dialects and folk customs in the Zhejiang General Chronicle.

Also, lack of written records required extensive field investigation on folk customs. He Shanmeng, a professor at the School of Philosophy of Zhejiang University and the deputy editor-in-chief of the volume on Zhejiang’s folk customs, said that this is the first time in the history of Zhejiang that folk customs have been included as a separate category. Zhejiang is rich in folk customs, but the research is weak and scattered overall. People often say that “the customs are different just ten miles away”,which shows that the similarities and differences of customs can appear in all administrative regions. But often, the most vivid and down-to-earth traditions in the development of regional history and culture are also folk customs. “We tried to change the perspective to find the expressive power of folk customs in the daily life of ordinary people,” Professor He said. It has taken the Zhejiang Folk Culture Promotion Association eight years to compile the volume.

Zhejiang has a long history, with countless cultural relics and cultural treasures. It is also noticed that among the 113 volumes,there are volumes on the Qiantang River, the Yandang Mountain,the Tianmu Mountain, seawalls, canals, sericulture, tea and the Yue culture, in order to refine and demonstrate the unique natural features and historical context of Zhejiang.

The Qiantang River is the mother river of Zhejiang, and it is also the place to which the Zhejiang people have felt the deepest attachment. Xu Youcheng, the editor-in-chief of the volume on the river, said: “This new edition is not limited to water conservancy,but it highlights the local characteristics of the Qiantang River from the humanistic history.” And the custom of watching the tidal bore began in the Han (202 BC-220 AD) and Wei (220-266)dynasties, flourished in the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279)dynasties, and has been passed down to this day. The tide is also a cultural image and spiritual symbol.

Ruan Haogeng, editor-in-chief of volume on Zhejiang’s tea,agrees with this view. The history of tea planting and tea drinking in Zhejiang has gone through thousands of years. There is a lot of space to describe Zhejiang tea culture and strengthen the cultural characteristics of tea. “People cannot do without firewood, rice,oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea,” Ruan said. Perhaps it is the humid and rainy climate and light diet in the(south of the Yangtze River) area that made Zhejiang people gradually form the habit of drinking tea, which has evolved into an engrained cultural custom here, and the volume has a special chapter on tea culture,including tea ceremony, tea art, tea house culture, tea etiquette and customs, tea cultural sites, intangible cultural heritage, tea cultural exchanges, tea cultural associations and activities. The poems on tea in the Tang dynasty, tea paintings and calligraphy of the Song dynasty, the tea events in the Yuan dynasty (1206-1368), the tea love in the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing prose and novels, and the songs, dances and films and televisions about tea in modern times,etc., are all recorded one by one. “We also added a section on the 20 existing ancient tea trees in Zhejiang,” Ruan added.

If you visit the Tianmu Mountain Anti-Japanese War Exhibition Hall in Lin’an, Hangzhou, you will find that the captions and stories for the exhibition came from the volume on the Tianmu Mountain, which completely records the changes of Tianmu Mountain in nature, scientific research, ecological protection, tourism development, etc. in various historical periods.In March 2021, the Provincial Local Chronicle Office issued the“Notice on Announcement of Top Ten Typical Cases and Excellent Cases for the Application of”, and the application of the volume on the Tianmu Mountain was selected as one of the Top Ten typical cases. It has also become one of the main reference materials for the construction of Tianmu Mountain Park as a high-quality biodiversity conservation project.

Pan Chengyu, editor-in-chief of the volume on the Yue culture, said comprehensively sorting out the history and culture of the State of Yue (2032-222 BC) is aimed to activate the immortal vitality with the “spirit of courage and sword” at the core, and contribute to the construction of cultural Zhejiang of the new era.“We can’t allow the chronicle to collect dust on the shelf,” Zheng Jinyue, director of the Local Chronicle Office of the Zhejiang Provincial People’s Government, said that Zhejiang will further expand the ways of using the chronicle, so that this old business of more than 2,000 years will see a new leaf.

Digital reform will promote the transformation of traditional local records, and create a batch of local chronicle products that are audible, visible, readable and experienceable. For example, to integrate them into research activities such as Song culture, Grand Canal culture, Qiantang River culture, Poetry Road culture,among others, to give full play to the basic role of the chronicles in the construction of cultural highlands in the new era, and to introduce Zhejiang stories overseas by literary and artistic creations.

天目山一景。龔軍勇/攝A glimpse of the Tianmu Mountain. Photo by Gong Junyong.