王春亞
書面表達是考查考生綜合應用英語能力的必考題型。具體來說主要考查考生的要點提煉能力、遣詞造句能力、規(guī)范書寫能力、謀篇布局能力。分析高考英語書面表達評分標準中的第五檔(21-25分)的要求可知:除了要完成規(guī)定的寫作任務和覆蓋題中的所有要點外,還要求考生在寫作時多用高級詞匯,盡力使用較復雜的語法結構,有效地應用連接成分使上下文結構緊湊。針對這樣的要求,考生在寫作時應從以下三個方面著手。
技巧一:應用高級詞匯
一般來說,學生在小學階段、初中階段與高中一年級時,所學過的詞匯都是常用的詞匯,在高一年級之后學過的詞匯中的大部分詞匯是高級詞匯,即年級越高所學習的詞匯越高級。這就要求我們在平時的復習備考中,多用高年級學過的高級詞匯進行寫作。如,用到carefully時用with caution代替,用到very時用more than代替,用到important時用significant代替,用到most of時用the majority of代替,用到impos-sible時用out of question代替等。閱卷老師在閱卷時看到比較高級的詞匯時,會有耳目一新的感覺,從而給出高分。
例1: Tired of doing many exercises day and day,Mary realizes that she should improve the quality andefficiency of doing math problems.
改為:Fed up with doing many exercises day andday, Mary realizes that she should enhance the qualityand efficiency of doing math problems.
例2: As long as they stick to their ideals and nevergive up, they are sure to win.
改為:On condition that they hold on their idealstightly and never give up, they are bound to achieve tri-umph.
例3: We can help anyone at all times and hot cof-fee will be offered within 12 hours from 8:00 t0 20:00.
改為:We can assist anyone at all times and hot cof-fee is available within 12 hours from 8:00 t0 20:00.
分析上面的例子,可看出改寫后的句子顯得更高級一些,主要把一般性的常用詞替換成了高級詞匯或者固定搭配,如例1中的常見詞匯improve被替換成了高級詞匯enhance;例2中的常見的As long as被替換成了不常見的On condition that。
技巧二:使用復雜句式
高考英語書面表達第五檔評分標準要求考生盡量使用比較復雜的語法結構,這就告訴考生,在寫書面表達時,應多用語法結構復雜的句子,比如可用各種從句、強調句、倒裝句,還可以用插入語、非謂語動詞形式等。
例4: Zhang Hang saw three little girls, they arepicking up rubbish by the river,talking and laughing.
改為:Zhang Hang saw three little girls who arepicking up rubbish by the river,talking and laughing.
例5:A1though she had been taught 10 times,shesti11 couldn't operate the machine t001 for making preci-SiOn panS.
改為:Having been taught 10血1es,s11e stiU couldn'topemte the machine t001 fbr making precision parts.
例6:You will be able to s01ve that dif![icult physicsproblem only after you have mastered the problem-s01v—ing SkillS.
改為:0nly afcer you have mastered the problem—s01ving skills wi11 you be able to s01ve that dimcultphysics problem。
分析上面的例子可知:例4中,把兩個簡單句合并成了一個定語從句后,句子結構更緊湊。例5中,把讓步狀語從句改寫為非謂語動詞形式后,句子顯得更簡潔。例6中,改寫的句子把only引導的條件狀語從句置于句首時,主句中的主語與謂語進行倒裝,這樣改寫后讀起來更加自然流暢,句子結構更加平衡。
技巧三:運用過渡詞匯
考生在用高級詞匯、復雜的句式基本寫出書面表達的框架后,為了使句子與句子之間,段落與段落之間能夠銜接或過渡得更自然、表達得更連貫,進而使全文更緊湊,考生在寫作時應合理使用過渡性詞匯。比如,表并列或者遞進關系的詞匯有:and,also,in ad—dition to,as weU as,moreover,not only...but also…,further more,what's worse/more等;表順序的詞匯有:now,bef-ore,then,earlier,after,firstly,aRerwards,1ater,secondly,to begin with等;表轉折關系的詞匯有:but,however,yet,on the contrary,on the otherhand,in spite of等;表因果關系的詞匯有:because,so,therefore,since,as a result,thanks to,due to,othenⅣise等;表解釋說明或列舉事實的詞匯有:for ex.ample,that is to say,such as,as f0110ws,take…for ex一鋤ple,as f0110ws等;表陳述作者觀點的詞匯有:in myopinion,persona11y speaking,as f-ar as I'm concemed,from my point of view等;表總結的詞匯有:finally,inconclusion, at last, in brief, in general, to sum up, inshort,on the whole等。
例7: In addition t0 55 positive comments, 31workers' views were either neutral, mixed, negative,or even missed the question.
例8: At that time, they didn't expect danger. Af-terwards,they trembled with fear.
例9:n's not a problem at all. On the other hand, it'sa great honor to help you and your mother.
例10: His admission to the ideal university islargely due to her efforts day and night.
分析上面的例子可知:例7中使用了in addition to意為“另外,除……之外”,例8中使用了afterwards意為“之后,然后”,例9中使用了on the other hand意為“(從)另一方面(來說)”,例10中使用了due to意為“由于”。這些過渡性詞匯的使用,使句子之間銜接更自然、更緊湊,更有層次性。
總之,要想寫出高水平的英語書面表達,進而獲得高分,考生不僅需要寫清寫全寫作要點,而且需要多應用高級詞匯、復雜語法結構進行寫作。在寫作的過程中要根據(jù)上下文的語境和結構需要,合理應用過渡性詞匯,使所寫的文章邏輯清楚、結構合理、層次分明。
(作者單位:甘肅省靖遠縣第一中學)