Different compression sutures combined with intracameral air injection for acute corneal hydrops

INTRODUCTION

As a component of ectatic corneal disorders, acute corneal hydrops is brought by rupture of Descemet’s membrane (DM) and endothelium. Corneal hydrops occurred in approximately 2.6%-2.8% of patients with keratoconus. It is hard for acute corneal hydrops to regress spontaneously, and long-lasting oedema may cause many potential complications,such as infection, pseudocyst formation, malignant glaucoma,corneal perforation, neovascularization, and a high risk of graft rejection. Eventually, leaving a visual-impairing scar, which needs keratoplasty to restore visual function.The traditional treatment regimen includes topical eye drops,such as hypertonic saline, antibiotics, cycloplegics and corticosteroids. In the last ten years, repeated intracameral injection of air/gas had been reported to accelerate the resolution of oedema, but this procedure may increase the risk of pupillary block glaucoma, intrastromal migration of gas, and endothelium dysfunction. Sometimes, the air/gas bubble can get access to the potential space and stop re-apposition of the edges in patients with large gaping tears and stromal clefts. Based on the above situations, compression sutures,including full-thickness sutures (FTS) and pre-DM sutures(PDS) combined with intracameral air/gas injection have been reported effective in the administration of acute corneal hydrops. In this study, we aim to compare the efficacy and safety of FTS combined with intracameral air injection (FTSAI) versus PDS combined with intracameral air injection(PDS-AI) in acute corneal hydrops caused by keratoconus. For all we know, no research compares the clinical results between FTS-AI and PDS-AI.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Approved by the Institutional Review

“王爺當年可是清河農(nóng)中出了名的油油匠，他油過的東西，那色漆是長在上面一輩子都不會掉的?！迸赃呉粋€人顯然有些夸張，但從他的語氣里，不難看出他對王爺是打心眼里佩服的。

The DM rupture in keratoconus is used to be considered as the cause of corneal hydrops. There are two conditions necessary for the healing process: first, it is necessary to reattach the retracted or rolled DM to the stroma, and afterwards, the endothelium cells must enlarge and slowly migrate to cover the whole flaw.

Eight patients (8 eyes) with acute corneal hydrops caused by keratoconus presented to our institute between January 2019 and December 2020, who was randomly assigned to received FTS-AI or PDS-AI, were included. All the patients were men. The mean age was 18.4±2.45y (range, 14-22y).All patients suffered from spontaneous and sudden onset of reduced visual acuity, pain, redness, and epiphora in the eyes within 2wk.

由圖4可以看出，發(fā)酵溫度對酸奶品質(zhì)的影響較大，高于43℃時，酸奶品質(zhì)劇急下降；發(fā)酵溫度42℃時，酸奶口感和組織機構(gòu)最佳，評分85最高；發(fā)酵溫度43℃時，酸奶口感潤滑度下降，發(fā)酵溫度44℃時，酸奶則產(chǎn)生大量乳清，凝乳不均勻，酸奶原有香味改變。因此選擇42℃為最佳發(fā)酵溫度。

The entire elimination of epithelial and stromal oedema on slitlamp examination were regarded as hydrops resolution.

IBM SPSS version 20 was adopted to conduct all statistical analyses. The independent samples-test was used to compare the age and symptom duration between the two groups, after confirmation of normality by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The BCVA and maximum corneal thickness between the two groups were compared by applying the related-samples Friedman’s two-way analysis of variance by ranks. Visual acuity was converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution acuity (logMAR). The standards below were adopted: counting fingers = decimal acuity of 0.014 and examining hand motion = decimal acuity of 0.005.It was recognized thatvalues ＜0.05 were statistically significant.

Surgeries were carried out by a single experienced surgeon under peribulbar anaesthesia. First, after removing the epithelium, the surgeon marked the rupture site and delineated the torn edges of DM. If it is difficult to distinguish the torn edges of DM, a limbal paracentesis was conducted at the 10-o’clock position, and an injection of an air bubble into the anterior chamber (AC) was made to improve the visibility. Then, an FTS or PDS using 10-0 nylon suture was applied at the margin of the oedematous cornea and clear cornea, and retrieved from the opposite clear cornea. At the end of the procedure, an injection of an air bubble to fill half of the AC was made (Figure 1). Patients shall lie down in supine position for at least 8h postoperatively. Postoperative therapy included 1% prednisolone acetate eye drops (Allergan,Ireland) three times a day, 0.5% levofloxacin eye drops (Santen Pharmaceutical, Japan) four times a day, and 0.5% tropicamide phenylephrine eye drops (Santen Pharmaceutical, Japan) to dilate the pupil four times a day until the air bubble in the AC completely absorbed. Compression sutures were removed when they received keratoplasty.

教師的專業(yè)成長需要教育主管部門根據(jù)地區(qū)實際制定近期、中期及遠期規(guī)劃，要有目的、有步驟地采取示范引領(lǐng)、骨干帶動、抱團前進等多種形式，一步一個腳印，扎扎實實，穩(wěn)步推進，實現(xiàn)階段提升，只有這樣，才能不斷推進教師專業(yè)成長，提升課堂教學效益，真正做到育人育才。

（1）確定總體（隨機變量X或分布函數(shù)F），并將總體進行分類，例如擲骰子試驗中，將總體按數(shù)字1，2，3，4，5，6進行分類；

No one needed repeated air injection. The mean corneal oedema resolution time after FTS-AI and PDS-AI were 11±1.15 and 15±1.41d, respectively (=0.005). The maximum corneal thickness of the scarred area, assessed by AS-OCT,reduced in both groups after surgery (Figures 2 and 3). Three months after surgery, the maximum corneal thickness of the scarred area assessed by AS-OCT in FTS-AI and PDSAI groups were 0.44±0.07 and 0.45±0.03 mm, respectively(=0.486; Table 2). BCVA was significantly improved after FTS-AI and PDS-AI at 3mo postoperatively (0.05). No obvious difference was found in the BCVA after FTS-AI and PDS-AI postoperatively (0.05; Table 3).

DISCUSSION

采用圖11中的便攜式圖像檢測系統(tǒng)對鈦合金銑削加工表面粗糙度研究表明，其精度可以與工業(yè)CCD相當[18]。圖21表示便攜式系統(tǒng)獲得的不同Ra工件的表面紋理圖與灰度直方圖，可見其直觀特征明顯。

鄉(xiāng)民的淳樸、熱情、善良、純潔和憨厚等優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)是長期的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動的產(chǎn)物，與當前市場經(jīng)濟環(huán)境下推崇的精明干練、謀略、投機心理等格格不入[5]。人們不再推崇傳統(tǒng)的鄉(xiāng)村價值觀念，而是為了追求良好的生活條件，投身于市場，在大的市場群體中潛移默化地形成符合社會市場所需的特性。

In recent years, more and more surgical interventions have emerged to accelerate the resolution for corneal hydrops. As early as 1988, Zusmanproposed that intracameral sulfur hexafluoride (SF) injection could repair DM detachment.

The collection of data was made preoperatively and at 1d, 1wk,1mo (±3d), and 3mo (±3d) postoperatively. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure (IOP) and the maximum corneal thickness, measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT;Visante OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany), were noted.

Afterwards, various kinds of agents like air, SF,perfluoropropane (CF), sodium hyaluronate,intrastromal fluid drainage with air tamponade, tissue glue, intracameral platelet-rich plasma injection, and descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK)have been proven effective in treating acute corneal hydrops.Among these techniques, intracameral air/gas injection has been widely proven for the acceleration of the resolution of corneal oedema. In 2008, Vanathilreported that through intracameral air injection, corneal oedema subsided within 20.1±9.0d versus 64.7±34.6d who received conventional treatment in patients with corneal hydrops. However, the nonexpansibility and rapid absorption of air limit the usage in such patients. Undiluted CFexpands 4 times in 4d, and 14%dilution persists in the AC for about 6wk. SFexpands twice in 24 to 48h, and it takes 2wk for entire absorption from the AC. Nevertheless, there are some limits to these approaches:first, CFmay be toxic to the endothelium cells; second, the long duration of the gas increases the possibility of secondary glaucoma; third, some tiny bubbles can penetrate the stroma,which can prevent the re-apposition of intrastromal clefts;what’s more, Basufound that even after injection of CF, a gap between the two ends of the split DM could be found histopathologically after the edema subsided.

No significant differences were found in the demographics,preoperative duration of symptoms and severity of corneal hydrops between the two groups (Table 1). The mean age of participants in FTS-AI and PDS-AI groups was 19±2.16y(range 17-22y) and 17.75±2.87y (range 14-21y), respectively(=0.51). The mean duration of symptoms before FTS-AI and PDS-AI was 9.50±2.08 and 9.25±2.06d, respectively (=0.87).The mean maximal corneal thickness, evaluated by AS-OCT,before FTS-AI and PDS-AI was 2.04±0.20 and 1.95±0.23 mm,respectively (=0.686). No complication happened and all participants completed the follow-up.

Based on the above reasons, compression sutures combined with intracameral air/gas injection have emerged these years.Compression sutures can shorten the edges of the DM tear and facilitate anatomical re-apposition. Rajaramanproposed using intracameral CFinjection and FTS can effectively hasten the resolution of oedema compared to simply CFintracameral injection. In 2015, Yahia Chériffound that intracameral air injection and PDS also could hasten the corneal oedema resolution, and theorized that the source of the corneal hydrops were posterior stromal breaks. In 2019,Parkerfound that the entire elimination of DM did not generate hydrops in patients with keratoconus. In contrast,eyes underwent Bowman layer transplantation complicated by accidental perforation of posterior corneal stroma and DM elicited a typical corneal hydrops. This research further demonstrated the pathophysiological mechanism of corneal hydrops, indicating that it is not sufficient for a flaw at the level of DM for the elicitation of an acute corneal hydrops, unless accompanied by a flaw in the most posterior stroma layers (the so-called Dua’s layer) at the same time.

Mohebbiraised that FTS combined intracameral SFinjection was effective and safe in treating corneal hydrops.Zhaofound that PDS-AI possessing superior clinical outcomes than thermokeratoplasty for administrating acute corneal hydrops in keratoconus. From aforementioned researches, the meantime for resolving corneal oedema was longer in Yahia Chérifand Zhao’sresearch than Rajaraman’sand Mohebbi’sresearch (15 and 148.87±4.98 and 11.5±6.5d). From the above statistics,it is hard for us to distinguish that is the suture depth or the injection agents the decisive factor for accelerating corneal oedema resolution. Because the PDS group used air while the FTS group used gas. So in our study, all patients were injected air in the AC. The result showed that the meantime for corneal oedema resolution is still longer in the PDS-AI group than the FTS-AI group (15±1.4111±1.15d). Hence, we suspect this is related to the early recovery of corneal endothelium pump. On the other hand, no obvious difference was found in BCVA and the maximum corneal thickness of the scarred area at 3mo after surgery. Considering the potential damage to the endothelium cells in the FTS group, just a few days earlier oedema resolution time and the similar outcomes of BCVA and corneal thickness, we prefer PDS-AI management in treating acute corneal hydrops to avoid unnecessary endothelium cell damage.

This research has several limitations such as small sample size and retrospective nature. Besides, using a slit-lamp to estimate the corneal oedema resolution is subjective. Nevertheless,because both groups have the same difference, this may not be a great concern. Additionally, we did not evaluate the status of endothelium cells before or after the operation. In future study, if possible, comparing the clinical and histopathological correlation between the two surgical procedures may be more instructive.

FTS-AI and PDS-AI are safe and effective therapies to reduce the period of corneal oedema in acute hydrops secondary to keratoconus. Despite the less time for corneal oedema resolution in the FTS-AI group, we recommend PDS-AI to avoid potential endothelium cell damage.

Supported bythe National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82070920); Major Clinical Research Projects of the Three-Year Action Plan for Promoting Clinical Skills and Clinical Innovation in Municipal Hospitals (No.SHDC2020CR1043B-010).

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