絲綢之路：東西方文明之路

文/ 周婭鵑

這是一條駝鈴之路，它既是一條有形之路，也是一條無形之路；既是一條經(jīng)濟(jì)之路，更是一條文化之路。這條路，走了兩千多年，依然綿延不衰—這就是中國連接西域貿(mào)易和文化交流的“絲綢之路”。這條路見證了人類文明史上大交流時(shí)代的開啟，至今仍讓整個(gè)世界都為之驚艷。

“公元前 114年的中國漢代，張騫帶一支從長安出發(fā)的和平使團(tuán)，開始打通東方通往西方的道路，完成了‘鑿空之旅’，這就是著名的張騫出使西域?！睆奈鳚h到東漢，再到隋、唐、宋、元、明，直到今日，絲綢之路帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)交往的同時(shí)，也帶來了中西文化的交融。

如果說兩千多年前一條古絲綢之路開東西方文明交流之先河，那么兩千多年后的2022年盛夏，絲綢之路沿線國家和地區(qū)以及全球文博機(jī)構(gòu)在位于浙江杭州的中國絲綢博物館舉辦的第三屆“絲綢之路周”活動(dòng)，則是把建設(shè)“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”與構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體有機(jī)融合起來，旨在推動(dòng)全球走向共同繁榮。

是什么，讓今年的“絲綢之路周”變得不同？

首先，2022年是中國絲綢博物館建館三十周年。經(jīng)過三十年的發(fā)展，中國絲綢博物館已成為收藏和展示絲綢之路沿線絲綢紡織服飾藝術(shù)成果的專題博物館，形成了全鏈條、研究型、國際化和時(shí)尚范四大特色，而其中的國際化之路，正是兩千余年絲綢之路的延續(xù)。

1993年，時(shí)任中國絲綢博物館副館長的趙豐第一次出訪瑞典講學(xué)，1995年，中國絲綢博物館的第一個(gè)外展赴加拿大蒙特利爾展出，此后約三十年的過程中，中國絲綢博物館通過絲路之綢、傳統(tǒng)工藝、保護(hù)修復(fù)和當(dāng)代時(shí)尚等板塊，在推進(jìn)絲路之綢研究、紡織品保護(hù)科技合作、絲綢時(shí)尚展覽交流以及參與國際博物館運(yùn)行機(jī)制建設(shè)方面漸漸發(fā)揮出重要作用。

1.[唐]瑪瑙十二曲長杯。都蘭縣博物館藏。 2.[唐]鎏金銀王冠（復(fù)制品）。烏蘭泉溝一號(hào)墓出土。3.[唐]騎射形金飾片。都蘭縣血渭一號(hào)墓出土，都蘭縣博物館藏。1. Twelve lobbed agate cup (Tang), collected at the Dulan County Museum.2. Gilt silver crown (Tang), replica, excavated from the No. 1 tomb at Quangou cemetery, Wulan county, Qinghai province.3. Gold plaque in the shape of horse riding and arrow shooting, excavated from the No. 1 tomb at Xuewei cemetery and collected at the Dulan County Museum.

“絲綢之路周”開幕式晚會(huì)上，《對(duì)話畫中人》活化復(fù)原烏茲別克斯坦撒馬爾罕大使廳壁畫場景。The performance Dialogue with Figures in the Paintings re-creates the scenes on the murals in the Hall of Ambassadors in Samarkand, Uzbekistan at the opening ceremony of the Silk Road Week.

據(jù)《2021年度全國博物館（展覽）海外影響力評(píng)估報(bào)告》，中國絲綢博物館在全中國博物館“海外綜合影響力”總榜單上排名第七、“專題類博物館海外綜合影響力”榜單上排名第一、“最受日韓受眾關(guān)注博物館”榜單上排名第四、“最受歐美受眾關(guān)注博物館”榜單上排名第九。

同時(shí)，今年是浙江對(duì)口援建青海12周年，又恰逢中華人民共和國和烏茲別克斯坦共和國建交30周年。于是，便有了“民族融合，共同繁榮”這一主題。

聚焦“融合”語境，構(gòu)建多彩文明、多元文化、多方資源、多維媒介的絲綢之路“新畫卷”，依托地方特色文化資源，加強(qiáng)同世界各國合作交流、促進(jìn)文明對(duì)話，是中國絲綢博物館也是浙江積極舉辦這屆“絲綢之路周”的重要目的。

今年“絲綢之路周”首次開啟主賓省、主賓國概念，分別邀請(qǐng)青海省和烏茲別克斯坦共和國作為主賓省和主賓國，深入挖掘青海特有的絲路文化資源，充分展示烏茲別克斯坦共和國絲路特色風(fēng)情。

特別是今年“絲綢之路周”主會(huì)場的絲路年度大展“西海長云：6—8世紀(jì)絲綢之路青海道”，備受矚目。

展覽匯集來自青海、甘肅等地絲路沿線文博機(jī)構(gòu)的107件套重點(diǎn)文物，包括30多件珍貴的金銀器，特別是一批瑪瑙、水晶、琥珀等，是2018年都蘭“3·15”大案繳獲回來的文物精品。

如此全面系統(tǒng)地將眾多文博機(jī)構(gòu)所藏的吐蕃—吐谷渾重磅級(jí)藏品集中于一個(gè)展覽，這在國內(nèi)尚屬首次。

據(jù)此次展覽的總策展人，中國絲綢博物館名譽(yù)館長趙豐介紹：“這是第一個(gè)關(guān)于吐谷渾的歷史文化展覽，也是第一個(gè)絲綢之路青海道的展覽，更是第一個(gè)聚焦海西吐蕃考古的展覽。”除了高規(guī)格的展品，展覽還采用了大量技術(shù)還原手段，還原了風(fēng)俗畫卷、生活場景、墓室結(jié)構(gòu)、考古現(xiàn)場等，向觀眾展示了6—8世紀(jì)吐谷渾人的生活、文化和藝術(shù)史，揭示了青海道在溝通東西文化交流中的重大貢獻(xiàn)，以及在中華民族多元融合歷史過程的重要地位。

作為絲綢之路沿線的重要文化、貿(mào)易中心，烏茲別克斯坦承載了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來人們遷徙和交流的歷史，是共建“一帶一路”的重要參與者。

在烏茲別克斯坦東北部地區(qū)的歷史名城撒馬爾罕，有著世界聞名的“拂呼縵宮殿”壁畫，也稱“大使廳壁畫”，反映著公元650年前后唐高宗為粟特（今撒馬爾罕）國王拂呼縵（Varkhuman）加封，各方大使來賀的場景。壁畫中，既有唐朝使者、粟特國王及侍者，又有吐谷渾使者，與此次活動(dòng)的主賓省和主賓國的設(shè)置神奇呼應(yīng)，仿佛是壁畫人物穿越了千年歲月，跨過了古今時(shí)空。

值此契機(jī)，中國絲綢博物館在撒馬爾罕國家歷史博物館大使廳上層的展廳里舉辦了“絲綢與絲路：從杭州到撒馬爾罕”特展。展覽一方面介紹了來自杭州的UNESCO人類非遺項(xiàng)目“中國蠶桑絲織技藝”，展示了從杭州到撒馬爾罕絲綢之路沿途出土的絲綢實(shí)物，同時(shí)也用復(fù)制的中亞織錦，生動(dòng)還原了大使廳壁畫上絲綢之路峰會(huì)的盛況，再現(xiàn)了源于中國的絲綢通過古老的絲綢之路走向中亞的美麗故事。該展收到了中國駐烏茲別克斯坦大使館的書面賀信，將永久落戶撒馬爾罕。與此同時(shí)，在開幕式當(dāng)晚舉辦的“SROM 絲綢之路云上策展大賽”頒獎(jiǎng)典禮上，《對(duì)話畫中人》節(jié)目將大使廳描繪民族交流與融合的壁畫進(jìn)行了活化復(fù)原，表演者們穿著運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代科技再現(xiàn)的唐朝、吐谷渾及中亞特色服飾，將場內(nèi)外觀眾帶回公元658年的那次盛會(huì)。

兩個(gè)30周年和一個(gè)12周年，既是一種巧合，更像是一種命運(yùn)的安排，讓古絲綢路上的三個(gè)文明之地在今天相遇并攜手起來，圍繞絲綢文明進(jìn)行了一場深刻而真摯的對(duì)話。

是什么，讓浙江成功舉辦“絲綢之路周”？

浙江，與絲綢之路有著深厚淵源 ：省會(huì)杭州歷來享有“絲綢之府”的美譽(yù) ；寧波是記載絲綢之路歷史的“活化石”，也是海上絲綢之路的重要節(jié)點(diǎn)；浙江多地有著深厚的絲綢文化，比如在湖州，當(dāng)?shù)氐腻X山漾遺址出土的迄今4000多年前的絲綢絹片，堪稱“世界第一片絲綢”。

然而，“一枝獨(dú)秀不是春,百花齊放春滿園”，浙江連續(xù)三年成功舉辦“絲綢之路周”絕不僅僅憑單打獨(dú)斗，而是依靠著開放包容、多元互動(dòng)的“浙江模式”。

在內(nèi)容策劃上，三屆“絲綢之路周”分別以“互學(xué)互鑒促進(jìn)未來合作”“多元共存和包容發(fā)展”“民族融合，共同繁榮”為主題，注重維護(hù)各國各地區(qū)文明多樣性，致力于促進(jìn)東西方文化交流和民族多元融合。因此，活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生了由13個(gè)絲路沿線國家的專家學(xué)者共同參與和實(shí)施的國際合作學(xué)術(shù)項(xiàng)目“絲綢之路互動(dòng)地圖”，有10個(gè)國家20余位專家進(jìn)行專業(yè)推薦和點(diǎn)評(píng)的《絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)年報(bào)》，英、美、俄等16個(gè)國家的40余家博物館共建的“絲綢之路數(shù)字博物館”，由國內(nèi)外120余所高校和20余座博物館及廣大設(shè)計(jì)師群體參與的“SROM 絲綢之路云上策展大賽”等豐碩的合作成果。

在參與主體上，自2019年浙江發(fā)出“絲綢之路周”活動(dòng)倡議后，每年都吸引全球多個(gè)國家及地區(qū)的文化機(jī)構(gòu)與民眾線上線下踴躍參與。今年，中國絲綢博物館還與聯(lián)合國教科文組織絲綢之路項(xiàng)目合作，在“2022絲綢之路周”的杭州主會(huì)場，舉辦了“大美烏茲：‘UNESCO絲綢之路青年之眼’攝影大賽精選作品展”。此次影展所展出的是“教科文絲綢之路青年之眼”國際攝影大賽精選作品，照片拍攝于烏茲別克斯坦不同的城市，其中包括塔什干、撒馬爾罕、布哈拉、希瓦、費(fèi)爾干納等，多角度展現(xiàn)了烏茲別克斯坦的建筑遺址、美食、服飾、音樂、舞蹈以及人們的生活風(fēng)貌。聯(lián)合國教科文組織官方微信和官網(wǎng)均發(fā)布了“2022絲綢之路周”活動(dòng)預(yù)告。

20世紀(jì)50年代，浙江湖州錢山漾遺址出土的家蠶絲絹片，堪稱“世界第一片絲綢”。這批織物距今已有4200年至4400年，也是世界上迄今發(fā)現(xiàn)最早的家蠶絲織品。至此，湖州成為全國乃至世界上最早飼養(yǎng)家蠶和以家蠶蠶絲進(jìn)行紡織的地區(qū)之一。In the 1950s, a piece of silk made from domesticated silkworms unearthed at the Qianshanyang Site in Huzhou, Zhejiang province, was widely regarded as “the world’s first piece of silk”. These fabrics, which date back 4,200 to 4,400 years,are also the earliest silk fabrics made from domesticated silkworms found in the world. Huzhou is recognized as one of China’s and the world’s earliest areas to make textile from domesticated silkworm.

“絲綢之路周”就像浙江精心打造的眾多窗口中的一扇，向世界積極展示中華絲綢文化；“絲綢之路周”也像是浙江向世界發(fā)出誠摯邀請(qǐng)的一個(gè)共享舞臺(tái)，希望世界各地越來越多不同文化能在這個(gè)舞臺(tái)上展示與交流。

是什么，讓絲綢之路經(jīng)歷二千年而不衰？

絲綢之路曾在歷史上留下了聯(lián)結(jié)多個(gè)文明的、持久的寶貴財(cái)富，絲綢之路的線路也幾經(jīng)變遷，但其互通有無、共促發(fā)展的使命從未改變，其所體現(xiàn)的人文關(guān)懷和普世價(jià)值仍能得到廣泛認(rèn)同。

“絲綢之路”一詞最早由德國地理學(xué)家李?；舴矣?877年在《中國》第一卷中提及，因這條貿(mào)易路線上承載的大宗商品—絲綢而得名。

1990年至1995年，聯(lián)合國教科文組織舉行了五次國際性絲綢之路考察，正是由此，絲綢之路真正為全人類共賞。

2014年6月第38屆世界遺產(chǎn)大會(huì)通過決議，將“絲綢之路 ：長安—天山廊道的路網(wǎng)”列入《世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄》。這條廊道由中國、哈薩克斯坦和吉爾吉斯斯坦共同申報(bào)，涉及三國共33處絲綢之路遺跡。在廊道的價(jià)值評(píng)判里有這樣一句話：絲綢之路是全世界一個(gè)最大的文化公約數(shù)。它是這條路上所有國家的貢獻(xiàn)。

2013年，中國提出建設(shè)“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”和“21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路”的合作倡議；2017年5月，中國提出“和平合作、開放包容、互學(xué)互鑒、互利共贏”的絲路精神。

現(xiàn)如今，“一帶一路”從倡議變?yōu)閷?shí)踐，已成為當(dāng)今范圍最廣、規(guī)模最大的國際合作平臺(tái)。絲路精神突破了意識(shí)形態(tài)、社會(huì)制度和文化的差異，啟發(fā)著人們?cè)诓粩鄠鞑?、交流、互?dòng)中融合發(fā)展。這便是中國人滿懷誠意地從古代歷史發(fā)展和文明合作中借鑒而來的創(chuàng)新之舉。

絲綢之路綿亙?nèi)f里、延續(xù)千年，曾給人們帶來無盡的商貿(mào)繁華、文明交匯和文化薈萃。絲綢之路又如同一條來自過去并流向未來的大河，為當(dāng)今國際社會(huì)的文化創(chuàng)造和文明互鑒源源不斷地提供啟迪，提供共同攜手去面對(duì)百年未有之大變局的智慧與力量。

1.費(fèi)爾干納的烏茲別克舞蹈。Alimkhodjaev Bobur/ 攝?聯(lián)合國教科文組織絲綢之路項(xiàng)目2.希瓦老城外豐盛的傳統(tǒng)烏茲別克早餐。Andrea Van Acker/ 攝?聯(lián)合國教科文組織絲綢之路項(xiàng)目3.塔什干姑娘。Kamila Yadgarova/ 攝?聯(lián)合國教科文組織絲綢之路項(xiàng)目1.Uzbek dance at Fergana. Photo by Alimkhodjaev Bobur. Photo credit: UNESCO Silk Roads Program.2. Hearty traditional Uzbek breakfast outside the old city of Khiva. Photo by Andrea Van Acker. Photo credit: UNESCO Silk Roads Program.3. A Tashkent girl. Photo by Kamila Yadgarova. Photo credit: UNESCO Silk Roads Program.

Silk Roads: Passages between Eastern and Western Civilizations

By Zhou Yajuan

The Silk Roads have lasted for more than 2,000 years, and they still continue, connecting China and the Western Regions for trade and cultural exchanges. The routes have witnessed the opening of the era of great exchanges in the history of human civilization, and it has amazed the whole world to this day. “Zhang Qian led a peace mission from Chang’an and started to open up the road from the East to the West in 114 BC.” From then on,the Silk Roads have brought economic exchanges as well as the integration of Chinese and Western cultures. Recently, countries and regions along the Silk Roads, as well as museums around the world held the “Silk Road Week” at the China National Silk Museum in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province. It has organically integrated the construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt with the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind, in a bid to move towards global common prosperity.On July 8, 2022, the “Silk Road Week 2022” kicked off its third edition, though somewhat different from previous years.

First of all, 2022 marks the 30th anniversary of the China National Silk Museum with its collection and display of silk, textile and clothing art along the Silk Roads, and it has formed four characteristics of full chain, academic research, internationalization and fashion. In 1993, Zhao Feng, the then deputy director of the museum, visited Sweden for the first time to give lectures.In 1995, their first outreach exhibition was held in Montreal,Canada. Through the silks along the Silk Roads, traditional crafts,conservation and restoration, and contemporary fashion, the museum has played an important role in promoting research on silks of the Silk Roads, textile protection technology cooperation,silk fashion exhibition and exchange, and participating in the construction of international museum operating mechanisms.

At the same time, this year marks the 12th anniversary of Zhejiang’s pairing up with Qinghai to help the latter’s development, and it also coincides with the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Uzbekistan. Thus was born the theme of “Ethnic Integration and Common Prosperity” of this year’s Silk Road Week.

This edition of the “Silk Road Week” initiated the concept of the guest province of honor and the guest country of honor,and invited Qinghai province and the Republic of Uzbekistan respectively, exploring Qinghai’s unique Silk Road cultural resources and displaying Uzbekistan’s Silk Road style, with the exhibitionat the main venue. It brought together 107 sets of cultural relics from museums along the Silk Roads in Qinghai, Gansu and other places, including 30-odd precious gold and silverware, especially a batch of agate, crystal, amber, etc., which were fine relics recovered from a major tomb robbing case in Duran. This was the first time in China that such a comprehensive and systematic collection of the Tibet-Tuyuhun relics was concentrated in one exhibition. In addition to the high-standard exhibits, the organizers also adopted advanced technologies to restore the folklore, life scenes, tomb structures, archaeological sites, etc., revealing Qinghai’s significant contribution to the Eastern and Western cultural exchanges, as well as its important role in the historical process of the integration of the Chinese nation. As an important cultural and trade center along the Silk Roads, Uzbekistan with its history of people’s migration and exchanges for centuries is an important participant in the joint construction of the “Belt and Road”.

In Samarkand in northeastern Uzbekistan, there is a worldfamous mural of the Varkhuman Palace, also known as the Hall of Ambassadors, showing that Emperor Gaozong (628-683)of the Tang dynasty (618-907) anointed the king of Sogdiana(now Samarkand) in around the year 650, and the ambassadors and envoys from around the area came to pay tribute. In the mural, there are envoys from the Tang court, Sogdian kings and attendants, as well as envoys from Tuyuhun, which echoes magically this event, as if the characters in the mural have traveled through thousands of years, across ancient and modern times.

On this occasion, the China National Silk Museum held a special exhibitionin the Hall of Ambassadors in the Samarkand State Museum-Reserve of Uzbekistan. On the one hand, the exhibition introduced the UNESCO intangible cultural heritage project“Chinese sericulture and silk weaving skills” from Hangzhou, and displayed the real silk unearthed along the Silk Roads from Hangzhou to Samarkand. The grand occasion of the Silk Road Summit on the mural in the Hall of Ambassadors was reproduced on Central Asian brocade, in the beautiful story of silk originating in China going to Central Asia through the ancient Silk Roads. The exhibition will be permanently settled in Samarkand. At the same time, at the award ceremony of the “Silk Road Online Museum (SROM) Online Curating Competition” held on the night of the opening ceremony,the performance “Dialogue with People in Paintings” revived and restored the mural in the Hall of Ambassadors.

Focusing on the context of “integration”, building a“new picture” of the Silk Roads with colorful civilizations,multiculturalism, multi-source resources and multi-dimensional media, relying on local characteristic cultural resources,strengthening cooperation and exchanges with countries around the world, and promoting dialogue between civilizations: this is also an important purpose for Zhejiang in energetically holding this edition of “Silk Road Week”.

Zhejiang is intimately connected the Silk Roads: Hangzhou,the provincial capital, has always enjoyed the reputation as a “House of Silk”; Ningbo is a “l(fā)iving fossil” that records the history of the Silk Roads as an important part of the Maritime Silk Road; many other places have a profound silk culture. For example, in Huzhou,the silk piece unearthed from the local Qianshanyang site more than 4,000 years ago is widely regarded as “the world’s first piece of silk”. Zhejiang has successfully held the “Silk Road Week” for three consecutive years thanks to its open, inclusive and plural Zhejiang model.

In terms of contents, the three editions of Silk Road Week have been themed “The Silk Road: Mutual Learning for Future Cooperation”, “Cultural Diversity and Sustainable Development”,and “National Integration and Common Prosperity”, focusing on maintaining the diversity of civilizations in various countries and regions. Therefore, the event produced an international cooperative academic project “Silk Road Interactive Map”, which was jointly implemented by experts and scholars from 13 countries along the Silk Roads. Thewas recommended by a score of expert from ten countries, the Silk Road Online Museum jointly built by more than 40 museums in 16 countries including the United Kingdom,the United States, and Russia, and the SROM Silk Road Online Curating Competition participated by more than 120 universities and 20-odd museums and various international designers. In terms of participants, since Zhejiang launched the “Silk Road Week” initiative in 2019, it has attracted cultural institutions from many countries and regions as well as people to actively participate online and offline every year. This year, the China National Silk Museum cooperated with the UNESCO Silk Road Project in organizing the “Beautiful Uzbekistan: Selected Works Exhibition of the Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads Photo Contest” at the main venue in Hangzhou. The exhibition showcases photos taken in different cities in Uzbekistan,including Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Fergana, featuring Uzbekistan’s architectural ruins, food, clothing, music, dance and people’s life style from multiple angles. The official WeChat account and official website of UNESCO released the announcement of the Silk Road Week 2022, which is like one of many showcases crafted by Zhejiang showing Chinese silk culture to the world. Silk Road Week 2022 is also like a shared stage in Zhejiang serving as a sincere invitation to the world, so that more and more different cultures can be displayed and communicated on this stage.

The Silk Roads have left us a long-lasting treasury connecting multiple civilizations in history. While the routes of the Silk Roads have changed several times, their mission to connect with each other and promote development has never changed. The humanistic and universal values of the Silk Roads are still widely recognized.

“絲綢之路周”主會(huì)場的絲路年度大展“西海長云：6—8世紀(jì)絲綢之路青海道”展廳。The exhibition hall for Qinghai Path: Silk Road in the 6-8 Centuries, the theme exhibition featured at the 2022 Silk Road Week.