“六一泉”邊東坡庵

文/ 司馬一民

北宋歐陽(yáng)修寫(xiě)了不少吟詠西湖的詩(shī)詞，其中有《采桑子十首》，每首都以“西湖好”開(kāi)頭，有人讀了以為他到過(guò)杭州，其實(shí)是誤解，歐陽(yáng)修吟詠的西湖，是潁州西湖，不是杭州西湖。不過(guò)雖然歐陽(yáng)修從未到過(guò)杭州，但卻是與杭州頗有淵源，其中一個(gè)淵源就和六一泉有關(guān)。

其實(shí)，現(xiàn)在很多杭州人不知道六一泉。六一泉在哪里？為什么叫六一泉？

六一泉在孤山，距西泠印社不遠(yuǎn)，有一座不起眼的小亭子，倚靠著石壁，亭上有一塊匾額“六一泉”，落款是蘇軾，亭前有一眼泉。

要說(shuō)六一泉的來(lái)歷，得先說(shuō)蘇東坡兩次在杭州為官。熙寧四年（1071年），蘇東坡上書(shū)談?wù)撔路ǖ谋撞”毁H，出任杭州通判。蘇軾上任途中去潁州拜見(jiàn)恩師歐陽(yáng)修，歐陽(yáng)修介紹蘇東坡去西湖孤山見(jiàn)惠勤和尚，說(shuō)此人詩(shī)情俱佳，值得交往。蘇東坡在杭州上任后第三天，即去孤山拜訪惠勤，兩人相見(jiàn)暢談甚歡，成為密友。第二年，歐陽(yáng)修去世，兩人在孤山遙哭祭拜。元祐四年（1089年），蘇東坡以龍圖閣學(xué)士任杭州知州，再次到孤山拜訪惠勤，而惠勤早已不在人世,只見(jiàn)到惠勤弟子二仲，在掛著惠勤與歐陽(yáng)修畫(huà)像的廳堂，蘇東坡感概萬(wàn)分。二仲告訴蘇東坡，附近有一眼泉水是前幾個(gè)月突然流出的，像是刻意在歡迎蘇東坡再次到杭州為官，二仲懇求蘇軾，對(duì)此事寫(xiě)點(diǎn)文字。歐陽(yáng)修號(hào)“六一居士”，蘇東坡便用歐陽(yáng)修的名號(hào)，將此泉命名為“六一泉”，同時(shí)欣然寫(xiě)下了《六一泉銘并序》，并作銘說(shuō)：“泉涌出之處，千里之外于您歐陽(yáng)公所在的潁州，在您仙逝十八年之后，我將泉命名為‘六一’，會(huì)不會(huì)有點(diǎn)荒誕？君子對(duì)后世的影響不止于五世，智者的精神可以惠澤千秋萬(wàn)代。我想與您歐陽(yáng)公的精神一起神游于孤山之上，俯視著吳越大地，贊美錦繡河山，飲用著這甘甜的泉水。您的君子之風(fēng)或許久體現(xiàn)在這甘甜的泉水之中。”

接著，蘇東坡在“六一泉”邊建了一間茅屋，取名東坡庵，時(shí)不時(shí)來(lái)住幾天，緬懷歐陽(yáng)修。師生情誼如此深厚，難得。

孤山上的“六一泉”，就因蘇東坡的《六一泉銘并序》而聞名于天下。后人多有詩(shī)詞憑吊。幾百年之后，孤山寺已是“廢寺”，“六一泉”仍然“泉流圃”，引得詩(shī)人感慨。

六一泉。The Liuyi Spring.

簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)說(shuō)蘇東坡與歐陽(yáng)修的關(guān)系。宋仁宗嘉祐二年（1057年），二十歲的蘇東坡和弟弟蘇轍隨父親蘇洵進(jìn)京趕考，那一年的主考官是五十歲的歐陽(yáng)修。當(dāng)時(shí)的考試制度規(guī)定要將所有考生的名字遮蓋掉，這叫糊名；有時(shí)甚至叫人把所有的文章重新抄寫(xiě)一遍后，才送考官閱卷，兩種方法都是為了防止閱卷考官徇私?？脊賯兌紴檫@次的一份考生的卷子叫好，題目為《刑賞忠厚論》，公推第一，歐陽(yáng)修看了也很贊賞。歐陽(yáng)修判斷，這很有可能是他的得意弟子曾鞏的卷子，為避免被人說(shuō)主考官徇私，歐陽(yáng)修就把這份卷子判為第二名。這位列為第二名的考生就是蘇東坡。后來(lái)殿試，蘇東坡、蘇轍兄弟皆進(jìn)士及第。仁宗退朝后，欣喜地對(duì)高皇后道：“朕今日為子孫找到兩個(gè)宰相了！”

發(fā)榜后，按照古代讀書(shū)人的習(xí)俗，考生要給主考官寫(xiě)一封謝恩信，蘇軾給歐陽(yáng)修修了一份謝恩信。歐陽(yáng)修接到蘇東坡的信讀得渾身出汗，歐陽(yáng)修的兒子以為父親突然身體不舒服，問(wèn)要不要要請(qǐng)醫(yī)者，歐陽(yáng)修說(shuō)沒(méi)有生病，是讀蘇東坡的書(shū)信而快意流汗。歐陽(yáng)修對(duì)兒子說(shuō)，三十年后再也無(wú)人談?wù)撃愀赣H的文章，而人人都會(huì)讀蘇東坡的文章，“吾當(dāng)避此人出一頭地”。意思是要幫助蘇東坡得到超出一般人的地位。這也是“出人頭地”典故的由來(lái)。愛(ài)才的歐陽(yáng)修從此對(duì)蘇東坡提攜有加。

最后說(shuō)說(shuō)“六一居士”的名號(hào)。歐陽(yáng)修晚年號(hào)“六一居士”。歐陽(yáng)修自解：家有藏書(shū)一萬(wàn)卷，金石遺文一千卷，琴一張，棋一局，酒一壺，一老翁，六一也。

The Liuyi Spring and the Dongpo Cottage

By Sima Yimin

Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072), renowned Northern Song (960-1127) poet and politician, wrote many verses about the West Lake,including ten on plucking mulberries, each beginning with “West Lake is good”. As a result, some mistakenly believe that he had been to Hangzhou before. In fact, the “West Lake” in his poems refers to the one in Yingzhou (present-day Fuyang city, Anhui province). Although Ouyang had never been to Hangzhou, he was intimately connected with the city, and one connection is the Liuyi Spring.

Where is it? Why was it so named?

The Liuyi Spring is on the Solitary Hill. Not far from the Xiling Seal Art Society, a humble pavilion leans against a stone wall, on top of which hangs a tablet inscribed “Liuyi Spring” and signed by Su Shi (aka Su Dongpo, 1037-1101).

Su twice served in the Hangzhou government. In 1071, he was demoted to Hangzhou for criticizing the New Policies of Wang Anshi (1021-1086). On his way to take office, Su went to Yingzhou to meet his mentor Ouyang Xiu, who suggested Su visit a monk named Huiqin living on the city’s Solitary Hill. On the third day after Su assumed his position in Hangzhou, he went to Huiqin’s place. The two hit it off right away, chatting merrily, and soon became close friends. The following year, when Ouyang Xiu passed away, they wept together and sent their condolences at the hill.

In 1089, Su took up the post of prefect of Hangzhou, and he went again to drop a visit on Huiqin at the Solitary Hill. However,he only managed to meet Erzhong, one of Huiqin’s disciples,as Huiqin had passed away. Then Erzhong told Su that a spring suddenly emerged nearby a few months ago, as if welcoming Su’s return to Hangzhou. He then pleaded with Su to pen some words.Su happily obliged. He named the spring “Liuyi Spring” after the art name of Ouyang Xiu (Liuyi Jushi or Six-One Retiree) and left an epigraph.

In it Su wrote, “At the place where the spring water flows,which is a thousand miles away from Yingzhou, where you spent your last days, I named it in your honor, some 18 years after you ascended heaven. Might it be a bit ridiculous? The influence of a gentleman will last for more than five generations, and the spirit of a wise man can benefit thousands of generations. I’d prefer to wander with your spirit on the Solitary Hill, overlooking the land of Wu and Yue, admiring the beautiful rivers and mountains, and drinking the sweet spring water. Your gentlemanliness may well have been reflected in the sweet spring water.”

Later Su built a cottage near the Liuyi Spring and named it the Dongpo Cottage, where he would stay from time to time in memory of Ouyang Xiu.

In 1057, the then 20-year-old Su Dongpo and his younger brother Su Zhe (1039-1112) traveled to the capital for the imperial examinations. The chief examiner at the time was Ouyang Xiu. According to the rules, all candidates’ names should be covered up on their essay papers — sometimes all the essay papers needed to be re-transcribed before they were sent for marking, to prevent favoritism. One paper won acclaim from all the examiners,including Ouyang. Since he believed that the paper belonged to one of his favorite students, he deliberately placed it second. As it turned out, it was done by Su Dongpo.

Why did Ouyang Xiu call himself Liuyi Jushi or Six-One Retiree in his later years? He explained: he had one large collection of books (over 10,000 volumes), one large collection of stone inscriptions and epitaphs (over 1,000), one(ancient Chinese pluck instrument), one chessboard, one pot of wine and one old gentleman in himself, hence “Six ‘One’”.

杭州孤山。肖奕叁/攝The Solitary Hill in Hangzhou city. Photo by Xiao Yisan.