Efficacy of conbercept after switching from bevacizumab/ranibizumab in eyes of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion

INTRODUCTION

Macular edema (ME) secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a common cause of vision loss. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been demonstrated to play an important role in the hypoxia course after the occlusion of the retinal vein. Numerous studies have proved that anti-VEGF agents, including bevacizumab,ranibizumab, and aflibercept, are basically safe and effective.Similar to aflibercept, conbercept (Lumitin; Chengdu Kang Hong Biotech Co., Ltd., Sichuan Province, China) is a fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain 2 of VEGF receptor 1 and extracellular domains 3 and 4 of VEGF receptor 2 combined with the Fc portion of the human immunoglobulin G1. Prior studies indicated that conbercept showed favorable safety and efficacy in the treatment of ME secondary to retinal vein occlusion. In real clinical practice, some cases trend to respond insufficiently to anti-VEGF injections or to rebound repeatedly. Although switching strategy is very common,little attention has been paid to the switching to conbercept.

Images of SCP and DCP were exported and analyzed with Image J software (1.8.0_112, http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) to acquire perfusion density (PD) and vascular length density (VLD).We calculated the parafoveal vessel densities for the SCP and DCP. The parafoveal region was set to be an annulus centeredon the fovea with inner and outer ring of diameters of 1 and 3 mm, respectively. PD was the percentage of pixels occupied by blood vessels in the binary image of the grayscale OCTA image. VLD was defined as the ratio of skeletonized vessel length to the total area. Images were imported to Image J and binarized to assign each pixel to be either “perfused” or“background”. PD was calculated from the binarized images with a vascular density plugin application. After binarizing, a skeletonized slab was created, representing vessels one pixel in width, and VLD was calculated with “Analyze Skeleton”mode in Image J.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a new,noninvasive technology that provides detailed information about the retinal microvasculature with the measurements of vessel density and foveal avascular zone. The evaluation of macular perfusion makes it possible to know more about the change after intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents.In this study, we quantified retinal vessel density of both superficial and deep layer of retina to evaluate the change of retinal vasculature and macular thickness after switching from bevacizumab and/or ranibizumab to conbercept.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

本文在對(duì)新課程背景下小學(xué)語(yǔ)文課堂教學(xué)中的合作學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行研究時(shí)，注重的是如何提升小學(xué)語(yǔ)文課堂教學(xué)中合作學(xué)習(xí)模式的應(yīng)用效果，這需要結(jié)合小學(xué)生的年齡特點(diǎn)、小學(xué)語(yǔ)文的教學(xué)目標(biāo)、合作學(xué)習(xí)的具體方式等等來(lái)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，并在這一過(guò)程中要融入新時(shí)期的教育理念，體現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化教育觀，這樣才能保證合作學(xué)習(xí)的實(shí)效性和價(jià)值性。下面筆者結(jié)合實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及相關(guān)方面的理論基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)此進(jìn)行詳細(xì)論述。

From March 2016 to December 2018,medical records of cases of ME due to CRVO were retrospectively reviewed.

Including criteria: 1) Patients aged 18 years or older with diagnosed CRVO and confirmed ME through optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan; 2) Prior treatment with a minimum of three consecutive intravitreal injections of either bevacizumab(1.25 mg/0.05 mL) or ranibizumab (0.5 mg/0.05 mL); 3)Switching to conbercept (0.5 mg/0.05 mL) due to refractory ME, which was defined as persistent ME or recurrent ME that initially resolved after treatment with bevacizumab and/or ranibizumab but did not respond to following repeated injections; 4) Following conbercept injection using a(PRN) regimen; 5) With a follow-up period of at least 12mo after switching; 6) OCTA was performed before switching and in the twelfth month after switching.

Excluding criteria: 1) Eyes of primary or neovascular glaucoma and initial intraocular pressure (IOP) exceeded 21 mm Hg; 2)Vitrectomized eyes; 3) The presence of active confounding retinal or ocular disease (, severe diabetic retinopathy,exudative macular degeneration, macular hole,).

關(guān)于感性認(rèn)識(shí)與理性認(rèn)識(shí)之間的層次關(guān)系問(wèn)題，王船山認(rèn)為“由知而知所行”“并進(jìn)有功”，也就是理性認(rèn)識(shí)只有在實(shí)踐當(dāng)中才能指導(dǎo)社會(huì)生活實(shí)踐，知行相輔相成就能取得事半功倍的效果。毛澤東不僅認(rèn)可社會(huì)實(shí)踐是檢驗(yàn)真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也同時(shí)指出了“認(rèn)識(shí)”對(duì)社會(huì)實(shí)踐的巨大反作用?！巴ㄟ^(guò)實(shí)踐而發(fā)現(xiàn)真理，又通過(guò)實(shí)踐而證實(shí)真理和發(fā)展真理。從感性認(rèn)識(shí)而能動(dòng)地發(fā)展到理性認(rèn)識(shí)，又從理性認(rèn)識(shí)而能動(dòng)指導(dǎo)革命實(shí)踐，改造主觀世界和改造客觀世界?！盵8]在學(xué)習(xí)的方式、方法上，毛澤東也強(qiáng)調(diào)理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，在學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度上要謙虛，要“甘當(dāng)小學(xué)生”“來(lái)不得半點(diǎn)虛偽和驕傲”，這一觀念也同王船山的“不自圣”“不自倨”的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度是一脈相承的。

Over the follow-up period, no progression of diabetic retinopathy was observed in the two patients of mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Progression of posterior subcapsular cataract was found in one eye of the 20 phakic eyes during the follow-up after switching; the fellow eye had the similar progression of cataract and both eyes underwent cataract extraction and lens implantation.

This was a retrospective study that was approved by China-Japan Friendship Hospital Ethics Committee and adhered to the Declarations of Helsinki.Informed consent was obtained from all patients who were enrolled in the study.

Six eyes (25%) received only ranibizumab(9-15 injections) previously while 15 eyes (62.5%) received only bevacizumab (8-20 injections) and 3 eyes (12.5%)received injections of both, two of which were switched from bevacizumab to ranibizumab (5 and 3 injections for one subject; 4 and 4 injections for another) and one of which was switched inversely (6 and 4 injections). The number of injections ranged from 8 to 20. The mean number of injections was 14.3±5.7 within a mean follow-up duration of 16.1mo(12-29mo) and the mean interval between injections was 5.2±2.3wk.

據(jù)云南省發(fā)展改革委黨組成員、主任助理梁琦介紹，截至目前，全省特色小鎮(zhèn)新開(kāi)工項(xiàng)目710個(gè)，累計(jì)完成投資633．2億元，特色小鎮(zhèn)實(shí)現(xiàn)新增就業(yè)6．5萬(wàn)人，新增稅收8．6億元，新入駐企業(yè)2576家，集聚國(guó)家級(jí)大師和國(guó)家級(jí)非遺傳承人53人，特色小鎮(zhèn)共接待游客人數(shù)1．8億人次，其中過(guò)夜游客5832萬(wàn)人，實(shí)現(xiàn)旅游收入1052億元。

As far as we know, this was the first study that evaluated the efficacy of switching to conbercept in refractory ME secondary to CRVO. In our study, significant improvement of CRT and BCVA was observed in the first month after switching to conbercept and the injection interval increased significantly in the follow-up period. The superior efficacy of conbercept comes from the high affinity to VEGF. As a fusion protein, conbercept also bonds to VEGF-A, VEGF-B and PIGF. Compared with aflibercept, conbercept contains one additional binding domain of VEGF receptor 2 which enhances the affinity. Based on our findings and previous study, we believed conbercept could be a secondary therapy for refractory ME in CRVO eyes with prior treatment of bevacizumab and/or ranibizumab.

RESULTS

We initially included 29 eyes of 29 patients. Segmentation errors were found in all OCTA images and manual correction were used. But 5 of them were excluded due to low-quality images with obvious motion artifacts and signal loss which made even manual segmentation impossible.Finally, twenty-four eyes of 24 patients were included in the study. Eleven (45.8%) were male and 13 (54.2%) were female.The mean age was 58.50±15.36 years old (ranging from 24 to 71). Eight of the patients were diagnosed as diabetes and two of them had mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Eleven of the patients had hypertension. Four eyes had a history of cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation and the other 20 eyes were phakic. Thirteen of the included eyes were ischemic CRVO and had received laser treatment. None of the fellow eyes were diagnosed as CRVO or ME (Table 1).

All recruited subjects underwent OCTA scan with a swept-source OCT (Triton DRIOCT, Topcon, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Raster-pattern retinal scans were obtained through the macula using scanning patterns of 6×6 mmin all patients. Images with a quality score below 40 were excluded. We also excluded low-quality images with obvious motion artifacts, signal loss. The built-in software(IMAGEnet6, v1.23.15008, Basic License 10) was used to identify superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). The SCP was set at 2.6 μm below the internal limiting membrane, and the outer boundary at 15.6 μm below the junction between inner plexiform and inner nuclear layer(IPL/INL). The DCP started at 15.6 μm below IPL/INL, with the outer boundary at 70.2 μm below IPL/INL. Automated segmentation of macular thickness was manually corrected.Images which were difficult to segment were also excluded.

After switching to conbercept, the mean follow-up duration was 13.8 (12-16)mo. The number of injections decreased to 8.1±5.5 (4-10), which was statistically significant (=0.008) compared with before switching. The mean injection interval increased to 8.3±3.9wk correspondingly (=0.012).

The mean BCVA (logMAR) at baseline was 1.06±0.48 and before switching to conbercept 0.98±0.33 (no significantly improved compared to baseline,=0.469). It changed to 0.72±0.35 in one month after the first injection of conbercept (=0.005 compared with baseline,=0.032 compared with before switching) and 0.76±0.42 at the end of follow-up (=0.012 compared with baseline,=0.070 compared with before switching, and=0.733 compared with one month after switching; Figure 1). The average of CRT at baseline was 559.67±175.71 μm, before switching 460.71±153.23 μm (=0.005 compared with baseline), 1mo after switching 296.21±47.55 μm (＜0.001 compared with baseline and＜0.001 compared with before switching) and at the end of follow-up 283.92±38.27 (＜0.001 compared with baseline,＜0.001 compared with before switching,=0.725 compared with 1mo after switching; Figure 2). The IOPs at four visits were 14.85±3.89, 13.77±3.51, 14.16±4.04, and 14.52±3.78 mm Hg, with no significant differences (=0.704).

At the end of follow-up, PD of DCP decreased significantly to 33.26%±5.82% (=0.016)compared with before switching (34.62%±5.27%) and a significant decrease of VLD of DCP was also found (from 25.10±3.60 to 24.41±3.35 mm,=0.040). No significant change of VLD of SCP was observed at the last follow-up (16.75±1.72 mm)compared with before switching (16.94±2.01 mm,=0.667).Similar result was found in PD of SCP (from 32.52%±4.34%to 32.32%±3.46%,=0.846; Figure 3).

Demographic information, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA,converted to logMAR), IOP, central retinal thickness (CRT),the interval between injections and the number of injections were reviewed and collected.

DISCUSSION

Anti-VEGF therapy has become the most commonly used treatment for ME secondary to CRVO. Numerous studies focused on the comparison about the efficacy of the anti-VEGF drugs. A randomized clinical trial indicated 1) that the vision gain after treatment of ME due to CRVO was no worse using aflibercept compared with ranibizumab; 2) bevacizumab might be not noninferior to aflibercept; 3) aflibercept group had fewer injections. Similarly, prior studies indicated that conbercept had the statistically same visual gains and safety as ranibizumab and had advantages over ranibizumab in terms of the number of injections for treating ME secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Based on the advantage of fusion proteins over antibodies, aflibercept was chosen to treat refractory cases that either did not respond to ranibizumab/bevacizumab or rebounded frequently. Eadiereported a six-eye case series of refractory CRVO responding favorably to aflibercept as a secondary therapy. Subsequently, several studies found that switching to aflibercept could stabilize vision, improve macular thickness and extend treatment intervals. It was believed that the molecular characteristics of the higher affinity of aflibercept to VEGF-A might contribute to the superior treatment effect. In addition, aflibercept bonded to not only VEGF-A but also VEGF-B and placental growth factor(PIGF). Besides, the tachyphylaxis after successive injection and the anti-bevacizumab/ranibizumab antibodies could serve as possible explanations of the previous recurrent ME.

Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Mean values with 1 standard deviation are recorded when data is normally distributed. Paired samples-tests were used to compare injections intervals and OCTA parameters before and after switching. One way analysis of variance and the LSD post hoc test were used to compared BCVA, CRT, and IOP. All tests were two-tailed, and thevalue＜0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

近年來(lái),在臨床治療中的輸血量不斷增加,輸血安全問(wèn)題也越來(lái)越受到重視[3]。輸血科在患者臨床輸血的救治中承擔(dān)著越來(lái)越重要的任務(wù),不僅要提供理論上的咨詢需求,還要在救治患者時(shí)及時(shí)并準(zhǔn)確的給患者提供血液[4]。在對(duì)策實(shí)施的過(guò)程中,醫(yī)院的醫(yī)護(hù)人員對(duì)輸血流程的暢通性有了更深刻的認(rèn)識(shí),同時(shí)也提高了大家輸血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的防范意識(shí)。改善后的調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)中可喜的發(fā)現(xiàn),缺陷率由原來(lái)的6.6%,降到了2.6%,改善的重點(diǎn)都達(dá)到了我們預(yù)期的目標(biāo)。在整個(gè)臨床輸血的過(guò)程中,每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)之間的連接也更加緊密[5]。PDCA循環(huán)是開(kāi)展所有質(zhì)量活動(dòng)的科學(xué)方法,“雪圈”將用此方法不斷持續(xù)的改進(jìn)工作流程。

人老了的最大特征是變得啰嗦了。每次打電話，絮絮叨叨的總是那些事，剛說(shuō)過(guò)的一句話，沒(méi)過(guò)兩分鐘又重復(fù)一遍。上次我媽給我打電話，開(kāi)頭一句是：“要是不舒服你要記得去醫(yī)院看看啊?！笨鞉祀娫挄r(shí)又補(bǔ)一句：“一定要去醫(yī)院看看啊，樓下的那家健民藥店有個(gè)老中醫(yī)就挺好，早點(diǎn)去，免得排隊(duì)?！?/p>

In our study, the BCVA improved significantly in the first month after switching compared with before switching, but the improved vision was not sustained until the end of followup although CRT maintained the same thickness. Impaired retinal microvasculature following the persistent or recurrent edema and might be the reason. In this study, we observed decreased vessel density in DCP in the end of follow period.Previous studies indicated that vessel density in both SCP and DCP decreased in eyes of CRVO compared with fellow eye and vessel density in DCP seemed to be impaired more significantly. The deep retinal layer had more abundant microvasculature and might be more susceptible than the superficial layer in the pathogenesis of CRVO. Moreover, ME occurred mainly in deep layer. Recurrent or persistent ME may lead to drop-out of capillaries of DCP and this deterioration was hard to be reverted with anti-VEGF treatment. Prior studies reported that anti-VEGF therapy could improve retinal ischemia in a short term, mainly manifested with improvement of vascular telangiectasia, dilation, and decreased non perfusion area. Some recent studies showed unchanged or improved vessel density after treatment of conbercept with the follow-up period of 1 to 6mo. Contradictorily,we observed decreased vessel density of DCP 12mo after use of conbercept. The variety could be result of different instruments, regions of interest, methods of calculating vessel density, and disease severity while the most likely reason may be different observation time. There exists the possibility that anti-VEGF therapy slows the progression of ischemia or even improves that within a short time but might not stop it in the long run. Our findings indicated that the ischemic damage of the deep retinal vessels may be progressive and nonreversible.There were some limitations of this study, including the retrospective nature of the study and lack of control, and the small sample size, varied anti-VEGF agents before switching added the biases of the study and lowered the strength. Besides,since the analysis based on OCTA was performed only on the annulus area centered on the fovea, the findings of the study could not extend throughout the entire retinal vasculature.Further prospective controlled studies are warranted.

In conclusion, switching to conbercept in eyes of refractory ME secondary to CRVO extended injection interval and improved macular anatomy while the vision improvement was not significant. Retinal microvasculature did not improve with treatment of conbercept.

4.3.3 可用25%撲虱靈2000倍液，或10%吡蟲(chóng)啉可濕性粉劑1000-1500倍液，每隔5-7d噴1次，連噴2-3次，也可用滅蚜靈煙劑，每次350g/667m2，交替使用。

(2)用水效率提高難度加大。隨著三江平原等區(qū)域地表水灌溉逐步替代地下水灌溉，農(nóng)田灌溉水有效利用系數(shù)難以持續(xù)提高，同時(shí)，灌區(qū)節(jié)水改造任務(wù)重、投入大、時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、見(jiàn)效慢也是影響灌溉水有效利用系數(shù)進(jìn)一步提高的重要原因。近兩年，黑龍江省萬(wàn)元GDP用水量和萬(wàn)元工業(yè)增加值用水量逐年下降趨勢(shì)明顯(2016年度229 m3/萬(wàn)元，2017年度206 m3/萬(wàn)元；2016年度56 m3/萬(wàn)元，2017年度45.6 m3/萬(wàn)元)，但是遠(yuǎn)高于國(guó)內(nèi)先進(jìn)地區(qū)。由于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)趨緩，有的地市甚至出現(xiàn)負(fù)增長(zhǎng)，加之節(jié)水投入不足，部分地市萬(wàn)元GDP用水量和萬(wàn)元工業(yè)增加值用水量下降難度明顯增大。

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