張穎驍,張梓楊,宋龍飛,2,李曉剛
Ti80合金及其熱模擬組織在含氟模擬海水中的力學(xué)電化學(xué)行為研究
張穎驍1a,張梓楊1a,宋龍飛1a,2,李曉剛1
(1.北京科技大學(xué) a.新材料技術(shù)研究院 b.“腐蝕與防護(hù)”教育部國(guó)防科技重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100083;2.廣州大學(xué) 化學(xué)化工學(xué)院,廣州 510006)
研究應(yīng)變、環(huán)境、組織對(duì)Ti80合金在含氟海水中電化學(xué)行為的影響,為海洋工程裝備的安全服役提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。使用熱處理的方式模擬Ti80合金焊接熱影響區(qū)組織,并通過(guò)拉伸機(jī)加載至不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài),進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線的測(cè)試,最后通過(guò)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí),挖掘應(yīng)變、環(huán)境、組織與電化學(xué)行為的關(guān)系。在添加和不添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水(pH=2)中,開(kāi)路電位隨應(yīng)變的增加而負(fù)移。在添加0.01 mol/L F–的模擬海水中,應(yīng)變對(duì)開(kāi)路電位沒(méi)有明顯影響,應(yīng)變?cè)黾诱w上提高維鈍電流密度。受應(yīng)變影響最大的是添加0.01 mol/L F–模擬海水中的1 500 ℃熱模擬組織,其最大應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下維鈍電流密度是無(wú)應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的3倍左右。陰極塔菲爾斜率最大值出現(xiàn)在屈服點(diǎn)附近。F–濃度增加顯著提高維鈍電流密度。決策樹(shù)和梯度提升樹(shù)算法預(yù)測(cè)極化曲線電流值較為準(zhǔn)確,隨機(jī)森林算法的準(zhǔn)確度較差。塑性變形顯著提高Ti80在模擬海水中的電化學(xué)活性,而彈性變形的影響并不明顯。F–濃度增加顯著提高電化學(xué)活性。決策樹(shù)和梯度提升樹(shù)算法預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確度高于隨機(jī)森林算法。在相對(duì)重要性對(duì)比中,F(xiàn)–濃度對(duì)電化學(xué)行為的影響最大,應(yīng)變狀態(tài)次之,組織的影響最小。
Ti80合金;力學(xué)電化學(xué);機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)
近年來(lái),隨著海洋資源的開(kāi)發(fā),對(duì)海洋工程裝備的性能和安全提出了更高的要求[1]。鈦及其合金質(zhì)輕、高強(qiáng)、耐蝕,是海工裝備的理想材料[2-4],其中Ti80合金由于更高的比強(qiáng)度和良好的焊接性能在工程結(jié)構(gòu)材料中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用[5-6]。鈦合金表面致密的氧化膜使其具有優(yōu)異的耐蝕性[7],然而環(huán)境中的氟離子濃度、應(yīng)力應(yīng)變狀態(tài)、焊接熱輸入導(dǎo)致的組織劣化都可能使這層氧化膜失效,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致鈦合金面臨嚴(yán)重的腐蝕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[8-13]。
應(yīng)力應(yīng)變可改變晶格中原子間距,改變鈍化膜半導(dǎo)體特性,也可形成位錯(cuò)、層錯(cuò)等缺陷,為陰陽(yáng)極反應(yīng)提供活性位點(diǎn),從而影響材料的電化學(xué)行為[18-20]。Cui等[10]研究了塑性變形對(duì)X70管線鋼在近中性pH環(huán)境中電化學(xué)的影響,塑性變形增加了電極表面粗糙度,使得電化學(xué)活性增加,尤其是陰極反應(yīng)受到明顯促進(jìn)作用。Jandaghi等[21]的研究表明,Al-Mn-Si合金的強(qiáng)烈變形導(dǎo)致晶粒細(xì)化,加速了其在NaCl溶液中的腐蝕。Krawiec等[11]的研究表明,陰極反應(yīng)優(yōu)先發(fā)生在表面缺陷處,塑性變形產(chǎn)生的滑移帶導(dǎo)致陰極電流增加。Li等[22]的研究結(jié)果表明,塑性變形可增加TC2在模擬海水中的電化學(xué)活性,降低其耐蝕性。
金屬材料在使用中經(jīng)常需要焊接,而焊接熱影響區(qū)的組織、力學(xué)性能、電化學(xué)特性與母材有很大差異[23-24]。Or?owska等[25]的研究結(jié)果表明,鋁合金攪拌摩擦焊樣品中,熱影響區(qū)組織比母材更耐蝕。Ma等[26]研究了E690鋼焊接接頭在含SO2海洋大氣環(huán)境中的電化學(xué)行為,結(jié)果表明,臨界熱影響區(qū)的腐蝕電流遠(yuǎn)高于其他區(qū)域。
氟離子濃度、應(yīng)力應(yīng)變狀態(tài)、焊接過(guò)程中的熱輸入都是鈦合金電化學(xué)行為的重要影響因素。然而Ti80合金作為一種新型鈦合金,近幾年才得到關(guān)注,研究?jī)?nèi)容多集中在組織和力學(xué)性能調(diào)控,關(guān)注其電化學(xué)行為的研究較少。隨著Ti80在海工裝備中的廣泛應(yīng)用,其在苛刻服役環(huán)境下面臨的腐蝕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)理應(yīng)受到重視。
電化學(xué)技術(shù)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于材料的腐蝕行為研究,但電化學(xué)試驗(yàn)費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力,同時(shí)由于試驗(yàn)條件的局限性,一旦研究條件有所變化,就需要重新進(jìn)行試 驗(yàn)[27-30]。通過(guò)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí),建立電化學(xué)回歸模型,預(yù)測(cè)多種條件下的電化學(xué)數(shù)據(jù),可降低研究成本,提高材料開(kāi)發(fā)、設(shè)計(jì)效率[31-32]。在這方面已有許多研究。Gong等[33]在Python的scikit-learn模塊使用多種算法構(gòu)建了極化曲線和阻抗譜,結(jié)果表明,隨機(jī)森林的預(yù)測(cè)效果最好,輸入權(quán)重分析結(jié)果和傳統(tǒng)電化學(xué)結(jié)果一致。Pei等[34]比較了隨機(jī)森林、人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和支持向量回歸模型對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)瞬時(shí)大氣腐蝕的準(zhǔn)確性,結(jié)果表明,隨機(jī)森林模型的精度更高。Yang等[35]通過(guò)腐蝕大數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)闡明了Cr元素對(duì)耐候鋼耐蝕性能的動(dòng)態(tài)影響,該過(guò)程同時(shí)受環(huán)境因素和銹層反應(yīng)的影響。這些研究充分證明了使用大數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)分析腐蝕和電化學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)的先進(jìn)性和必要性,然而通過(guò)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)研究Ti80電化學(xué)行為的結(jié)果尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。
本文通過(guò)熱處理的方式制備了Ti80合金的熱模擬組織,在不同F(xiàn)–濃度的模擬海水中,對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金及其熱模擬組織進(jìn)行電化學(xué)測(cè)試,并通過(guò)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)方法,挖掘應(yīng)變、環(huán)境、組織與電化學(xué)行為的關(guān)系,為保障海洋工程裝備安全服役提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。
所用材料為T(mén)i80合金,其化學(xué)成分見(jiàn)表1。使用熱處理的方式模擬焊接熱影響區(qū)組織,根據(jù)Su等[36]的研究結(jié)果,Ti80合金在831 ℃開(kāi)始β轉(zhuǎn)變,在1 011 ℃轉(zhuǎn)變結(jié)束。同時(shí),根據(jù)Ti-Al相圖[37],Ti80的熔點(diǎn)在1 700 ℃附近,將熱處理溫度選在900、1 500 ℃。將Ti80合金分別置于900 ℃和1 500 ℃的爐內(nèi)保溫 5 min,隨后取出空冷至室溫,所得組織分別稱(chēng)為900 ℃熱模擬組織和1 500 ℃熱模擬組織。900、1 500 ℃的選擇是從受熱溫度區(qū)間出發(fā)考慮的,并非有針對(duì)性地模擬某一特定區(qū)域的組織。熱影響區(qū)由原始的母材組織受到短時(shí)高溫?zé)釠_擊后形成,而根據(jù)焊接接頭形態(tài),熱量由焊縫一側(cè)單向輸入,因此在熱影響區(qū)中距離焊縫中心距離越遠(yuǎn)的位置,受到的熱沖擊溫度越低,整個(gè)熱影響區(qū)受到的熱沖擊溫度區(qū)間將覆蓋831~1 700 ℃。根據(jù)這個(gè)規(guī)律,選取了接近該溫度區(qū)間兩端的數(shù)值作為熱處理溫度,用以模擬對(duì)應(yīng)位置處的組織。
表1 Ti80合金的化學(xué)成分
Tab.1 Element compositions of Ti80 alloy wt.%
所用溶液為ASTM D1141-98(2013)模擬海水。由于應(yīng)力腐蝕裂紋尖端[38]、裝配產(chǎn)生的縫隙內(nèi)部[39]、海生物和微生物膜的附著[40]導(dǎo)致局部環(huán)境與整體的差異,其中以陽(yáng)極溶解產(chǎn)生金屬陽(yáng)離子水解而導(dǎo)致環(huán)境酸化為主。因此,本文中的模擬海水使用鹽酸將pH值調(diào)至2,加上近海工業(yè)污染的影響[9,14-15],另外向其中加入不同質(zhì)量的NaF,使其F–濃度分別增加0.001、0.01 mol/L。
3種組織經(jīng)電火花線切割至圖1中的試樣尺寸,用碳化硅砂紙逐級(jí)打磨至2000目,之后用丙酮、酒精超聲清洗,并吹干待用。試樣端部焊接銅導(dǎo)線后作為工作電極,使用704硅橡膠按圖1所示位置將其封裝在試樣盒中,其工作面積為0.3 cm2。飽和甘汞電極(SCE)和Pt片也按圖1所示位置固定,SCE電極底部、Pt片中心和工作電極暴露面中心在同一水平線上。
2.4.1 加強(qiáng)傳統(tǒng)美德教育?!鞍偕菩橄取?。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展、新思想新觀念的傳入,使得中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德越來(lái)越被人淡忘和不重視,年輕人工作之后對(duì)自己的父母不盡孝道,不贍養(yǎng)老人,家庭養(yǎng)老功能弱化,道德制約始終不能像法律制約一樣有效,無(wú)法給予不盡贍養(yǎng)義務(wù)的子女一定的處罰,贍養(yǎng)老人得不到重視。針對(duì)此,要加強(qiáng)孝文化的宣傳,通過(guò)電視、廣播、報(bào)紙、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等多種渠道進(jìn)行孝文化建設(shè),讓人充斥在孝文化氛圍濃厚的環(huán)境中,潛移默化地影響人們的觀念。最重要的是,要加大學(xué)校及社會(huì)各界對(duì)青少年的思想教育,養(yǎng)成孝敬父母、老師、長(zhǎng)輩的好習(xí)慣[4]。
測(cè)試開(kāi)始前,使用WDML-30 kN型拉伸機(jī)以10–6s–1的應(yīng)變速率將工作電極加載至不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài),3種材料對(duì)應(yīng)的應(yīng)變狀態(tài)如圖2所示。當(dāng)加載至預(yù)定的應(yīng)變狀態(tài)后,向裝置中倒入溶液,進(jìn)行后續(xù)的力學(xué)–電化學(xué)測(cè)試。
電化學(xué)工作站采用科斯特CS350H,試驗(yàn)采用三電極體系,輔助電極為鉑片,參比電極為飽和甘汞電極。由于鈦合金在空氣中能自發(fā)鈍化,在表面形成氧化膜,空氣濕度、溫度、放置時(shí)間都能對(duì)其產(chǎn)生影響。這導(dǎo)致試驗(yàn)開(kāi)始時(shí)工作電極表面狀態(tài)存在偏差,通過(guò)陰極極化可以消除這種偏差[7,9,41-43]。測(cè)試時(shí),先在–1.2 V(vs. SCE)極化120 s,以除去電極表面的氧化膜,再進(jìn)行1 h的開(kāi)路電位測(cè)試。動(dòng)電位極化曲線測(cè)試的掃描范圍為–0.5 V(vs. OCP)~6 V(vs. SCE),掃描速率為1 mV/s。
圖1 試樣尺寸和裝置
圖2 不同組織對(duì)應(yīng)的應(yīng)變狀態(tài)
使用美林?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)技術(shù)股份有限公司的Tempo大數(shù)據(jù)分析平臺(tái)進(jìn)行機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí),將1.3小節(jié)中測(cè)得的極化曲線數(shù)據(jù)作為數(shù)據(jù)集訓(xùn)練模型,挖掘材料、環(huán)境、應(yīng)變、電位與電流的關(guān)系。由于數(shù)據(jù)量龐大,為節(jié)約運(yùn)算時(shí)間,降低學(xué)習(xí)難度,在訓(xùn)練前對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)集進(jìn)行預(yù)處理:保留極化曲線測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)電流的正負(fù)號(hào);以每條極化曲線的自腐蝕電位為中心,每隔100 mV提取1個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)。選用決策樹(shù)、隨機(jī)森林、梯度提升樹(shù)3種模型進(jìn)行機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí),評(píng)估預(yù)測(cè)值和真實(shí)值的差異,并提取各變量的相對(duì)重要性。
對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材在未添加F–的模擬海水(pH=2)中進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線測(cè)試,結(jié)果如圖3所示。在圖3a中,不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下,Ti80合金母材的開(kāi)路電位隨時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)逐漸正移。在前250 s,電位迅速升高;250 s后,電位趨于穩(wěn)定。在相同測(cè)試時(shí)間條件下,應(yīng)變?cè)酱?,開(kāi)路電位越低。這表明Ti80合金母材在未添加F–的模擬海水中可迅速達(dá)到并維持穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),同時(shí)應(yīng)變導(dǎo)致開(kāi)路電位負(fù)移。在圖3b中,各應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材呈現(xiàn)活化–鈍化特性,并且可以保持鈍化狀態(tài)。在測(cè)試范圍內(nèi)(6 V,vs. SCE),沒(méi)有觀察到破鈍電位,相關(guān)動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表2。由于鈦合金表現(xiàn)出的鈍化特性,自然狀態(tài)下其陽(yáng)極處于鈍化區(qū),偏離了Tafel斜率描述的活化狀態(tài),因此對(duì)于陽(yáng)極反應(yīng)特征的描述通常使用維鈍電流密度和破鈍電位,而不使用陽(yáng)極Tafel斜率。根據(jù)表2可知,應(yīng)變對(duì)于Ti80合金母材在未添加F–模擬海水中極化曲線的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)影響并非單調(diào)的??傮w上,塑性變形條件下的自腐蝕電位低于彈性變形條件下。8%應(yīng)變條件下的維鈍電流密度最大,為14.3 μA/cm2,這一值與其他材料或環(huán)境相比,仍舊很小[40,44-45]。同時(shí),各應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的維鈍電流密度較為接近,說(shuō)明應(yīng)變對(duì)Ti80在未添加F–模擬海水中維鈍電流密度的影響并不顯著。陰極塔菲爾斜率隨應(yīng)變的增大先增大、后減小,最大值出現(xiàn)在0.16%應(yīng)變條件下。
圖3 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材在未添加F–的模擬海水(pH=2)中的電化學(xué)行為
表2 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材在未添加F–的模擬海水中極化曲線的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
Tab.2 Fitting parameters of potentiodynamic curves for Ti80 alloy base metal under different strain states in simulated seawater without F–addition
對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材在添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水中進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線測(cè)試,結(jié)果如圖4所示。在圖4a中,不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下,Ti80合金母材的開(kāi)路電位隨時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)負(fù)移至某一值后趨于穩(wěn)定,應(yīng)變?cè)酱?,開(kāi)路電位越低。8%應(yīng)變條件下,開(kāi)路電位最負(fù),其值為–810.0 mV(vs. SCE),遠(yuǎn)低于不添加F–的海水條件下的開(kāi)路電位。其余應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的開(kāi)路電位較為接近。在圖4b中,各應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材呈現(xiàn)活化–鈍化特性,并且可以保持鈍化狀態(tài),在測(cè)試范圍內(nèi)(6 V,vs. SCE)沒(méi)有觀察到破鈍電位,相關(guān)動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表3。根據(jù)表3可知,應(yīng)變促進(jìn)自腐蝕電位負(fù)移,對(duì)于維鈍電流密度的影響不大,8%應(yīng)變條件下的維鈍電流密度最大,為46.8 μA/cm2。陰極塔菲爾斜率隨應(yīng)變的增大先增大、后減小,最大值出現(xiàn)在2%應(yīng)變條件下。
圖4 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材在添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水中的電化學(xué)行為
對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材在添加0.01 mol/L F–的模擬海水中進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線測(cè)試,結(jié)果如圖5所示。在圖5a中,不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材開(kāi)路電位在極短時(shí)間內(nèi)負(fù)移至–900 mV附近,隨后逐漸正移至–800 mV附近,并且在前1 000 s范圍內(nèi)伴隨有劇烈的電位波動(dòng),這可能對(duì)應(yīng)著點(diǎn)蝕的萌生或鈍化膜的破壞。在圖5b中,各應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材呈現(xiàn)活化–鈍化特性,并且可以保持鈍化狀態(tài),在測(cè)試范圍內(nèi)沒(méi)有觀察到破鈍電位,相關(guān)動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表4。根據(jù)表4可知,應(yīng)變對(duì)Ti80合金母材在添加0.01 mol/L F–模擬海水中的自腐蝕電位的影響不大。塑性變形條件下的維鈍電流密度高于彈性變形條件,6%應(yīng)變條件下的維鈍電流密度最大,為197.2 μA/cm2,遠(yuǎn)高于未添加和添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水條件。陰極塔菲爾斜率隨應(yīng)變的增大先增大、后減小,最大值出現(xiàn)在0.2%應(yīng)變條件下。
表3 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材在添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水中極化曲線的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
Tab.3 Fitting parameters of potentiodynamic curves for Ti80 alloy base metal under different strain states in simulated seawater with the addition of 0.001 mol/L F–
圖5 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材在添加0.01 mol/L F–模擬海水中的電化學(xué)行為
對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的900 ℃熱模擬組織在未添加F–的模擬海水中進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線測(cè)試,結(jié)果如圖6所示。在圖6a中,不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下,900 ℃熱模擬組織的開(kāi)路電位隨時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)逐漸正移。在前250 s時(shí),電位迅速升高;250 s后,電位升高速率減緩;測(cè)試1 h后,開(kāi)路電位隨應(yīng)變的增加而降低。這表明900 ℃熱模擬組織在未添加F–的模擬海水中可維持穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),同時(shí)應(yīng)變導(dǎo)致開(kāi)路電位負(fù)移。在圖6b中,各應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的900 ℃熱模擬組織呈現(xiàn)活化–鈍化特性,并且可以保持鈍化狀態(tài),在測(cè)試范圍內(nèi)沒(méi)有觀察到破鈍電位,相關(guān)動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表5。根據(jù)表5可知,應(yīng)變對(duì)自腐蝕電位的影響較為復(fù)雜,這是由陰陽(yáng)極反應(yīng)共同作用的結(jié)果。維鈍電流密度隨應(yīng)變的增大而增大,8%應(yīng)變條件下的維鈍電流密度最大,為17.7 μA/cm2,大約是無(wú)應(yīng)變條件下維鈍電流密度的2倍。陰極塔菲爾斜率隨應(yīng)變的增大先增大、后減小,最大值出現(xiàn)在0.2%應(yīng)變條件下。
表4 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金母材在添加0.01 mol/L F–的模擬海水中極化曲線的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
Tab.4 Fitting parameters of potentiodynamic curves for Ti80 alloy base metal under different strain states in simulated seawater with the addition of 0.01 mol/L F–
圖6 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金900 ℃熱模擬組織在不添加F–模擬海水中的電化學(xué)行為
表5 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金900 ℃熱模擬組織在未添加F–的模擬海水中極化曲線的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
Tab.5 Fitting parameters of potentiodynamic curves for 900 ℃ simulated Ti80 microstructure under different strain states in simulated seawater without F– addition
對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的900 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水中進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線測(cè)試,結(jié)果如圖7所示。在圖7a中,不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下,900 ℃熱模擬組織的開(kāi)路電位隨時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)逐漸正移。其中,前250 s電位迅速升高,250 s后電位升高速率減緩,測(cè)試1 h后,開(kāi)路電位隨應(yīng)變的增加而降低。在圖7b中,各應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的900 ℃熱模擬組織呈現(xiàn)活化–鈍化特性,并且可以保持鈍化狀態(tài),在測(cè)試范圍內(nèi)沒(méi)有觀察到破鈍電位,相關(guān)動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表6。根據(jù)表6可知,應(yīng)變對(duì)自腐蝕電位的影響較為復(fù)雜,這是由陰陽(yáng)極反應(yīng)共同作用的結(jié)果。應(yīng)變?cè)黾訉?dǎo)致維鈍電流密度增大,8%應(yīng)變條件下的維鈍電流密度最大,為26.1 μA/cm2,大約是無(wú)應(yīng)變條件下維鈍電流密度的3倍。陰極塔菲爾斜率隨應(yīng)變的增大先增大、后減小,最大值出現(xiàn)在0.2%應(yīng)變條件下。
圖7 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金900 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水中的電化學(xué)行為
表6 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金900 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水中極化曲線的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
Tab.6 Fitting parameters of potentiodynamic curves for 900 ℃ simulated Ti80 microstructure under different strain states in simulated seawater with the addition of 0.001 mol/L F–
對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的900 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.01 mol/L F–的模擬海水中進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線測(cè)試,結(jié)果如圖8所示。在圖8a中,有應(yīng)變的900 ℃熱模擬組織,開(kāi)路電位在極短時(shí)間內(nèi)負(fù)移至–900 mV附近,隨后逐漸正移至–760 mV附近,這對(duì)應(yīng)著表面鈍化膜的破壞–再生過(guò)程;無(wú)應(yīng)變的900 ℃熱模擬組織,開(kāi)路電位先正移至–509 mV,之后迅速負(fù)移至–780 mV,最后逐漸正移至–740 mV。兩者的差異表明,應(yīng)變可促進(jìn)表面鈍化膜的破壞。在圖8b中,各應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的900 ℃熱模擬組織呈現(xiàn)活化–鈍化特性,并且可以保持鈍化狀態(tài),在測(cè)試范圍內(nèi)沒(méi)有觀察到破鈍電位,相關(guān)動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表7。根據(jù)表7可知,應(yīng)變整體上促進(jìn)自腐蝕電位負(fù)移,維鈍電流密度增加。8%應(yīng)變條件下的維鈍電流密度最大,為127.4 μA/cm2,遠(yuǎn)高于未添加和添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水條件,卻明顯低于Ti80合金在添加0.01 mol/L F–的模擬海水條件下的維鈍電流密度。不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的陰極塔菲爾斜率十分接近,整體上呈現(xiàn)隨應(yīng)變的增大先增大、后減小的趨勢(shì),最大值出現(xiàn)在0.2%應(yīng)變條件下。
圖8 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金900 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.01 mol/L F–模擬海水中的電化學(xué)行為
表7 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金900 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.01 mol/L F–的模擬海水中極化曲線的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
Tab.7 Fitting parameters of potentiodynamic curves for 900 ℃ simulated Ti80 microstructure under different strain states in simulated seawater with the addition of 0.01 mol/L F–
對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的1 500 ℃熱模擬組織在未添加F–的模擬海水中進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線測(cè)試,結(jié)果如圖9所示。在圖9a中,不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下,900 ℃熱模擬組織的開(kāi)路電位隨時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)逐漸正移。前250 s電位迅速升高,250 s后電位升高速率減緩,測(cè)試1 h后,開(kāi)路電位隨應(yīng)變的增加而降低。這表明 1 500 ℃熱模擬組織在未添加F–的模擬海水中可維持穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),同時(shí)應(yīng)變導(dǎo)致開(kāi)路電位負(fù)移。在圖9b中,各應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的1 500 ℃熱模擬組織呈現(xiàn)活化–鈍化特性,并且可以保持鈍化狀態(tài),在測(cè)試范圍內(nèi)沒(méi)有觀察到破鈍電位,相關(guān)動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表8。根據(jù)表8可知,應(yīng)變促進(jìn)自腐蝕電位負(fù)移,維鈍電流密度增加,陰極塔菲爾斜率增加。8%應(yīng)變條件下的維鈍電流密度最大,為9.8 μA/cm2,大約是無(wú)應(yīng)變條件下維鈍電流密度的2倍。陰極塔菲爾斜率增加表明,同等過(guò)電位條件下,陰極電流密度減小,即應(yīng)變抑制陰極反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行。
圖9 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金1 500 ℃熱模擬組織在未添加F–模擬海水中的電化學(xué)行為
對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的1 500 ℃熱模擬組織在含0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水中進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線測(cè)試,結(jié)果如圖10所示。在圖10a中,不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下,1 500 ℃熱模擬組織的開(kāi)路電位隨時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)逐漸正移。前250 s電位迅速升高,250 s后電位升高速率減緩,測(cè)試1 h后,開(kāi)路電位隨應(yīng)變?cè)黾佣档汀T趫D10b中,各應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的1 500 ℃熱模擬組織呈現(xiàn)活化–鈍化特性,并且可以保持鈍化狀態(tài),在測(cè)試范圍內(nèi)沒(méi)有觀察到破鈍電位,相關(guān)動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表9。根據(jù)表9可知,應(yīng)變促進(jìn)自腐蝕電位負(fù)移、維鈍電流密度增加。2%應(yīng)變條件下的維鈍電流密度最大,為36.4 μA/cm2,明顯大于不含F(xiàn)–的模擬海水條件,同時(shí)明顯大于相同應(yīng)變、環(huán)境條件下的Ti80合金和900 ℃熱模擬組織。陰極塔菲爾斜率隨應(yīng)變的增大先增大、后減小,最大值出現(xiàn)在0.2%應(yīng)變條件下。
表8 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金1 500 ℃熱模擬組織在未添加F–的模擬海水中極化曲線的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
Tab.8 Fitting parameters of potentiodynamic curves for 1 500 ℃ simulated Ti80 microstructure under different strain states in simulated seawater without F–addition
圖10 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金1 500 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.001 mol/L F–模擬海水中的電化學(xué)行為
表9 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金1 500 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水中極化曲線的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
Tab.9 Fitting parameters of potentiodynamic curves for 1 500 ℃ simulated Ti80 microstructure under different strain states in simulated seawater with the addition of 0.001 mol/L F–
對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的1 500 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.01 mol/L F–的模擬海水中進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線測(cè)試,結(jié)果如圖11所示。在圖11a中,不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下,1 500 ℃熱模擬組織的開(kāi)路電位迅速負(fù)移至–800 mV附近,1 h后逐漸正移至–735 mV附近。在這一過(guò)程中,除無(wú)應(yīng)變?cè)嚇拥拈_(kāi)路電位曲線較為平滑外,其余應(yīng)變狀態(tài)的開(kāi)路電位曲線均伴隨劇烈波動(dòng),這表明應(yīng)變可促進(jìn)表面鈍化膜的破壞。在圖11b中,各應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的1 500 ℃熱模擬組織呈現(xiàn)活化–鈍化特性,并且可以保持鈍化狀態(tài),在測(cè)試范圍內(nèi)沒(méi)有觀察到破鈍電位,相關(guān)動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表10。根據(jù)表10可知,應(yīng)變促進(jìn)自腐蝕電位負(fù)移,維鈍電流密度增加,陰極塔菲爾斜率增加。2%應(yīng)變條件下的維鈍電流密度最大,為170.2 μA/cm2,遠(yuǎn)高于未添加和添加0.001 mol/L F–的模擬海水條件,同時(shí)高于相同應(yīng)變、環(huán)境條件下的Ti80合金和900 ℃熱模擬組織。
圖11 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金1 500 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.01 mol/L F–模擬海水中的電化學(xué)行為
表10 不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)下的Ti80合金1 500 ℃熱模擬組織在添加0.01 mol/L F–的模擬海水中極化曲線的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
Tab.10 Fitting parameters of potentiodynamic curve for 1 500 ℃ simulated Ti80 microstructure under different strain states in simulated seawater with the addition of 0.01 mol/L F–
結(jié)合表2—10的數(shù)據(jù)可知,塑性變形顯著增加了電極的表面活性,提高了維鈍電流密度,而彈性變形對(duì)電化學(xué)行為的影響不顯著。這是由于鈦合金表面有一層以其氧化物為主的鈍化膜,當(dāng)基體發(fā)生塑性變形時(shí),鈍化膜中的缺陷增加,形成更多活性位點(diǎn),促進(jìn)陰陽(yáng)極反應(yīng)。當(dāng)發(fā)生彈性變形時(shí),晶格中原子間距增加,并不產(chǎn)生大量缺陷,O2–的擴(kuò)散通道也沒(méi)有顯著增加,因此對(duì)于電化學(xué)活性的影響并不顯著。
本文中涉及的反應(yīng)有:
Ti+O2→4TiO2(1)
TiO2+4H++4F–→TiF4+H2O (2)
TiF4+2F–aq→TiF62–(3)
在pH=2的海水中,發(fā)生反應(yīng)(1),形成鈍化膜,覆蓋在電極表面,隔絕金屬基體和溶液。由于TiO2性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定,難以溶解,陽(yáng)極電流密度非常小。當(dāng)環(huán)境中存在更多F–時(shí),TiO2發(fā)生反應(yīng)(2)、(3)溶解,促進(jìn)Ti氧化生成TiO2,增大維鈍電流密度。同時(shí),更多陽(yáng)極反應(yīng)生成的電子穿過(guò)鈍化膜,到達(dá)膜/溶液界面,促進(jìn)陰極反應(yīng)。因此,增加F–濃度,可顯著提高鈦合金的電化學(xué)活性。
通過(guò)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí),挖掘應(yīng)變、環(huán)境、組織與電化學(xué)行為之間的關(guān)系。使用決策樹(shù)、隨機(jī)森林、梯度提升樹(shù)模型分別對(duì)3種組織在含氟模擬海水中的極化曲線進(jìn)行擬合,結(jié)果如圖12所示。由圖12可知,決策樹(shù)和梯度提升樹(shù)模型的擬合效果較好,散點(diǎn)大都落在斜率為1的直線上,表明預(yù)測(cè)值與真實(shí)值接近;而隨機(jī)森林模型的擬合效果較差,預(yù)測(cè)值與真實(shí)值偏離較大。這與其他學(xué)者[32,46-47]的研究結(jié)果不同,可能是由于輸入變量不同導(dǎo)致的。
使用決策樹(shù)、隨機(jī)森林、梯度提升樹(shù)3種模型訓(xùn)練擬合過(guò)程中各變量的相對(duì)重要性因子如圖13所示。3種模型的變量相對(duì)重要性排序都是電位>F–濃度>應(yīng)變>組織,其中決策樹(shù)和梯度提升樹(shù)模型變量的相對(duì)重要性一致,隨機(jī)森林模型中組織的相對(duì)重要性比另外2種模型更高,這可能是導(dǎo)致其預(yù)測(cè)值偏離真實(shí)值的部分原因。根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的結(jié)果,在應(yīng)變–F–環(huán)境耦合的條件下,F(xiàn)–濃度對(duì)電化學(xué)行為影響最大,應(yīng)變狀態(tài)次之,材料的組織影響最小。
圖12 模型訓(xùn)練集真實(shí)值與預(yù)測(cè)值
圖13 變量的相對(duì)重要性
本文通過(guò)對(duì)不同應(yīng)變狀態(tài)的Ti80合金在含氟模擬海水中進(jìn)行開(kāi)路電位和極化曲線測(cè)試,研究了應(yīng)變、F–濃度、組織對(duì)Ti80合金電化學(xué)行為的影響。結(jié)果表明,塑性變形顯著提高Ti80在模擬海水中的電化學(xué)活性,而彈性變形的影響并不明顯;F–濃度增加顯著提高電化學(xué)活性;根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的結(jié)果,在應(yīng)變–F–環(huán)境耦合的條件下,F(xiàn)–濃度對(duì)電化學(xué)行為的影響最大,應(yīng)變狀態(tài)次之,材料的組織影響最小。
本文的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)部分內(nèi)容使用了美林?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)技術(shù)股份有限公司的Tempo大數(shù)據(jù)分析平臺(tái),在此表示感謝!
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Mechanical-electrochemical Study of Ti80 and Heat Treatment Simulated Microstructure in Fluoride-contained Simulated Seawater Environment
1a,1a,1a,2,1
(1. a. Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, b. Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection (MOE), University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; 2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China)
In this work, effects of strain, environment, and microstructure on the electrochemical behavior of Ti80 alloy and its simulated heat treatment microstructures in fluoride-contained simulated seawater were studied to provide data support for the safe service of marine engineering equipment. Machine learning method was used to study the influence and compare the relative importance of the affected factors. Results depict that potentiodynamic curves of Ti80 alloy could be accurately predicted under different strain states without additional measurement. To simulate the microstructures of heat affected zone, base metals were kept at 900 ℃ and 1 500 ℃ for 5 min, and then cooled by air to room temperature, as called 900 ℃ and 1 500 ℃ simulated Ti80 microstructure. Tensile test specimens with three different microstructures (base metal, 900 ℃ and 1 500 ℃ simulated Ti80 microstructure) were sectioned, grounded with 2000 grits silicon paper, ultrasonically cleaned by acetone and ethanol, and embedded in a sealant (KAFUTER 704 RTV) to provide 0.3 cm2as working area. Specimens were loaded to different strain states on a WDML-30 kN with a strain rate of 10–6s–1before electrochemical measurement. The simulated seawater in ASTM D1141-98(2013) was used to deploy the solution. The pH value of seawater was adjusted to 2 by HCl. NaF was added to increase F–concentration with two levels: 0.001 mol/L and 0.01 mol/L. After polarized at 1.2 V for 120 s, open circuit potential and potentiodynamic curve were tested under different strain states by a CS350H. The machine learning method (Tempodata from Meritdata) was used to mine the relationship between electrochemical behavior and strain, environment, and microstructure. To speed up the model construction, data of current density from potentiodynamic curves were preprocessed in this way: generate a data point every 100 mV form the corrosion potential. Decision tree, random forest, and gradient boosting tree were trained by current density of potentiodynamic curve. Accuracy and relative importance of models were compared. The results showed that open circuit potential shifted negatively as strain increased in seawater without F–addition and with the addition of 0.001 mol/L F–. But strain had little effect on open circuit potential in seawater with the addition of 0.01 mol/L F–. On the whole, strain promoted the increase of passive current density. The condition of 1 500 ℃ simulated Ti80 microstructure in seawater with the addition of 0.01 mol/L F–was the most severely affected by strain, whose passive current density in the maximum strain was about 3 times that without strain. The maximum value of the cathode Tafel slope appeared near the yield point. The increase of F–concentration significantly increased the passive current density. Decision tree and gradient boosting tree algorithms were more accurate in predicting the current value of the polarization curve, while the random forest algorithm was less accurate. In the relative importance comparison, F–concentration had the greatest effect on electrochemical behavior, followed by strain state, and the microstructure had the least effect. In summary, plastic deformation significantly improves the electrochemical activity of Ti80 in simulated seawater, while the effect of elastic deformation is not obvious. The increase in F–concentration significantly promotes the electrochemical activity. The decision tree and gradient boosting tree algorithm could be used to accurately predict potentiodynamic curves with different strains, fluoride ion concentrations, and microstructures of Ti80. For Ti80 in simulated fluoride-contained seawater, the order of importance that affects the electrochemical behavior is: F–concentration> strain> microstructure.
Ti80 alloy; mechanical-electrochemical; machine learning
TG146.2+3
A
1001-3660(2022)05-0049-12
10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2022.05.006
2022–04–04;
2022–04–19
2022-04-04;
2022-04-19
張穎驍(1990—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向?yàn)殁伜辖鸬母g與防護(hù)。
ZHANG Ying-xiao (1990-), Male, Doctoral candidate, Research focus: corrosion and protection of titanium alloy.
李曉剛(1963—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向?yàn)榻饘俨牧献匀画h(huán)境腐蝕及耐蝕鋼的研發(fā)。
LI Xiao-gang (1963-), Male, Doctor, Professor, Research focus: corrosion of metal materials in natural environment and development of low alloy steel.
張穎驍, 張梓楊, 宋龍飛, 等. Ti80合金及其熱模擬組織在含氟模擬海水中的力學(xué)電化學(xué)行為研究[J]. 表面技術(shù), 2022, 51(5): 49-60.
ZHANG Ying-xiao, ZHANG Zi-yang, SONG Long-fei, et al. Mechanical-electrochemical Study of Ti80 and Heat Treatment Simulated Microstructure in Fluoride-contained Simulated Seawater Environment[J]. Surface Technology, 2022, 51(5): 49-60.
責(zé)任編輯:劉世忠