ABSTRACTS

2021 is the 20th anniversary of China’s accession to the World Trade Organization. The world is undergoingchanges unseen in a century, and China is accelerating the construction of a new “dual cycle” development paradigm and further opening up agriculture is of great and far-reaching significance. This article starts with the new normal of agricultural trade and the declining trend of food self-sufficiency and expounds the necessity of expanding agricultural opening;it reviewed the positive changes brought about by China’s agricultural opening up in the 20 years since China’s accession to the WTO, including the convergence with international rules and the increase in the degree of internationalization of agricultural marketization, “bringingin” plays an important role, the pace of modern agricultural construction accelerates, the ability to “going out” to build an international industrial chain is further enhanced, and the optimization and adjustment of the domestic agricultural production structure is promoted. At the same time, the current stage of agricultural opening up is also facing many problems, and the real challenge lies in the continuous decline of agricultural competitiveness and food self-sufficiency. The key to solving these problems lies in the establishment of a new development paradigm in the agricultural sector. It is to ensure the national food security and the effective supply of important agricultural products as the goal, adhere to the goal-oriented and problem-oriented approach, and coordinate the high-level opening up and high-quality development work.

The 2021 Central Economic Work Conference proposed that achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality is an inherent requirement for promoting high-quality development. To push forward unswervingly, but it is impossible to accomplish the whole task at one stroke, the gradual withdrawal of traditional energy must be based on the safety and control of new energy. In 2021, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued relevant documents to clarify the main goals of China’s “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality”. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, it is necessary to promote green and low-carbon energy development from the following aspects: adjust the energy structure to create a clean and efficient modern energy system; speed up the construction of a system that adapts to the large-scale development of new energy; improve the long-term mechanism for energy conservation and energy efficiency; promote technological breakthroughs and innovations in the energy sector. In addition, it is necessary to deeply adjust the industrial structure and accelerate the construction of a low-carbon transportation system. It is necessary to base ourselves on China’s energy resource endowments of rich coal, poor oil and gas, adhere to the principle of first establishing and then breaking, stabilizing the stock, expanding the increment, taking the protection of national energy security and economic development as the bottom line, striving for time to achieve the gradual replacement of new energy, and promoting the smooth transition of low-carbon energy transformation. In future work, it must strengthen bottom-line thinking, insist on seeking truth from facts, proceed from reality in everything, respect the law, and grasp the rhythm.

Starting from the second half of 2021, the orientation of global regulatory policies has diverged. the macroeconomic policies of some emerging market countries have substantially shifted to respond to inflation, and some developed countries have adopted prudent macroeconomic policies because they are wary of inflation, and the policy departments of most developed countries still focus on the immediate market and economic performance, they utilize all possible policy tools at any time, and even over-expected the introduction of corresponding policy measures. China has successively issued signals of tightening regulation, and the intensity has been continuously increased, which has caused high speculation and even uncertain expectations in the market. From the perspective of think tank scholars, it is not appropriate to make a simple comparison of the differentiation of macro policies between China and foreign countries, although China’s macro policy orientation has the consideration of coping with short-term economic fluctuations, it is more of a medium- and long-term strategic arrangement. In this true strategic transformation process, the operating skills of the policy department must be improved, and communication with the market must be strengthened to grasp the opportunity and intensity, and pay particular attention to the comprehensive evaluation of various related effects after the introduction of specific policies, and to grasp the focus of the policy, Choosing a favorable time for launching, closely monitoring the market and social reactions after the policy is launched and respond promptly or supplement and improve operation details. Faced with differences in market understanding, policy makers should grasp the trend of economic development through clues in short-term data, and the objective existence of market confusion also needs to be guided by more sensible macro policy expectations.

Economic globalization is an inevitable historical development trend that has appeared in the development of socialized mass production to a certain stage. Today, the economic globalization of version 2.0 is changing to the economic globalization of version 3.0. There are five major characteristics of economic globalization in version 3.0: First, emerging economies and developing countries will become the dominant force in economic globalization 3.0. Second, economic globalization 3.0 will surely form a new game regulation; third, a new global industrial layout is taking shape; fourth, the global new international financial system is being reconstructed; fifth, the technological revolution is accelerating the birth of a variety of new industrial forms of economic globalization 3.0. Economic globalization will not only be weakened by the COVID-19 and the “farce” of Western politicians, on the contrary, it will develop more rapidly and enter a new era under the objective general trend of today’s world development.

The repeated shocks of the COVID-19 and the downturn of the economic cycle have plunged the world economy into a deep recession in 2020. In 2021, the COVID-19 will worsen and the delay will be longer, the “post-epidemic era” has not yet arrived, and the epidemic is still a key variable affecting the world economy. The supply chain bottlenecks, energy shortages, soaring prices, rising inflation, and the coexistence of global supply and demand mismatches, labor shortages and high unemployment, superimposed on the potential risks of unconventional monetary policies, they have slowed the pace of global economic recovery,and various international economic organizations and international financial institutions have successively lowered their expectations for world economic growth. The world economy has both “immediate worries” and “l(fā)ong-term worries”. The actual growth of the global economy in 2021 has not returned to the growth level of 2019. In 2022, the world economy will still be difficult and the road to recovery will be bumpy.

2021-2035 is a period of profound adjustment of the global political and economic structure, it is the first stage for China to build a prosperous, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful modern socialist country, and it is a critical period for China to implement the “two-step” strategy.The world is undergoing changes unseen in a century, and globalization is the general trend that affects the whole body, the changes in the world’s development environment will have a profound impact on China’s economic development. Based on a profound analysis of the changes in the world economy, this article makes reasonable inferences based on the economic development situation at domestic and abroad, and puts forward the ten major trends in China’s economic development in the process of moving toward a socialist modernized power in 2035, which including crossing the middle-income trap and entering the ranks of developed countries, the quality of “Made in China” has been significantly improved, the modern industrial system of the service industry has basically been formed, and the full realization of green development.

Digital transformation promotes the rapid development of global digital trade, triggering changes in the economic and trade pattern and profound adjustments to the global industrial chain and supply chain.Based on the background of “digital globalization”, policy adjustments of various countries have superimposed the reshaping of the global order, and digital trade rules have become the focus of the restructuring of international economic and trade rules and the game of all parties. The development of digital trade involves more and more extensive areas of rules, some rules are explicit issues directly related to digital trade, and some are hidden issues that are inseparable from the digital governance environment, and the scope of the issues continues to expand and is complex and overlapping. The negotiations on digital trade rules that have been carried out mainly focus on seven themes of trade facilitation, market access, tariffs and digital taxes, cross-border data flow, intellectual property protection, a reliable Internet environment, and a digital business environment. It is necessary to accelerate the construction of an international rule system for digital trade, encourage the adoption of a more flexible negotiation framework, and encourage the exploration of new issues of cooperation in the development of rules and supervision and practical experience sharing; multilateral, regional, bilateral, plurilateral and other platform paths must be coordinated to work together to promote the formulation of digital trade rules and the improvement of the international governance system. China needs to match new trends in international rules, actively promote domestic market opening and regulatory innovation, and build a safe and efficient risk prevention mechanism.

Building human community with a shared future is a major proposition with strategic height, overall importance, and practical urgency in Xi Jinping’s thoughts on socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. At present, the world is undergoing changes unseen in a centuryand the pandemic situation of the century has been superimposed, and socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, building human community with a shared future and the high-quality co-construction of “the Belt and Road” have become an inevitable era.Therefore, it must comprehensively and accurately understand the connotation of building human community with a shared future and grasp its realistic responsiveness, historical inheritance, idea-leading nature, value supremacy, and practical feasibility, clarify the specific practical requirements of the concept of building human community with a shared future on the joint construction of “the Belt and Road”; Advancing the consultation, contribution and shared benefits has become a common basic principle for jointly building “the Belt and Road” and human community with a shared future, adhere to the priority position of the right to survival and the right to development embodied behind the two achievements. In practical work, it should understand and do a better job of promoting people-to-people exchanges from a higher level, strengthen partnerships in important areas of “the Belt and Road”, and promote the establishment of a local and primary community with a shared future in some fields and in some countries and regions, give full play to the positive role of the joint construction of “the Belt and Road” in resolving current important global issues, and achieve the two goals internal links, common progress, and continue to achieve more solid and more obvious results.

The construction of “the Belt and Road” is a long-term plan for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the sustainable development of the world, and there is still a long way to go in the future. At present, the international environment facing “the Belt and Road” construction has undergone major changes from the beginning. The geopolitics are complex, the crisis of trust is intensified, the global economic growth is weak, the market risks are increasing, the regional conflicts are increasing, and the security issues are becoming more prominent, green transformation has become an urgent requirement of all countries, and the new crown pneumonia epidemic has slowed down the pace of construction, China is under increasing pressure from the war of public opinion, and these factors together constitute the complex background of the new stage of “the Belt and Road” construction. In order to promote the stability and long-term development of the “Belt and Road”, we should strengthen the awareness of danger, maintain strategic determination, and establish a correct understanding of “the Belt and Road”, promote regional and global value chain cooperation with the “dual cycle” strategy, deepen the structural reforms of the countries along the route, deepen the construction of healthy and green silk roads, and strengthen the ability to guide international public opinion.

After World War II, the U.S. manufacturing innovation structure has undergone phase changes in four aspects: innovation subject, investment proportion, industrial distribution, and innovation links.This article analyzes the reasons for these changes from the four aspects of large-scale enterprise business model, division of innovative activities, global market competition and labor-management relations, and expounds the innovation model, technological opportunities, accumulation conditions, and innovation diffusion of these changes to the US manufacturing industry. Negative impact brought by many other aspects. In the era of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation that reconstruct the global innovation landscape and reshape the global economic structure, innovation and development are the only way out for China’s manufacturing industry. It should learn from the experience and lessons of the changes in the innovation structure of the American manufacturing industry, ensure the richness of the local manufacturing industry, retain a number of large integrated enterprises, encourage large enterprises to support basic research, promote the rational distribution of innovative resources in emerging and traditional industries, and promote the formation of a reasonable innovation structure in China’s manufacturing industry.

Energy is the basis of human civilization and economic and social development, as well as the power source of modernization, and energy security is an important cornerstone of national security.This article firstly analyzes the historical evolution of the energy security paradigm and indicates the historical trends in energy development.Next, it analyze the current energy situation and problems in China. Then, taking the E.U., U.S. and Japan as realistic samples, and introduce their respective initiatives to deal with energy security and emphasize the urgency and necessity of China’s current energy transition.Finally, it is pointed out that the paradigm shift of energy security and overseas experiences have important insights and implications for advancing China’s energy security strategy.The need to focus on the strategic aspect of energy security at the ideological level; The international level should not only coordinate the relationship between the two resources and two markets, but also actively participate in regional energy cooperation, and more importantly, have a voice in global energy governance; At the domestic level, it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between the central and local governments, between energy production and economic development and climate change, as well as to adhere to the path of land and sea energy development, traditional and new energy sources.

Since China’s accession to the WTO, China’s education service trade has made outstanding achievements. However, the education service trade has a huge deficit and the development of imports and exports is unbalanced.This article compares and analyzes the competitiveness of China’s education service trade and the world’s major education service trade countriesunder different supply modes.From the perspective of the international competitiveness index, China’s education service exports lack competitiveness in general and under different supply modes, but they are accumulating competitiveness in cross-border delivery methods.Although the development of education service trade is restricted by different factors interiorly and abroad, with the huge education system, advantages in the digital economy, and good economic development expectations, China’s education service trade has broad prospects in the future.The development of education service trade should distinguish between for-profit education and public welfare education, and focus on for-profit education.Specific measures include: improving the digital level of education services; in the future, studying abroad in China will gradually turn to mercerization; simultaneously promote the “bringing in” of high-quality foreign educational resources and the “going out” of Chinese educational services; build “the Belt and Road” academic labor market.

Editor：Zhao Ze