定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞which與that的用法辨析

周文倩

在英語(yǔ)中，關(guān)系代詞which與that均可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，兩者有時(shí)可以互換，但在某些情況下則不能互換。對(duì)此，筆者剖析了定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞which與that的用法，以期能夠幫助同學(xué)們牢固掌握，避免錯(cuò)用。

一、只用which的情形

（1）在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞是those，that等，且指物時(shí)，其后的關(guān)系代詞只能使用which，而不能用that。如：①A mall should keep a stock of thosegoods which sell best.商場(chǎng)應(yīng)備有暢銷(xiāo)商品的存貨。②She admired those which looked beautiful.她欣賞那些看起來(lái)很美的東西。③What is that which is in thebasket？籃子里的那個(gè)是什么？

（2）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前面出現(xiàn)介詞時(shí)，且指物時(shí)，那么關(guān)系代詞只能用which引導(dǎo)，而不能用that。如：①That is the house in which Luxun used to live.那是魯迅過(guò)去常住的房子。②This is the bike by which I usedto go to school.這就是我上學(xué)時(shí)經(jīng)常騎的自行車(chē)。③The speed with which it is catching up is breathtaking.中國(guó)奮起直追的速度是令人驚嘆的。

（3）當(dāng)句子中含有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，若一個(gè)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)時(shí)，另一個(gè)則不能再用that，而是用關(guān)系代詞which。如：①This is the umbrella that you bor-rowed which you have lost.這就是你借的那把已丟失的雨傘。②He bought a lot of books that could enrichhis knowledge and which could help to kill the time.他買(mǎi)了許多書(shū)，這些書(shū)可以豐富他的知識(shí)，幫助他消磨時(shí)間。

（4）在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞多用which引導(dǎo)，而不能用that。如：①She was often late to work，which contributed to her being dismissed.她經(jīng)常上班遲到，這導(dǎo)致她被解雇。②Beijing，which is the capi-tal of China， is the world's first city to host both theSummer and Winter Olympics。北京，中國(guó)的首都，是世界上第一個(gè)同時(shí)舉辦夏季和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)的城市。

二、只用that的情形

（l）當(dāng)先行詞是something，everything，anything，someone等復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that，而不能用which。如：①Everything that you need to know isin there.你需要知道的一切都在這了。②Is there any-thing that is beyond the boundary ofhuman knoWledge？有什么東西是超出人類(lèi)知識(shí)范圍的？

（2）當(dāng)先詞行前有the only，the very或no，much，1ittle，a11，few等詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)，而不能用which。如：①She gave me the very book that lwant to read.她給了我想讀的那本書(shū)。②I have said a11that l want to s ay.我想說(shuō)的都說(shuō)了。③There is littlemoney that he can spend on buying a car他沒(méi)有錢(qián)可以買(mǎi)車(chē)。

（3）當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that.而不用which。如：①I(mǎi)t was the firsttime that they had lived independently.那是她們第一次獨(dú)立生活.②This is the most moⅥng film that I have everseen.這是我看過(guò)的最感人的電影。

（4）當(dāng)先行詞既含有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that，而不用which。如：①The talked about the personsand things that they remembered in the old days.他們談?wù)摿擞洃浿羞^(guò)去的人和事。②The girl and the cat thatare in the plcture are very lovel y.照片中的女孩和貓非?？蓯?ài)。

【練一練】

①The writerhas witten qulte a few books now，____his teachers and parents didn't expect.

A.as B.that C.which D.ofwllich

②The wires____the macllines were connectedwere 01d.

A.that B.which C.withwllich D.what

③She took photos of the things and people一shewas interested in.

A.that B.which C.as D.what

④I can find no words

can express my gratitudetOyOU.

A.what B.as C.which D.that

【Keys】①C②C③A④D

總之，定語(yǔ)從句是高中英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn)，也是歷年高考的考查熱點(diǎn)之一。同學(xué)們要予以重視，準(zhǔn)確理解和掌握。

（作者單位：江蘇省鹽城中學(xué)）