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      植物NLP轉錄因子研究進展

      2022-07-16 11:47:23何炫頤王可欣董月華習向銀楊懷玉
      江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)學報 2022年3期

      何炫頤 王可欣 董月華 習向銀 楊懷玉

      摘要: 轉錄因子NLP (NIN-like protein)是近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的具有調控養(yǎng)分吸收和植物生長發(fā)育、響應外界環(huán)境脅迫等功能的植物特異性轉錄因子。本文對近年來有關NLP家族的最新研究成果進行了總結,綜述了植物NLP家族的結構和分類、對氮磷養(yǎng)分信號通路的調控、參與植物生長發(fā)育過程以及脅迫應答方面的研究進展,并展望了NLP的可能研究熱點和領域,以期為后續(xù)研究提供參考。

      關鍵詞: NLP轉錄因子; 氮磷養(yǎng)分; 植物生長發(fā)育; 脅迫應答

      中圖分類號: Q74?? 文獻標識碼: A?? 文章編號: 1000-4440(2022)03-0830-07

      Research progress on plant NLP transcription factors

      HE Xuan-yi 1 , WANG Ke-xin 1 , DONG Yue-hua 1 , XI Xiang-yin 1 , YANG Huai-yu 1,2

      (1.College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University,Chongqing 400716,China; 2.Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University,Chongqing 400716,China)

      Abstract: Transcription factor NLP (NIN-like protein) is a plant-specific transcription factor identified in recent years, which has multiple functions in regulating nutrient uptake, growth and development, as well as response to external environmental stresses of plants. In this review, we summarized the latest research achievements on plant NLP family, including research progresses on the structure and classification, regulation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients signal pathways, participation in plant growth and development, and stress response in recent years. Meanwhile, possible hot research topics and fields of NLP were proposed, which may provide reference for further researches.

      Key words: NLP transcription factor; nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients; growth and development of plants; stress response

      轉錄因子是可以與真核基因上游特定序列進行專一性結合,并在特定的時空維度上調控目標基因表達水平的蛋白質分子 [1] 。NLP (Nin-like protein)是1個具有3個主要保守結構域的植物特異性家族,在多種植物中均有發(fā)現(xiàn) [2-5] 。關于NLP家族的研究最早可追溯到其同源基因結瘤起始基因(Nodule inception, NIN ) [6] 。第一個 NIN 基因是從豆科植物百脈根( Lotus corniculatus ?)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的,是豆科植物和放線菌結瘤植物所必需的基因 [6] 。后續(xù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在非豆科植物中也存在該類基因,并命名為 NLP 基因 [6] 。進一步的基因功能分析結果表明, NLP 具有感知硝酸鹽信號的能力,參與硝酸鹽信號通路,可激活下游靶基因,從而調控植物對硝酸鹽的吸收與同化以及協(xié)調氮磷的相互作用 [5,7-9] 。硝酸鹽除了是植物生長過程中需求量最大的礦質元素之外,在植物中還能作為信號分子,調節(jié)相關基因的表達,進而影響植物生長發(fā)育以及脅迫應答等 [10] 。本研究主要從NLP轉錄因子的結構和分類、參與植物中氮磷養(yǎng)分信號通路以及對植物生長發(fā)育和脅迫應答的影響進行綜述,提出目前存在的問題并對今后研究方向進行展望。

      1 NLP轉錄因子結構和數(shù)量

      最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),典型的NLP蛋白結構包括3個主要結構域:RWP-RK、PB1和NRD [5] 。RWP-RK是由約60個氨基酸殘基包含RWPXRK基序組成的DNA結合結構域,可以特異性結合靶基因啟動子區(qū)域的硝酸鹽響應的順式作用元件(Nitrate-responsive elements,NREs) [6,11-13] 。PB1是1個位于C端的結構域,由約80個氨基酸殘基組成,包含2個 α 螺旋、1個混合的五鏈 β 折疊和1個酸性OPCA基序,參與硝酸鹽誘導的蛋白質-蛋白質相互作用 [13-16] 。NRD(nitrate-responsive domain)是硝酸鹽響應結構域,是NLPs的N端保守結構域,其中S205位點是NLP核保留過程中必不可少的磷酸化位點 [5,17] 。

      研究發(fā)現(xiàn),擬南芥( Arabidopsis thaliana )、玉米( Zea mays )、藜麥( Chenopodium quinoa ?)中均有9個 NLP 基因,水稻( Oryza sativa )、蘋果( Malus domestica )和番茄( Lycopersicon esculentum )中均有6個 NLP 基因,蒺藜苜蓿( Medicago truncatula )中有5個 NLP 基因,毛果楊( Populus trichocarpa )中有14個 NLP 基因,甘藍型油菜( Brassica napus ?)中有31個 NLP 基因,小麥( Triticum aestivum )中有37個 NLP 基因 [2-4,6, 18-22] 。表明,不同物種中 NLP 基因數(shù)量存在差異。

      2 NLP參與氮磷養(yǎng)分信號通路調控

      2.1 NLP參與硝酸鹽反應信號通路

      NLP是調控氮響應的核心轉錄因子,大多數(shù)位于低硝酸鹽濃度的細胞質中,當感測到高硝酸鹽濃度時,它們被轉運至細胞核,激活數(shù)百個與硝酸鹽運輸和代謝有關的基因 [23-25] 。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),硝酸鹽- Ca 2 + ?-NLP級聯(lián)反應是主要的硝酸鹽反應信號通路 [26-27] 。外源硝酸鹽濃度信號通過硝態(tài)氮轉運蛋白NPF6.3(ptr family6.3/protein nrt1.1)使細胞質中Ca 2+ 濃度發(fā)生變化;隨后,硝酸鹽觸發(fā)的Ca 2+ 信號被傳輸?shù)?個下游鈣離子傳感器蛋白質激酶(Ca 2+ -sensor protein kinases, CPKs ),包括CPK10、CPK30和CPK32 [26,28-29] 。NLP6、NLP7感知到 CPKs 信號,使其保守的絲氨酸205(Ser205)磷酸化從而保留在細胞核中,進而與硝酸鹽響應過程中的順式作用元件結合來激活初級硝酸鹽反應基因 [26] 。此外,還有研究結果表明,水稻中硝酸鹽-OsNRT1.1B-OsSPX4-OsNLP3級聯(lián)反應,也是硝酸鹽信號通路一個關鍵部分 [9] 。硝酸鹽信號被NRT1.1B感知并促進磷感知蛋白質SPX4的降解,使得NLP3釋放到細胞核中從而激活硝酸鹽響應基因的表達 [9] 。此外,OsNLP4也能夠通過影響硝酸還原酶( NR )活性調節(jié)植物氮響應 [30] 。這是因為OsNLP4可以調控 NR 所必需的元素(鐵和鉬)的濃度來影響 NR 活性,進而調節(jié)硝酸鹽信號通路中的基因表達 [30] 。

      2.2 NLP參與缺磷響應信號通路

      磷酸鹽信號通常由磷酸鹽虧缺激活,誘導磷酸鹽饑餓誘導基因(Phosphate starvation–induced genes, PSI )的表達 [9] 。在擬南芥活體中進行的熒光素酶成像結果顯示,氮源是激活磷酸鹽饑餓反應的先決條件 [31] 。在硝酸鹽存在的條件下,磷饑餓反應可以通過NLP-NIGT1-SPX-PHR信號傳導激活 [32] 。因為磷酸鹽饑餓反應(Phosphate starvation response, PHR) 轉錄因子在磷信號通路中起核心調控作用,其中AtPHR1(在擬南芥中)和 OsPHR2(在水稻中)作為中樞調節(jié)因子來激活 PSI 基因的表達 [33-35] 。磷感知蛋白質SPX (SYG1/Pho81/XPR1)是細胞中感應磷素有效性的蛋白質 [33-36] 。在磷充足的條件下,PHR轉錄因子與SPX蛋白家族成員形成SPX-PHR復合物并保持非活性狀態(tài);在缺磷條件下,PHR轉錄因子從SPX-PHR復合物中釋放出來,誘導 PSI 基因表達,從而啟動磷饑餓反應 [9, 37-38] ?;谠|體的瞬時表達測定和染色質免疫沉淀測定的結果表明,由硝酸鹽誘導基因編碼的NIGT1(Nitrate-inducible、garp-type transcriptional repressor1)轉錄抑制因子能被NLP誘導激活,然后抑制 SPX 基因的啟動子活性,從而影響磷饑餓反應的SPX-PHR調節(jié)系統(tǒng) [39-40] 。因此,氮信號通過激活NLP上調NIGT1的表達來抑制 SPX 的表達,使PHR蛋白從SPX-PHR復合體中釋放,進而啟動磷饑餓反應 [32] 。

      3 NLP調控植物生長發(fā)育

      3.1 NLP調控植物種子萌發(fā)

      脫落酸(ABA)在許多植物發(fā)育過程中誘導和維持種子的休眠。因此,種子萌發(fā)往往受到ABA的負調控 [41] 。在低氮的不利條件下,讓種子保持休眠狀態(tài),有利于提高植物在自然界的存活率 [10] 。與之相反,硝酸鹽可以通過降低ABA濃度來促使種子萌發(fā) [10, 42] 。研究結果表明,AtNLP8是硝酸鹽促進種子萌發(fā)所必需的 [43] ,因為在硝酸鹽存在的情況下,AtNLP8除了主要激活硝酸鹽誘導的轉錄因子和氮代謝酶的表達,還以硝酸鹽依賴的方式直接結合ABA水解酶的CYP707A2基因的啟動子,上調其表達水平,使ABA積累減少,從而促進種子萌發(fā) [43-45] 。吳翔宇等 [22] 也證實了在毛果楊種子中, NLPs 表達情況在不同萌發(fā)條件下有差異:在有光的萌發(fā)條件下PtrNLP1、PtrNLP6、PtrNLP7、PtrNLP12、PtrNLP13 5個基因被檢測到,在黑暗中萌發(fā)的種子中則檢測到PtrNLP1、PtrNLP8、PtrNLP12、PtrNLP14? 4個基因的表達。這可能是因為光照影響了種子對硝酸鹽的敏感性 [46] ,而NLP可能參與了光信號調控種子萌發(fā)的過程。

      3.2 NLP調控植物根系生長發(fā)育

      植物根系是植物吸收水分和養(yǎng)分的主要器官,而硝酸鹽作為信號和養(yǎng)分可以調節(jié)根系生長發(fā)育相關基因的表達,以及通過改變根系構型和調節(jié)氮素吸收來適應環(huán)境的變化 [47-49] 。Takeo等 [50] 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)擬南芥中同時敲除BTB和TAZ結構域蛋白質(BTB and TAZ domain protein,BT)基因家族的BT1和BT2會影響依賴硝酸鹽調節(jié)的側根發(fā)育,因為BT1和BT2的表達水平直接受轉錄因子NLP7的調控。Guan等 [51] 也發(fā)現(xiàn)擬南芥中NLP6/7與TCP20相互作用可以促進氮饑餓條件下根分生組織的生長;同時nlp6/7突變體表現(xiàn)出顯著的根生長遲緩以及根分生組織和分生組織細胞數(shù)量的減少。有更直接的研究結果表明,AtNLP7過表達的植株根系比野生型具有更長的初生根和更多的側根 [52] 。這是因為TCP20和NLP6/7 相互作用是G2/M細胞周期進展基因CYCB1;1 表達和氮饑餓下根分生組織生長所必需的 [51] 。TCP20通過直接與 NRT1.1、NRT2.1、NIA1的啟動子結合來調節(jié)側根生長以及通過結合CYCB1;1啟動子中的GCCCR基序來調節(jié)初生根生長 [51,53-54] 。此外,生長素是調節(jié)植物根系生長發(fā)育的關鍵影響因子。吲哚-3-丙酮酸 (IPyA) 途徑是生長素合成的主要途徑,其中色氨酸轉氨酶相關酶2(Tryptophan aminotransferase related 2,TAR2)在此途徑中起重要作用 [55-57] 。低氮條件下,TAR2是側根原基中生長素合成和積累所必需的 [57] 。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AtNLP7通過直接與TAR2的啟動子結合上調其表達,然后維持側根原基中的生長素信號,從而促進硝酸鹽介導的側根發(fā)育 [58] 。

      其他作物中,NLP轉錄因子對根的生長發(fā)育也有顯著影響。例如,玉米在低氮條件下,zmnlp5突變體植株根長顯著短于野生型 [59] 。這是由于ZmNLP5功能喪失,導致其根部ZmNIR1.1表達量顯著降低,使得亞硝酸鹽在根尖過度積累產(chǎn)生毒害,進而抑制根生長伸長 [14,59-60] 。說明NLP5在玉米植株響應低氮環(huán)境根部伸長生長中發(fā)揮重要功能。毛果楊中,除PtrNLP1 、PtrNLP14外,其余12個基因在根中都有較高的表達豐度, PtrNLP1、PtrNLP2、PtrNLP5、PtrNLP8、PtrNLP9在木質部中有表達 [22] 。說明毛果楊NLP基因在吸收組織和運輸組織中具有較高的表達量 [22] 。水稻中,osnlp1突變體與野生型相比其根長顯著縮短,而OsNLP1過表達株系則顯著改善了根的生長,說明OsNLP1正調控水稻根長 [61] 。

      3.3 NLP調控植物根系結瘤

      氮饑餓是植物根瘤形成和發(fā)育的先決條件,因此,硝酸鹽可以抑制結瘤 [62] 。轉錄因子NIN在根瘤的形成過程中發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用:通過與靶基因的啟動子結合來介導根瘤菌侵染和根瘤的形成 [11,24,63-64] 。蒺藜苜蓿中,硝酸鹽抑制根瘤菌感染、結瘤和固氮的前提條件是響應硝酸鹽信號的MtNLP1在細胞核中積累 [20] 。MtNLP1的過表達會導致植株抑制硝酸鹽結瘤的超敏反應,而mtnlp1突變體則因為MtNLP1的缺失而阻礙了硝酸鹽信號的傳導,顯著減少了對NIR1和NRT2.1的誘導,并表現(xiàn)出缺氮的表型,因此降低了硝酸鹽對結瘤形成的抑制作用 [20] 。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MtNLP1與MtNIN可以發(fā)生蛋白質相互作用,調節(jié)硝酸鹽響應基因的表達和硝酸鹽抑制結瘤 [20] 。這可能是因為硝酸鹽使MtNLP1在細胞核內積累與細胞核中MtNIN相互作用從而抑制與結瘤有關的基因CRE1和NF-YA1的表達;或者因為MtNLP1與MtNIN競爭直接結合CRE1和NF-YA1啟動子,從而阻斷MtNIN激活結瘤相關基因表達的能力 [20] 。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NLP1-CLE35-SUNN是硝酸鹽抑制結瘤通路,在硝酸鹽存在的情況下,硝酸鹽信號使NLP1穿梭到細胞核,激活可以響應硝酸鹽信號和根瘤菌的CLE35表達,然后將其產(chǎn)物運輸?shù)降厣喜考せ頢UNN表達,從而抑制蒺藜苜蓿根系結瘤 [65-67] 。Nishida等 [68] 在百脈根中也發(fā)現(xiàn)LjNLP4轉錄因子介導硝酸鹽抑制結瘤過程。因為LjNLP4響應硝酸鹽脅迫并直接調節(jié)硝酸鹽誘導型共生基因CLE-RS2的表達,從而觸發(fā)結瘤數(shù)的負調節(jié) [68] 。

      3.4 NLP調控植物開花結果發(fā)育進程與氮素利用率

      植物的開花結果受到內外因素的影響,是植物產(chǎn)量的重要影響因素之一。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),水稻中,OsNLP1過表達可以在不同氮肥條件下提高籽粒產(chǎn)量以及氮素利用率(NUE),而在低氮條件下,敲除OsNLP1則降低NUE和作物產(chǎn)量 [61] 。這是因為OsNLP1直接調節(jié)水稻氮素利用的關鍵調控因子OsNRT1.1A、OsNRT1.1B和OsGRF4的表達,從而間接地調節(jié)氮肥利用率來提高作物籽粒產(chǎn)量 [61,69] 。因此,OsNLP1是在低氮條件下,培育高產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率高的品種的重要研究對象。轉錄組分析結果表明,OsNLP4通過直接結合硝酸鹽響應順式元件,調控大多數(shù)已知氮吸收、同化和信號傳遞基因的表達 [61] 。OsNLP4過表達株系與野生型相比產(chǎn)量顯著提高30%,NUE顯著提高47% [70] 。最新研究結果表明,OsNLP4通過將OsNIR啟動子中的NRE基序增加4倍來增強NUE中的氮同化,增強了OsNLP4-OsNIR級聯(lián)反應,從而增加了水稻分蘗數(shù)量和產(chǎn)量 [71] 。

      其他作物中NLP對植物的開花結果也存在類似影響。番茄中SlNLP4、SlNLP6在地上部組織中優(yōu)先表達,其轉錄豐度在開花過程中顯著上調,表明它們可能通過調控氮的轉運和同化來支持花和果實的發(fā)育 [3] 。研究結果表明,玉米中ZmNLP6、ZmNLP8在低硝酸鹽和高硝酸鹽條件下均可促進植物生長,并在低硝酸鹽條件下提高種子產(chǎn)量 [72] 。因為ZmNLP6 和ZmNLP8在營養(yǎng)生長階段13(V13)的葉片和生殖生長階段1(R1)的根系中表達水平最高,在根、雄穗和籽粒中的表達量較高 [72] 。V13是抽雄時期,R1是灌漿階段,這2個階段對于玉米生產(chǎn)都是必不可少的。這意味著ZmNLP6和ZmNLP8在這些階段的表達調控,可能對于最大限度地提高玉米產(chǎn)量具有極其重要的作用。

      4 NLP與非生物逆境脅迫

      4.1 NLP與干旱脅迫

      干旱作為一種非生物脅迫,輕則使作物減產(chǎn),重則使作物永久萎蔫甚至絕產(chǎn)。擬南芥中,AtNLP7可能在植物氣孔運動和抗旱性方面發(fā)揮作用 [8] 。與野生型相比,atnlp7突變體在葉片上的失水速度更慢,遭受干旱脅迫后表現(xiàn)出更少的損傷,并且補充水分后能夠恢復健康,而野生型則不能 [8] 。因此,擬南芥缺失NLP7后,比野生型具有更強的抗旱能力,說明植物中NLP7的表達與植物抗旱性有關。果樹枳中NLP的表達在不同水分條件下有所不同 [73] 。枳葉片NLP的表達水平在干旱脅迫前期、中期上調,后期下調;枳根中NLP的表達水平在干旱脅迫下持續(xù)下調,其中PtNLP2、PtNLP7的表達量在枳根響應干旱脅迫的過程中變化較大 [73] 。與枳葉片NLP表達模式相似,隨著干旱脅迫的持續(xù),蘋果中MdNLP2、MdNLP3、MdNLP5的表達情況均呈現(xiàn)出先升高后降低的趨勢,說明蘋果中NLP也參與干旱脅迫過程 [19] 。

      4.2 NLP與氮素脅迫

      植物缺氮是作物生長發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量提高最常見的限制因子之一 [74] 。缺氮條件下,藜麥中CqNLP2、CqNLP3、CqNLP5、CqNLP8表達受抑制,低氮下則被誘導表達;低氮處理后期,CqNLP9的表達量急劇增加 [21] 。番茄進行氮饑餓處理后,SlNLP1、SlNLP2、SlNLP4、SlNLP6的表達量均上調 [3] 。與番茄中NLP表達模式不同,蘋果在氮饑餓處理后 NLP 表達量呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的趨勢 [19] 。在氮饑餓條件下,水稻中OsNLP1表達量迅速增加 [61] 。這主要是因為OsNLP1蛋白定位于細胞核,對氮饑餓反應敏感,通過與NRE基序結合調控硝態(tài)氮/銨吸收和同化相關基因的表達 [61] 。

      5 展 望

      提高作物氮素利用率是作物施肥和實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要目標。研究植物本身的氮素吸收、同化和轉運的機制是提高植物氮素利用率的關鍵依據(jù)。NLP參與調控氮磷養(yǎng)分信號通路,在植物生長發(fā)育過程中以及脅迫應答中發(fā)揮重要作用。通過總結近年來NLP家族研究進展發(fā)現(xiàn),不同植物中NLP轉錄因子家族的數(shù)量和結構存在較大差異,其功能還需進一步研究。目前對NLP功能的研究主要集中于擬南芥和豆科植物,而對于禾本科作物和木本植物NLP功能的研究仍然相對較少。因此,我們目前對 NLP 基因功能的認識仍然具有局限性,未來需要更多的研究來闡明其更詳細的特征。例如, NLP 對非生物脅迫響應后是通過什么調節(jié)機制來增強植物的抗脅迫能力? NLP 如何應答與調控生物脅迫? NLP 如何在各種植物器官和各類細胞中發(fā)揮作用?通過解決這些問題,完善NLP在植物中的功能作用,將有助于更全面地理解氮素的吸收和同化過程,并為作物生產(chǎn)中提高氮肥利用率制定有效的策略。

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      (責任編輯:陳海霞)

      收稿日期:2021-10-25

      基金項目:西南大學科研啟動基金項目(SWU019012);高等學校學科創(chuàng)新引智計劃項目(B20053)

      作者簡介:何炫頤(1998-),女,重慶人,碩士研究生,研究方向為植物營養(yǎng)與調控。(E-mail)876816420@qq.com

      通訊作者:習向銀,(E-mail)xixiangyin@126.com;楊懷玉,(E-mail)yanghuaiyu@swu.edu.cn

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