王銀星
在英語句子中,為了避免出現(xiàn)重復、為了有效突出文中的新信息、為了使文章中的上下文做到緊密連接而省略掉句子中的某些重復的句子成分,這種現(xiàn)象被稱為省略。高考試題對省略的考查,主要是對不定式中省略的考查、對狀語從句中省略的考查、對倒裝句中省略的考查。下面,筆者將結(jié)合實例談?wù)劇?/p>
易錯點1:不定式中的省略
①make,have等使役動詞與hear,see,watch,feel等感官動詞的后面跟不定式做賓語補足語的時候,to 被省略;但這些動詞用于被動語態(tài)的句子中時,或者動詞不定式在做主語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語等時,to不可以被省略。②to 在want,glad,hope,forget,intend, be afraid等后時,省略相同的部分時to被保留,但是若不定式的后面是be動詞或者是have done時,be動詞與have應(yīng)被保留。③在can’t help but, prefer to do, rather than,why not, do nothing but等結(jié)構(gòu)中to可被省略。
例1:Tom saw 10 fish swim happily in the small pond yesterday.
例2:10 fish was saw to swim happily in the small pond yesterday.
例3:Wang Hai’s parents encouraged Jerry to go to the forest alone, but Wang Hai was afraid to go.(改錯)
解析:刪除第二個go。but后面的句子補充完整是:but Wang Hai was afraid to go to the forest alone,畫線部分與考例中的部分相同,故可被省略。
例4:When a major natural disaster occurs, we do nothing but to accept it.(改錯)
解析:刪除but后面的to。句中有do nothing but do sth.結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)這個固定結(jié)構(gòu)的使用規(guī)則可知,應(yīng)刪除accept前面的to。
易錯點2:狀語從句中的省略
在till,if,when,though,while,as if,as soon as,as,unless等引導的狀語從句中,如果從句中的謂語是be動詞,而且從句的主語又與主句的主語相同時,或者從句的主語是it的時候,從句中的it和be動詞一同被省略。
例5:When (he was)in senior school, he often went to the lake in the east of the campus to recite English words.
例6:If (it is)necessary, Danny will tell you why he didn't go to school.
例7:Zhang Hong should stay where the leaders let him stay unless asking to come out.(改錯)
解析:asking改成asked。本句是省略句,補充完整為:Zhang Hong should stay where the leaders let him stay unless (Zhang Hong is)asked to go to other place.
易錯點3:倒裝句中的省略
①as在引導讓步狀語從句時,從句要用倒裝語序。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:名詞(形容詞、動詞原形、副詞、分詞)+as/though+主語+動詞。如果被提前的表語是名詞且名詞前有冠詞時,則需要省略冠詞,只把名詞置于句首。②在if引導的條件狀語從句中,若if引導的從句中有should,had或者were時,且這三個詞被置于句首時,引導詞if被省略,構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
例8:Try as Jack might all the ways he could think of, he still failed.
例9:Cornered as we were by the enemy, we still kept resisting.
例10:Had I money last Sunday, I would have lent it to him.=If I had money last Sunday, I would have lent it to him.
例11:A girl as she is, her courage is admirable.(改錯)
解析:去掉A。在as引導的讓步狀語從句中,被提前的“a girl”做表語,置于句首時應(yīng)去掉冠詞A。
總之,省略句中有各種各樣的易錯點,在解答相關(guān)的試題時,教師應(yīng)引導學生認真思考易錯點,避免落入命題人設(shè)置的陷阱中。