Old Town of Lijiang 麗江古城

許林玉

麗江古城位于中國(guó)云南省麗江市，始建于宋末元初。麗江擁有古老的城市供水系統(tǒng)，這一系統(tǒng)依山就勢(shì)、縱橫交錯(cuò)，至今仍在有效地發(fā)揮作用。這座高原之上的古城呈現(xiàn)出一派家家淌清泉、戶戶垂青柳的水鄉(xiāng)景觀。作為古城風(fēng)貌整體保存完好的典范，1997 年，麗江古城被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。

The Old Town of Lijiang is located on the Lijiang plain in southwestYunnan， China. It is perfectly adapted to the uneven topography of thiskey commercial and strategic site， and has remained a historic townscape of high quality and authenticity. Its architecture is famous for the blending of elements from several cultures that have come together over many centuries. Lijiang also 1） possesses an ancient water-supply system of great complexity and ingenuity that still functions effectively today.

The Old Town of Lijiang is made up of three parts： Dayan Old Town （including the Black Dragon Pond）， Baisha and Shuhe housing clusters . DayanOld Town was setupin theMingDynasty as a commercial centre. Large numbers of two-storeyed， tile-roofed， timber- framed houses 2）combining elements of Han and Zang architecture and decoration in the arched gateways， screen walls， courtyards and carved roof beams are symbols of the Naxi culture and are disposed in rows following the contours of the mountainside. Wooden elements are finely carved with domestic and cultural elements—pottery， musical instruments，flowers and birds.

The Baisha housing cluster， built earlier during the Song and YuanDynasties， is located 8km north of the Dayan Old Town . Houses here are 3）arranged on a north-south axis around a central， terraced square. Together with the Shuhe housing cluster located 4km north-west of Dayan Old Town， these settlements in mountains and surrounded by water 4）relect the blend of local cultures， folk customs and traditions overseveral centuries.

The three parts of the Old Town of Lijiang fully reflect the social，economic and cultural features of the different periods， following thenatural topography of mountains and water sources to form an outstandingsettlement combining the residential traditions of Naxi， Han， Bai andTibetan people.

The Old Town of Lijiang has 5）integrated the mountains， rivers， trees and architecture to create a human habitat featuring the harmonious unity between man and nature. With mountain ranges as the protective screen in the north and the vast plains in the east and south， the Old Town enjoys a perfect geometrical relationship and ecological layout. A forked water system originates from the snow-capped mountain and runs through the villages and the farmland. Heilong Pool and the scattered wells and springs constitute a complete water system， meeting the needs for fire prevention， daily life and production in the town. Water plays an important role in the Old Towns unique architectural style， urban layout and landscape as the main street and small alleys front onto the canals and some buildings and numerous bridges are constructed across the canals. As an excellent example of human habitat showing a 6）harmony betweenman and nature， the Old Town is also a remarkable example of human'screativity in land use.

From the 12th century onward， the Old Town of Lijiang was an important goods distribution center for trade between Sichuan， Yunnan and Tibet， and is where the Silk Road in the south joins the Ancient Chama （Tea and Horse） Roads. The Old Town of Lijiang became an important center for the economic and cultural communication between different ethnic groups such as the Naxi， Han， Bai and Tibetan. Cultural and technological exchanges over the past 800 years resulted in the unique local architecture， art， urban planning and landscape， social life， customs， arts and crafts and other cultural features which incorporate the 7）essence of Han， Bai， Tibetan and other ethnic groups， and at the same time show distinctive Naxi features.

麗江古城位于中國(guó)云南省西南部的麗江壩子，它將經(jīng)濟(jì)和戰(zhàn)略重地與崎嶇的地勢(shì)巧妙地融合在一起，真實(shí)、完美地保存了城市景觀。古城的建筑歷經(jīng)數(shù)百年的洗禮，因融匯了各民族的文化特色而聲名遠(yuǎn)播。麗江還擁有古老的供水系統(tǒng)，這一系統(tǒng)縱橫交錯(cuò)、精巧獨(dú)特，至今仍在有效地發(fā)揮作用。

麗江古城由大研古城（包括黑龍?zhí)叮?、白沙民居建筑群和束河民居建筑群三個(gè)部分組成。大研古城建于明代，是當(dāng)時(shí)的商業(yè)中心。城內(nèi)兩層瓦頂木質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)房屋眾多，依山腰輪廓排列。它們結(jié)合了漢、藏建筑元素，與拱門(mén)、照壁、庭院和雕梁畫(huà)棟的裝飾一道，融合成為納西文化的符號(hào)。木質(zhì)構(gòu)件上精心雕琢著家居和文化元素，如陶器、樂(lè)器和花鳥(niǎo)。

白沙民居建筑群修建于宋元早期，位于大研古城以北 8 千米處。這里的房屋以階梯狀方形廣場(chǎng)為中心，分布于一條南北走向的軸線上。和位于大研古城西北 4 千米處的束河民居建筑群一樣，這些依山傍水的聚落體現(xiàn)了數(shù)百年來(lái)當(dāng)?shù)匚幕?、民俗和傳統(tǒng)的交融。

麗江古城的三大組成部分順應(yīng)山川和水源地的自然地貌，充分展現(xiàn)了不同時(shí)期的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化特點(diǎn)，形成了一個(gè)融納西、漢、白、藏等民族民居傳統(tǒng)為一體的聚落。

麗江古城將山川、河流、樹(shù)木、建筑融為一體，營(yíng)造出人與自然和諧統(tǒng)一的人居環(huán)境。古城北以綿延的山脈為屏障，東、南則以廣袤的壩子為屏障，構(gòu)造出良好的幾何關(guān)系和生態(tài)布局。發(fā)源于雪山的分叉水系，流經(jīng)每一片村莊和農(nóng)田。黑龍?zhí)杜c星羅棋布的水井和泉水構(gòu)成了完整的水系，可滿足古城消防、生活和生產(chǎn)的用水需求。水在老城區(qū)獨(dú)特的建筑風(fēng)格、城市布局和景觀中占有重要的地位。無(wú)論主街還是小巷，均面朝運(yùn)河，還有一些建筑和眾多橋梁橫跨其上。麗江古城是人類與自然和諧共處的人類生境典范，也是人類創(chuàng)造性利用土地的典型例子。

自 12 世紀(jì)以來(lái)，麗江古城一直是川、滇、藏貿(mào)易的重要貨物集散地，也是南方絲綢之路與茶馬古道的交會(huì)處。麗江古城因此成為納西、漢、白、藏等各民族經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流的重要中心。800 多年的文化和科技交流，以及漢、白、藏等民族精髓的融合，形成了當(dāng)?shù)鬲?dú)特的建筑、藝術(shù)、城市規(guī)劃、景觀、社會(huì)生活、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、工藝美術(shù)和其他文化特色，同時(shí)呈現(xiàn)出鮮明的納西族特色。