中國考古百年，成績單背后的浙江發(fā)展

林樂雨

從余杭良渚人施昕更主持對良渚遺址進行正式的田野考古發(fā)掘開始，浙江考古已深耕細作80余年。從萬年上山再到千年宋韻，浙江考古可謂碩果累累。

2021年是中國現(xiàn)代考古學誕生100周年，2021年度浙江考古重大發(fā)現(xiàn)因此多了一層特殊的意義。

經(jīng)過專家學者和大眾的公開評選，2021年度“浙江考古十大重要發(fā)現(xiàn)“在杭州揭曉。 最終被評為十大重要發(fā)現(xiàn)的分別是舟山嵊泗黃家臺遺址、杭州余杭瓶窯北村遺址、余杭徑山小古城遺址、紹興蘭亭野生動物園一期墓地、湖州安吉孝豐摘帽山墓地、杭州 余杭跳頭遺址、杭州富陽新登古城遺址、溫州子城遺址、寧波慈城胡坑基遺址、寧波鎮(zhèn)海呂岙遺址。

“發(fā)掘具有時代典型性的考古成果，為考古研究提供新的學術(shù)方向則是榮膺‘重大發(fā)現(xiàn)’的關(guān)鍵標準?！?浙江省文物考古研究所項目管理部主任兼商周考古室主任羅汝鵬說。

翻開這份“浙江考古奧斯卡”榮譽榜，與新石器時代相關(guān)的成果十占其四。包括胡基坑、北村、黃家臺和呂岙遺址。羅汝鵬說，新石器時代石器一直是浙江考古的拳頭產(chǎn)品，2021年新石器時期考古大豐收，進一步展現(xiàn)了浙江省在河姆渡、良渚文化時期的輝煌文明，豐富了兩大遺址的研究范疇和深度，鞏固了浙江新石器考古研究的龍頭地位。

四大成果中，北村遺址與黃家臺遺址更是為專家們津津樂道。

“北村遺址是難得一見的良渚早期文化遺存，比良渚古城的營建時期還要早?！?浙江省文物考古研究所科技考古室館員姬翔說，“那時沒有古城，沒有水壩，卻有著鮮明的等級分化?！笨脊艑＜以诒鄙竭z址發(fā)掘區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)有一條長灰溝，以灰溝為界，北部臺地與南部地勢較低處的墓葬呈現(xiàn)出明顯等級分化?？脊艑＜彝茰y，灰溝和柱坑可能是一處圍墻遺跡，它將臺地上的貴族和臺地下的平民隔離開來。

嵊泗島開發(fā)史，最早的文獻記載見于宋代。而黃家臺遺址的發(fā)掘卻表明，早在5000年前，這里便來了一群良渚人。他們是怎么來的？他們是這里最早的一批先民嗎？ 海洋考古是浙江考古未來的重要方向之一，黃家臺遺址為研究新石器時代浙江人對海島的開發(fā)提供了新課題與方向。

之江大地歷經(jīng)千年，孕育出璀璨的良渚文明和古越文化。而橫亙在兩大文化之間的商周時期，是否也暗藏著鮮為人知的文化高峰。

跳頭遺址和小古城遺址的考古成果或許能夠給我們帶來信心，讓大家產(chǎn)生更多期待。

2015年，為了加強東苕溪流域等地區(qū)古越文化研究，浙江省文物考古研究所成立“商周考古室”。跳頭遺址和小古城遺址的成功發(fā)掘正是數(shù)年耕耘的果實。在商周考古室主任羅汝鵬看來，商周考古具有廣闊的發(fā)掘前景，這個學術(shù)增長點浙江考古人已經(jīng)預設(shè)多年。

人們對于歷史認知多來源于先輩的文字記錄，但史料的記載也有存疑的可能?？脊艑＜覀兺诰虻倪z跡則是歷史文獻最有力的佐證。

新登古城遺址考古項目負責人、杭州市文物考古研究所考古一室主任李坤介紹，據(jù)文獻記載，唐昭宗大順二年，唐末將領(lǐng)錢镠（后為吳越武肅王）命東安都將杜稜建城。北宋天禧五年筑新城。明嘉靖三十四年，倭寇侵浙，重筑城墻。此次發(fā)掘成果，印證了新登古城的歷史真實。而溫州子城遺址考古則發(fā)掘出子城西城墻、護城河兩側(cè)駁岸及各時期建筑遺跡。遺址中展現(xiàn)的城墻遺跡始建于五代時期，與史料記載相吻合。

浙江省考古學會會長劉斌說，有些大發(fā)現(xiàn)，比如孟姜村大墓、施岙稻田遺址、紹興的一些墓地等，去年浙江省已經(jīng)入選重大發(fā)現(xiàn)，還有一些，后續(xù)還要繼續(xù)工作，綜合考慮，選了今年“十大發(fā)現(xiàn)”，基本體現(xiàn)了2021年浙江省考古重要性、工作的重要性、保護的重要性。

今年是中國考古百年，也是中國考古大發(fā)展之年。如用一句話概括就是 ：讓陳列在廣闊大地上的文化遺產(chǎn)活起來。

劉斌會長自豪地說，考古工作讓浙江大地上的文化遺產(chǎn)重見天日，考古人是書寫歷史的人，也是“把論文寫在大地上”的人。作為考古戰(zhàn)線上的老兵，他認為考古工作要向廣度和深度不斷推進，從海島到山區(qū)，從史前到唐宋元明清，從墓地、寺廟遺址向海塘、窯址等推進。從深度來講，重視文化文物遺址的性質(zhì)之外，還要加強對科技考古的重視，包括在保護上的重視。

還有一個學術(shù)的增長點是海島考古。在舟山嵊泗，浙江考古人第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)了沙丘堆積的海洋生活的遺址，也看到了海島和陸地之間的變遷、滯后性，這對浙江考古人研究浙江史前考古很重要。

浙江的文化譜系資料豐富，錢塘江以南地區(qū)，河姆渡文化研究有很多新材料，包括錢山漾遺址的新發(fā)現(xiàn)，對浙江考古人進一步完善史前文化譜系很重要。浙江考古人沿用了河姆渡四期這樣的概念，年代上相當于崧澤文化，和長江下游的崧澤文化是一致的，學術(shù)上，也關(guān)系到河姆渡文化的分期，增加了很多豐富材料。

商周考古，余杭小古城的發(fā)現(xiàn)，余杭跳頭遺址的發(fā)現(xiàn)，增加了商周考古的新內(nèi)容。浙江的商周考古，當然還包括衢州孟姜村遺址——可能是姑蔑國的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

漢六朝時期的摘帽山遺址等也入選了。漢六朝是浙江在春秋戰(zhàn)國后重大的發(fā)展期，后續(xù)需要放到一個大的歷史層面來關(guān)注。包括天目窯的發(fā)掘，在瓷窯址發(fā)現(xiàn)上很重要，因為還要持續(xù)工作，所以沒有進入“十大”，但卻是浙江考古人新的學術(shù)增長點。

據(jù)劉斌會長介紹，幾年來，浙江新的考古力量的增加，浙江考古所和杭州考古所編制的擴大，使浙江考古界迎來了一個大的發(fā)展期。比如從浙江省考古來講，浙江大學城市學院成立了考古系，浙江大學也通過了考古學發(fā)展的規(guī)劃。

探尋未知，顛覆認知，驗證已知，這便是考古的魅力。

A Century of Archeological Achievements

in Zhejiang

By Lin Leyu

Since Shi Xingeng （1912-1939）， a native of Liangzhu in Yuhang district， Hangzhou city， presided over the field archaeological excavation of the Liangzhu Ruins， in-depth archeological work in Zhejiang has been going on for more than 80 years. From the excavation of the Shangshan Site dating back to 10 thousand years ago， to the myriad Song dynasty ruins with a history of more than a thousand years， Zhejiang’s archeological work has made great achievements.

The year 2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the birth of China’s modern archeology， and major archeological discoveries in Zhejiang have added a special meaning to it.

After public appraisal and voting by experts， scholars and citizens， the Top Ten Major Archaeological Discoveries in Zhejiang in 2021 were announced recently in Hangzhou. They are the Huangjiatai Site （in Shengsi， Zhoushan）， the Pingyao North Village Site （in Yuhang， Hangzhou）， the Jingshan Ancient City Site （in Yuhang， Hangzhou）， the Lanting Safari Park Burial Ground Phase I Site （in Shaoxing）， Zhaimao Mountain Cemetery Site （in Anji， Huzhou）， the Tiaotou Site （in Yuhang， Hangzhou）， the Xindeng Ancient City Site （in Fuyang， Hangzhou）， the Wenzhou Sub-city Site （in Wenzhou）， the Hukengji Site （in Ningbo） and the Lu’ao Site （in Zhenhai， Ningbo）.

“The key criterion for an archeological site to be rated as a ‘Top Ten’ is that it should be typical of the times and provide new academic directions for archeological research”， said Luo Rupeng， head of Project Management Department and director of the Shang and Zhou Archeological Office at the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology.

Opening the honor list of Zhejiang’s archeology in 2021， we can see that four of the ten major discoveries are related to the Neolithic Age， namely the Hukengji Site， the North Village Site， the Huangjiatai Site and the Lu’ao Site. The Neolithic stone tools have long been among the most significant archeological findings in Zhejiang. The great archeological haul of the Neolithic discoveries in 2021 demonstrates the brilliant civilization of Zhejiang in the Hemudu and Liangzhu cultural periods， further enriching the research scope and depth of the two sites， and consolidating Zhejiang’s leading position in Neolithic archeological research.

Of the four major discoveries， the North Village Site and the Huangjiatai Site are most frequently mentioned by experts.

“The North Village Site is a place of rare cultural remains in the early Liangzhu cultural period， even earlier than the construction of Liangzhu Ancient City，’’ said Ji Xiang， an expert from the Scientific and Technological Archeology Office of Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. “No ancient city or dam was constructed， but there existed a distinct hierarchy among people.” Experts found a long ash ditch in the excavation area of the North Village Site， which shows an obvious hierarchy among the burials in the northern terrace and the lower parts of the south. Archeologists speculate that the ash ditch and column pit could be part of the wall remains that divided the nobles from the civilians.

The earliest written records on Shengsi Islands were found in the Song dynasty （960-1279）. The Huangjiatai Site shows that a group of Liangzhu people came here as early as 5，000 years ago. How did they get there？ Were they the earliest ancestors in the area？ Maritime archeology is one of the main focuses of Zhejiang archeology in the future， and the Huangjiatai Site provides a new topic for researching the development of islands by Zhejiang people in the Neolithic Age.

Through thousands of years， the land of Zhejiang has given birth to the brilliant Liangzhu and Yue cultures. What is the story of the Shang （ca. 1600-1046 BC） and Zhou （1046-256 BC） periods that lie between them？

The Tiaotou Site and the Jingshan Ancient City Site may bring us some answers.

In 2015， in order to strengthen the study of the ancient Yue culture in Dongtiaoxi Basin， Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology established the “Shang and Zhou Archaeology Office”. The successful excavation of the Tiaotou Site and the Jingshan Ancient City site is the fruit of several years’ hard work. In Luo’s opinion， Shang and Zhou archeology has a promising prospect.

People’s perception of history mostly comes from the writings of their ancestors， however， it is possible that these records may not be entirely credible. The relics excavated by archaeological experts are the most powerful corroborative evidence for historical documents.

Liu Bin， chairman of Zhejiang Provincial Archaeological Society， stated that some major discoveries such as the great tomb site at Mengjiang village， the Shi’ao Paddy Field Site and some burial grounds in Shaoxing have been listed as major discoveries. The ten major discoveries have been selected based on a comprehensive evaluation， fundamentally embodying the importance of protective archeological work of Zhejiang in 2021.

This year marks the 100th anniversary of China’s archeology， which is leaping into a new stage of great development.

Liu proudly says that archaeological work has revived the cultural heritage of Zhejiang province， and the archeologists are people who write the history and research papers on the earth. As an archeological veteran， he reckons that archeological work should be advanced in breadth and depth.?In terms of depth， great importance should be attached not only to the cultural and relic sites but also scientific and technological approaches in archeology， including protection measures.

Another focus is academic growth. When conducting maritime archeology in Shengsi county， Zhoushan city， archeologists discovered sand dunes of marine life for the first time. The transition and lag between islands and land is important to our study of Zhejiang prehistorical archeology.

Zhejiang is rich in its cultural lineage. In the south of the Qiantang River， materials are abundant for Hemudu cultural research， including the new discovery at the Qianshanyang Site， which is very important to further improve the prehistoric cultural lineage. The concept of Hemudu Phase IV corresponds to the Songze Culture in chronological terms and is consistent with the Songze Culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

The discoveries in the Ancient City Site （Yuhang） and the Tiaotou Site （Yuhang） added new contributions to Zhejiang’s archeological work on the Shang and Zhou dynasties， which includes the Mengjiang Village Site （Quzhou）， leading to the discovery of the possible Gumie State.

The Zhaimao Mountain Site was also listed in the ten discoveries. It is a major period of archeology in Zhejiang after the Spring and Autumn （770-476 BC） and the Warring States （476-221 BC） periods. Besides， the Tianmu Kiln Site is important in porcelain kiln sites discovery， though not listed in the ten major discoveries.

Zhejiang archeology has ushered in a period of great development. According to Liu， the new archeological power of the province has increased in recent years， and more people are employed into the Provincial Archaeology Institute and Hangzhou Archaeology Institute.

The charm of archaeology lies in exploring the unknown， subverting the presupposed and verifying the uncertain.

Top Ten Major Discoveries of Zhejiang Archaeology in 2021

The first dune site excavated in Zhejiang province traced the history of human settlement and island development of Shengsi back to nearly 5，000 years ago.

The site boasts of the only six-dragon-head jade bracelet unearthed so far. It revealed the development of the aristocratic class before the construction of the Liangzhu Ancient City， and provided new information for studying the early society of Liangzhu， class differentiation and exploring the rise of the Liangzhu Ancient City.

It is the place where a Shang dynasty high-platform building was first discovered in China. It refreshed the archaeological understanding of the architectural history of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in southern China.

The site saw 55 tombs from the Warring States Period to the Ming （1368-1644） and Qing （1616-1911） dynasties unearthed. Two large tombs of high-grade belonging to the Western Jin dynasty （265-317） were excavated， which are rare in Zhejiang province; they will serve as a crucial reference to judge similar tombs and cultural relics of the same period. The two tombs are of a similar age to that of the master calligrapher Wang Xizhi （303-361） and located in Lanting.

A total of 105 tombs dating back to the Han （202 BC-220 AD） and the Six Dynasties （222-589） were sorted out. They were mostly from the late Eastern Han dynasty （25-220） to the State of Wu （229-280） period， and a few were tombs of the Jin dynasty （265-420）. They are densely arranged， which is rare in Zhejiang province.

A relatively clear bronze-casting settlement site of the late Shang dynasty was discovered for the first time in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Well-preserved remains of the Tang （618-907）， Song （960-1279）， Ming and Qing dynasties with a clear structure confirm the historical existence of the Xindeng Ancient City and its uniqueness of being built around the mountains with a single city wall. The discovery lays an important foundation for the restoration and display of the ancient city and for the protection and its application for a World Heritage Site status later. It also provides important materials for the study of the structure and construction technology of the city gate since the Tang dynasty.

The discovery of the west city wall of Wenzhou Sub-city， the revetment on both sides of the moat and the remains of each period once again confirms the authenticity of the historical materials of “The Ryoal Qian family built the inner and outer city”.?It is of great value for studying the hollow square structure layout of Wenzhou Ancient City， the landscape city pattern， the construction mode and the evolution of its walls. It has accumulated precious materials for the study of urban archeology and southern urban history in China.

Identified as a waterfront settlement in the late Hemudu Culture with various types of pillar pits in the remains， it presents a variety of housing foundation construction methods， and provides a clearer material for studying the development and evolution of housing construction technology in the late Hemudu Culture. The relics with cultural characteristics of the Taihu Lake area were unearthed from the site， reflecting the penetration and influence of the Songze Culture around the lake on the Ningbo and Shaoxing area.

The road remains of paddy fields and their attached wooden structure during the Liangzhu Culture period were unearthed， and the Yue kiln celadon in the late Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties， the Longquan celadon from the Song， Yuan and Ming dynasties were excavated， laying a good foundation for further deepening the study of environmental changes， subsistence economy and settlement formation from Neolithic to Bronze Age in the coastal region south of the Qiantang River. It also provides rich information for the study of economic development， ancestral life and commercial trade history of the Ningbo coastal areas since the Tang and Song dynasties.