中國方案：抗擊疫情的好方法

文/Rasha Khalil 譯/張佳藝

Rasha Khalil，敘利亞籍，四川外國語大學教授、發(fā)明家、研究員。曾獲得世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織（WIPO）發(fā)明獎?wù)? 英國肯特自然資源國際基金會獎，2020文明之光·中國文化交流年度人物。

在中國生活和工作十多年的經(jīng)歷為我提供了一個獨特的機會，讓我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個美輪美奐、魅力非凡的國家有著極其多元化的、值得探索的地方。

中國擁有令人嘆為觀止的極致美景和攝人心魄的自然奇觀。張家界國家森林公園、桂林喀斯特丘陵、長江三峽和杭州西湖等只是中國自然寶藏中的冰山一角。若一個人想賞遍中國大好河山，窮極一生都游覽不盡。

Living and working in China for over a decade has offered me a unique opportunity to discover the country of exceptional beauty and charm with a highly diverse array of extraordinary places to explore.

China has breathtaking landscapes and spectacular natural wonders. The Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Guilin’s dramatic limestone karst hills, the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River, and Hangzhou’s West Lake are only some of China’s natural treasures that one needs more than a lifetime to visit and enjoy.

Another element of China’s majestic charm is its ancient civilization with a long history and deeply rooted culture. I traveled back in time and learned about the glorious Chinese society and its long history. I strolled through traditional alleys and walked along the Great Wall. I wandered around the Forbidden City and reflected on life while walking in the unique Long Corridor of the Summer Palace. I perceived unique sensations from the stunning Buddhist art collections in Mogao Grottoes, and I stood side-by-side with thousands of terracotta warriors prepared by Emperor Qin Shi Huang for his final battle.

Yet, the most critical aspect of China’s majesty is the people. Although the Chinese nation comprises 56 ethnic groups, many character traits are widely shared and strongly expressed in all ethnicities.

Chinese people are diligent, ambitious, and strive to achieve success. Yet, they believe in the value of collaborative work. One of the most striking features of Chinese people is modesty, which is a virtue in Chinese culture. Furthermore, Chinese people believe in harmonious and peaceful coexistence with others. Chinese people have dearly passed on these values and cherished and treasured them despite the technological advancement and the change to living in modern metropolitan cities.

This amazing and inspiring experience has added unique memories to my life and enabled me to broaden my horizons in unexpected ways. But one thing, in particular, has genuinely affected me and changed the way I see myself and the world around me. That is the way China has managed the Covid-19 pandemic.

中國魅力的另一個方面在于其源遠流長的歷史和璀璨的中華文明。漫步于幽深古巷之間，徐行于長城之上，閑走于紫禁城之中，安步于頤和園的廊腰縵回之時，感嘆于莫高窟的佛教藝術(shù)收藏之間，并肩于秦始皇兵馬俑之旁，恍惚間我仿佛穿越了時光，為輝煌的中華文明和悠久的中國歷史而驚嘆不已。

然而，中國偉大的關(guān)鍵在于其人民。中華民族由56個民族組成，每個民族都在廣泛共享和強烈表達中彰顯出中國人民的精神品格。

中國人民勤奮不倦、雄心勃勃、力爭上游，相信“眾人一條心，黃土變成金”。中國人最突出的特點之一就是為人謙遜，這是一種中華美德。中國人信奉與人為善、和平共處。盡管在時代潮流推動下，科技發(fā)展日新月異，生活也趨于大都市化，中國人民還是傳承著這些價值觀。

Covid-19 has become a severe public health threat worldwide due to its high transmissibility and emerging mutations. The number of reported infections recently has exceeded four hundred million, and the number of reported Covid-19 related deaths is more than six million (as of 29 March 2022). Still, the figures are probably much higher than those official records indicate. Nevertheless, the negative and catastrophic consequences of the virus are not limited to the health impact but also heavily affect the social and economic systems. Even though most of the planet has severely struggled with this disastrous pandemic for more than two years, the medium- and long-term consequences of Covid-19 have varied considerably worldwide. The differences between countries’ responses to the pandemic - notably the inability of some countries to rally their people and create collective commitment and focus.

China took a ‘wartime’ approach to aim for ‘zero-COVID’ to combat and controlled the pandemic. In addition, China has responded to the crisis by developing and utilizing its comprehensive and holistic management structure that consists of sociopolitical, technological, and psychological elements.

China has responded to the pandemic using flexible and innovative policies to guide its people toward public health goals. By articulating the needs of ordinary people and grassroots organizations and the reallocation of national resources, the Chinese government has successfully fostered and boosted the people’s sense of duty and unity. Moreover, combining the welfare of communities with those of the country generated collaborative efforts to combat the Covid-19.

All members of society have participated in efforts to prevent the spread of the virus. Individuals, communities, as well as organizations in private and public sectors have fully complied with the government’s guidelines on all issues relating to Covid-19 (e.g., restrictions relating to gatherings and social distancing, disinfection of workplaces, communal areas, and public facilities as well as satisfactory ventilation of indoor spaces).

The central government and local governments across China have encouraged and helped individuals increase their awareness of the prevention and control measures for the virus. In addition, the government issued guidelines to encourage individuals to prioritize a healthy lifestyle and develop good hygiene. Therefore, I find the policy of voluntary compliance and having a cohesive society is of significant importance in improving collective wellbeing and promoting the population’s health.

When examining the system used to contain the pandemic outbreak, it is apparent that China has surpassed the rest of the world and paved the path to a new era of technology.

有凝聚力的社會

在華經(jīng)歷給我的生活增添了獨特的回憶，以意想不到的方式拓寬了我的視野。但有一件事尤其對我產(chǎn)生重要影響，改變了我審視自己和周圍世界的方式。這就是中國對新冠肺炎疫情的管控。

由于新冠病毒具有高傳播性和新型突變的特點，它已經(jīng)對當今世界的公共衛(wèi)生構(gòu)成嚴重威脅。截至2022年3月29日，新冠病毒感染人數(shù)已超過4億，死亡人數(shù)超600萬。然而，真實數(shù)據(jù)可能遠比這些官方數(shù)據(jù)要高得多。盡管如此，該病毒帶來的災難性后果并不限于對健康的影響，還嚴重波及社會和經(jīng)濟體系。盡管兩年多以來，全球大部分地區(qū)都在與這種災難性的疫情激烈斗爭，但新冠肺炎疫情帶來的后果在世界各地大不相同。這與各國對疫情的不同反應密切相關(guān)，特別是體現(xiàn)在一些國家無力團結(jié)本國人民、促成集體承諾和共識。

為了抗擊和控制疫情，中國采取了“戰(zhàn)時”策略，以“動態(tài)清零”為最終目標，通過發(fā)展和利用由社會、政治、技術(shù)和心理因素組成的全面而整體的管理結(jié)構(gòu)來應對這場危機。

中國采取了靈活的、創(chuàng)新的政策來應對疫情，引導人民實現(xiàn)公共衛(wèi)生目標。通過表達普通民眾和基層組織的需求，并重新分配國家資源，中國政府成功地培養(yǎng)、增強了人民的責任感和團結(jié)精神，將家庭與團體的福祉同國家的繁榮相結(jié)合，這激發(fā)了同心協(xié)力抗擊新冠肺炎疫情的集體力量。I believe that China has reinvented digital applications. China has been able to use existing technologies effectively and efficiently and has developed digital tools that can address a wide range of pandemic-related issues, reduce the impact of the crisis on ordinary citizens, and publish reliable statistics on the progress of the pandemic.

China developed and utilized sophisticated and unique datainformed disease control and surveillance approaches. Consequently, applied containment measures were effective, and the allocation of medical resources came at the right time and in the right place. Smartphone digital applications (e.g., WeChat and Alipay) have helped share medical information, trace people who may have contracted an infected individual, and determine individual exposure risk (displayed as a health code). All information has been updated daily on both the user’s and government’s

sides, leading to the rapid assignment and re-classification of pandemic containment priorities and prevention.

During the past two years, China has made massive progress in comprehending the nature of the disease and its impact. In addition, China has also analyzed its effects on both physical health and mental health.

In the early stages of the crisis, China’s national health commission (NHC) recognized the potential psychological impacts of Covid-19 on the population, particularly segments identified as more vulnerable. These psychological effects might manifest in different forms (e.g., anxiety, stress, irritability, depression, or even anger). Therefore, NHC addressed the psychological impact of this crisis by restructuring psychological services to divide the population into different groups ts according to their exposure to the pandemic. In addition, this service provides data that prioritize those in need of psychological or mental healthcare.

At the same time, medical staff on the front line of the battle against the Covid-19 pandemic show empathy to patients; treat them with tolerance; boost their confidence in their recovery by helping them stay positive amid adversity; and encourage them to cooperate with all aspects of treatment. The first aspect of achieving this was effectively disseminating Covid-19 related information through the media, including social media platforms, and using this information to increase public health awareness. The second aspect was improving the communication between medical staff and patients. The goal was to assist the latter in their recovery process.

NHC focused on the family’s role in dealing with mental health issues and the psychological consequences of the pandemic. Therefore, to support those in urgent need of help (whether patients or health care providers), NHC encouraged the creation of social work services networks run by families living in the communities. This action has highlighted the family as both a subject and a provider of mental health services. The alignment of the family and society order derives from the nurturing Chinese culture. The family is more important than the individual, and the whole society is considered one big family consisting of all members.

社會所有成員都為防止病毒傳播而付出努力。個人、社區(qū)、企業(yè)和公共部門都完全遵守政府的指導方針，如與集會和社交距離相關(guān)的限制，工作場所、公共區(qū)域和公共設(shè)施的消毒以及室內(nèi)的通風等。

中央政府與地方政府不斷幫助民眾提高對防控的認識，發(fā)布指導方針，鼓勵個人考慮健康的生活方式并養(yǎng)成良好的衛(wèi)生習慣。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，自愿遵守以及有凝聚力的社會對于改善集體福祉和促進民眾健康非常重要。

很明顯，中國在遏制疫情擴散方面已超越了世界其他國家，為通往新技術(shù)時代鋪平了道路。

我相信中國已經(jīng)徹底變革了數(shù)字應用。中國能夠有效且高效地利用現(xiàn)有技術(shù)并開發(fā)數(shù)字工具，解決疫情相關(guān)問題，減輕危機對普通民眾的影響，同時也時時發(fā)布關(guān)于疫情進展的可靠統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)。中國開發(fā)、利用了復雜又獨特的基于數(shù)據(jù)的疾病控制和監(jiān)測的方式。因此，防控措施得到了有效應用，醫(yī)療資源在合適的時間和地點得到了合理分配。比如，智能手機數(shù)字應用（如微信和支付寶）在分享醫(yī)療信息、追蹤密接者以及通過健康碼確定個人風險方面十分有效。用戶信息和政府數(shù)據(jù)每天都在更新，可使疫情防控重點能得到快速調(diào)整和重新分配。

疫情暴發(fā)兩年多來，中國已經(jīng)在了解研究疾病性質(zhì)及其帶來的身心健康影響方面取得了巨大進展。

在疫情危機的早期階段，中國國家衛(wèi)生健康委員會（簡稱“衛(wèi)健委”）認識到新冠肺炎疫情對人的潛在心理影響，特別是那些更脆弱的群體。這些心理影響可能會以不同形式表現(xiàn)出來（如焦慮、壓力、易怒、抑郁甚至憤怒），因此，根據(jù)人們接觸疫情的程度，衛(wèi)健委通過心理服務(wù)將他們分成不同組別，以此來應對這一危機帶來的心理影響。這項服務(wù)優(yōu)先提供給那些需要心理或精神保健的人。

與此同時，在抗擊新冠肺炎疫情前線的醫(yī)務(wù)人員要對感染者懷有同理心，寬容地對待他們，幫助他們在逆境中保持積極的態(tài)度，增強其康復信心，鼓勵他們配合治療的各個環(huán)節(jié)。實現(xiàn)這一目標的第一個要素是通過社交媒體平臺有效傳播新冠病毒和疫情相關(guān)的信息，并利用這些信息提高公眾健康意識；第二個要素是改善醫(yī)患關(guān)系，幫助患者盡快痊愈，并助其戰(zhàn)勝對疾病的恐懼。

衛(wèi)健委也關(guān)注家庭在處理心理健康問題和疫情心理疾病方面的作用。因此，為了支持那些迫切需要幫助的人（無論是病人還是心理健康服務(wù)提供者），衛(wèi)健委鼓勵創(chuàng)建由社區(qū)家庭進行管理的社會工作服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。事實上，這一舉動強調(diào)了家庭既是心理健康服務(wù)的受眾也是提供者。家庭和社會秩序的一致性源于中國文化的滋養(yǎng)。在這種文化中，家庭比個人更重要，整個社會被認為是一個由所有小家成員組成的大家庭。

團結(jié)一致、凝心聚力是中華民族的鮮明品質(zhì)。中國也因此得以有效地重新分配資源，并迅速部署國家力量，保證了疫情形勢嚴峻地區(qū)的醫(yī)務(wù)人員數(shù)量。因此，中國能夠迅速遏制和控制新冠病毒的大規(guī)模傳播。盡管許多省市都出現(xiàn)了確診病例，但中國仍能夠保持正常的生活節(jié)奏、恢復原有的生活活力，并維持常態(tài)的經(jīng)濟增長。

國際合作 共抗疫情

在國內(nèi)抗擊新冠肺炎疫情時，中國意識到各國不可能孤立地同新冠病毒作戰(zhàn)。因此，中國政府非常重視國家間的國際合作，共同對抗全人類的這一勁敵。中國政府認為，為實現(xiàn)每個公民和政府消滅病毒的共同目標，其最佳途徑是通過團結(jié)、互助、支持以及協(xié)調(diào)來實施有效的全球健康治理。

中國在全球范圍內(nèi)參與抗擊新冠肺炎疫情，包括積極與國際社會分享疫情有關(guān)的信息、參與疫苗研發(fā)的國際合作、向海外部署醫(yī)療專家小組、為不同國家的公共衛(wèi)生官員提供咨詢、為南亞國家提供中國研發(fā)的新冠疫苗、敦促國內(nèi)和國際非政府組織援助有需要的國家等。

盡管在疫情發(fā)生之初，中國自身的醫(yī)療物資也很匱乏，但他們?nèi)韵蛟S多國家，如意大利、西班牙、法國、印度和塞爾維亞等捐贈醫(yī)療物資。這些捐贈包括隔離中心的建筑材料、呼吸機、制氧機、醫(yī)用監(jiān)護儀、人工呼吸器、防護服和防護面罩等。

中國的貢獻還包括向世界衛(wèi)生組織慷慨解囊，并資助疫情嚴重的國家，尤其是發(fā)展中國家，幫助他們在疫情的影響下實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟與社會的復蘇。

This unity and cohesiveness are distinctive characteristics of the Chinese nation. That allowed China to efficiently reallocate its resources and swiftly deploy its national power to increase the number of doctors and health workers in areas experiencing difficult pandemic situations. Consequently, China was able to quickly contain and control the large-scale transmission of Covid-19. As a result, the country could resume normal life activities and functions and sustain its economic growth despite the emergence of confirmed cases in numerous cities and provinces.

While fighting Covid-19 domestically, China realized that countries couldn’t fight Covid-19 in isolation. Consequently, the Chinese government attached significant importance to international cooperation between countries in their fight against this common enemy of all humankind. The Chinese government believed that the best way to achieve the common goal of every citizen and the government (i.e., to exterminate the virus) was through solidarity, mutual help and support, and coordination to apply effective global health governance.

China’s global engagement in the fight against Covid-19 involved actively sharing information with the international community. In addition, China is actively participating in international cooperation in vaccine research and development, deploying medical expert teams overseas to advise public health officials in different countries. Furthermore, China gave South Asian countries access to Chinese-developed Covid-19 vaccines and pressed national and international non-governmental organizations to assist countries in need.

Despite their shortage of medical supplies at the beginning of the pandemic, the Chinese government placed high importance on donating medical supplies to different countries worldwide (e.g., Italy, Spain, France, India, and Serbia). The donations included construction materials for quarantine centers, ventilators and oxygen generators, medical monitors, respirators, protective suits, and face masks.

China’s contributions also included generously donating to the World Health Organization and funding severely affected countries to assist in their recovery from the economic and social impacts of the pandemic, in particular developing countries.

China has proved to the world that containment of the pandemic is possible quick and sustainable manner. The world could emerge stronger by acting and uniting together. From the adversity, a unique opportunity appears—as the old Chinese proverb goes, “A crisis is an opportunity riding a dangerous wind.” China’s approach to the Covid-19 crisis represented a massive leap for the future of humanity.

中國向柬埔寨無償援助的第八批新冠疫苗于2022年3月29日至30日陸續(xù)運抵金邊。圖為機場工人在柬埔寨金邊國際機場運輸中國援助的新冠疫苗（新華社 李萊 攝）

中國已經(jīng)向世界證明，疫情可以以可持續(xù)的方式得到控制，世界可以通過共同行動和團結(jié)一致而變得更加強大。如中國一句諺語所言，“危機亦是轉(zhuǎn)機”，逆境中也會出現(xiàn)難得的機會。中國應對新冠肺炎疫情的做法是面向人類未來的一次巨大飛躍。

在國家和國際層面，中國對疫情的管控進一步加深了我對“領(lǐng)導力”一詞的認知。事實上，這段經(jīng)歷讓我重新思考我對生活的理解、它所提供的機會以及藏身于黑暗之中的災難?！拔！币鉃槲ｋU，“機”代表機會。在意識到“危機”這個詞語由兩層含義組成之后，我的內(nèi)心力量被引導著去直面所有危機。“危機”一詞反映出無論危機有多嚴重，機會總是存在的，是能改善人們生活的，是通往非凡成就的。

我越發(fā)有這樣的感觸：恐懼要留給自己，勇氣和志向要與他人共享。另外，我還意識到，我要援以他人力量，以期他們能夠自力更生。我最具價值的收獲是傳播希望，最佳方式是溝通、合力、為集體利益而犧牲自我利益，是共面挑戰(zhàn)、是欣賞他人的成就、是相信人們的潛力與能力。成功的領(lǐng)導者是那些激勵、團結(jié)民眾，使其眾志成城、共克時艱的人。

The management of China against the pandemic at the national and international levels added further depth to the way I understand the word “l(fā)eadership.” As a matter of fact, this experience made me rethink my understanding of life, the opportunities it provided as well as the catastrophe it hid in its darkness. It helped me to channel my inner strength to face any crisis, especially after realizing that the word “crisis” in the Chinese language comes from two characters; “危,” which means danger, and “機” which means opportunity. The word “危機” reflects an opportunity to change and improve our lives. We can achieve extraordinary things with any crisis, regardless of its severity.

I have personally learned that I need to keep my fears to myself and share courage and aspiration with others. I have also known that I need to give and extend my strength to others in the hope that they will be able to stand on their own. The most valuable lesson I have learned is that the best way to be a supplier of hope is by communicating and connecting efforts and offering sacrifices for the greater good, sharing challenges and weaknesses, acknowledging others’ contributions, and believing in the potential and capacity of people. Finally, I have learned that successful leaders inspire people and bring them together to overcome the odds.