政產(chǎn)學(xué)協(xié)同推動(dòng)?xùn)|盟實(shí)現(xiàn)能源轉(zhuǎn)型

阿爾弗雷德·古寧 里斯基·普特拉 莎妮婭·馬納洛

東盟想在東南亞建立單一市場(chǎng)一體化，由此帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致能源需求不斷上升，能源問(wèn)題亟待解決。

根據(jù)《第6版東盟能源展望》，到2040年，東盟能源需求將會(huì)大幅上升，增幅達(dá)146%。除了能源安全問(wèn)題，能源需求上升還會(huì)導(dǎo)致溫室氣體排放量增加，預(yù)計(jì)到2040年達(dá)到4171噸二氧化碳當(dāng)量。保持能源需求穩(wěn)定是該地區(qū)的重大關(guān)切，尤其是在當(dāng)?shù)厥軞夂蜃兓绊懎h(huán)境脆弱的情況下。

為了解決問(wèn)題，東盟各國(guó)能源部長(zhǎng)支持通過(guò)了區(qū)域能源發(fā)展藍(lán)圖，即第二階段《東盟能源合作行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》（2021-2025年），各國(guó)一致認(rèn)同創(chuàng)新是區(qū)域?qū)崿F(xiàn)能源轉(zhuǎn)型、能源安全和能源可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素。

在《東盟能源合作行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》框架下，東盟制訂了一系列措施，促使利益相關(guān)方挖掘創(chuàng)新潛力，實(shí)現(xiàn)地區(qū)宏偉目標(biāo)，包括降低32%的能耗強(qiáng)度、到2025年將可再生能源在能源結(jié)構(gòu)中的比重提高至23%。

東盟實(shí)現(xiàn)能源轉(zhuǎn)型需要政府、產(chǎn)業(yè)和大學(xué)的共同努力和合作。

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，三螺旋模型通過(guò)“政府機(jī)構(gòu)”“商業(yè)模式創(chuàng)新”“財(cái)務(wù)現(xiàn)金流”三位一體來(lái)解決能源項(xiàng)目的價(jià)值創(chuàng)造，從而推動(dòng)戰(zhàn)略創(chuàng)新。

作為一種決策工具，這一模型在政府、產(chǎn)業(yè)、大學(xué)中應(yīng)用廣泛。

政府、企業(yè)、大學(xué)都是三螺旋的重要成員：大學(xué)承擔(dān)研發(fā)工作，產(chǎn)業(yè)推動(dòng)研究成果商業(yè)化，政府負(fù)責(zé)規(guī)范相關(guān)市場(chǎng)。三者在這一模型下相互作用，推動(dòng)創(chuàng)新合作向縱深發(fā)展。

政府決策和目標(biāo)固然重要，但政產(chǎn)學(xué)協(xié)同為實(shí)現(xiàn)清潔能源系統(tǒng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的戰(zhàn)略創(chuàng)新提供了一個(gè)有意義的框架。此外，通過(guò)三者合作創(chuàng)建可持續(xù)的能源—?dú)夂蜿P(guān)系，有利于推動(dòng)清潔能源的使用。

但東盟當(dāng)下的三螺旋倡議，無(wú)論在國(guó)家還是區(qū)域?qū)用妫孕杼嵘拍苓_(dá)到最理想的效果。問(wèn)題的根源在于該倡議并未把政府、產(chǎn)業(yè)、大學(xué)三者融合起來(lái)，而只關(guān)注其中一者或兩者。這種單邊或雙邊關(guān)系削弱了東盟推進(jìn)能源轉(zhuǎn)型的潛力。

例如在泰國(guó)，研究顯示盡管政府為加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)學(xué)合作做出了努力，但這種合作似乎嚴(yán)重依賴(lài)教育。在馬來(lái)西亞，盡管根據(jù)《2013年馬來(lái)西亞教育、科學(xué)和創(chuàng)新指數(shù)報(bào)告》，該國(guó)在144個(gè)國(guó)家的產(chǎn)學(xué)研發(fā)中排名18，但對(duì)制造業(yè)的研究表明，和產(chǎn)業(yè)、社區(qū)的聯(lián)系仍不如預(yù)期廣泛。

在區(qū)域?qū)用?，政產(chǎn)學(xué)三者融合不夠緊密的問(wèn)題同樣存在，盡管已經(jīng)有了明顯改善。2021年，東盟能源商業(yè)論壇下設(shè)的第一屆東盟能源和環(huán)境國(guó)際論壇首次有了大學(xué)的參與。東盟能源商業(yè)論壇是決策者和行業(yè)領(lǐng)袖共同參與的高水平能源會(huì)議，其下設(shè)的能源環(huán)境論壇則是該地區(qū)第一個(gè)研究能源氣候相關(guān)問(wèn)題的科學(xué)會(huì)議。

盡管取得了這一里程碑式的成果，但實(shí)現(xiàn)更大范圍、更切實(shí)具體的政產(chǎn)學(xué)融合仍任重道遠(yuǎn)。

政產(chǎn)學(xué)合作的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解決方案和最佳載體就是建立合作研究中心，將其作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的政府機(jī)構(gòu)或項(xiàng)目，直接有效地將三者聯(lián)系起來(lái)。

一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，如美國(guó)、日本、西班牙、意大利等已經(jīng)采取了這一做法。地區(qū)內(nèi)，新加坡最近成立了自己的合作研究中心Ecolabs，致力于推動(dòng)能源發(fā)展。印尼也提出了發(fā)展合作項(xiàng)目，如Pasikola，旨在減輕城市交通負(fù)擔(dān)。

成熟先進(jìn)的研究中心能有效激發(fā)創(chuàng)新，并在國(guó)家層面上推動(dòng)制定可持續(xù)的能源政策。由新加坡能源創(chuàng)新中心EcoLabs負(fù)責(zé)的一個(gè)旗艦項(xiàng)目利用初創(chuàng)技術(shù)和社區(qū)建設(shè)可持續(xù)的初創(chuàng)城市，旨在比現(xiàn)代大城市消耗更少的能源、水資源、食物和土地。

2021年9月30日，東盟成立了潔凈煤技術(shù)卓越中心，將其作為潔凈煤利用的區(qū)域合作研發(fā)中心，以提高效率和環(huán)境容受性。

2019年，東盟能源中心還啟動(dòng)了兩個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中心，促進(jìn)該地區(qū)工程研究所、學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)和決策者在增強(qiáng)可再生能源和生物能源專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)方面的合作。

東盟新興的合作研究中心和計(jì)劃能否和其他老牌的研究中心一樣收效甚多還有待觀察。

東盟需要在第二階段《東盟能源合作行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》框架下，推動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)更大規(guī)模的政產(chǎn)學(xué)合作，充分發(fā)揮東盟能源中心的關(guān)鍵作用，助推區(qū)域內(nèi)的同類(lèi)合作。

毫不夸張地說(shuō)，只有擴(kuò)大政產(chǎn)學(xué)合作，東盟才能最大程度實(shí)現(xiàn)能源轉(zhuǎn)型，恢復(fù)韌性，走上繁榮之路。政府、產(chǎn)業(yè)和大學(xué)必須繼續(xù)共同努力，解決共同面臨的能源挑戰(zhàn)。

來(lái)源：《東盟郵報(bào)》

編譯：陳志瑩

本文僅代表作者觀點(diǎn)，不代表本刊立場(chǎng)

As the ASEAN Economic Community （AEC） aims to create a single market integration in Southeast Asia， rising energy demand arising from rapid economic growth will need to be addressed.

According to The 6th ASEAN Energy Outlook， ASEAN’s energy demand will increase substantially by 146% by 2040. Aside from energy security issues， the aftermath of this rising energy demand is the increase in greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions， potentially reaching 4，171 Mt CO2-eq in 2040. Therefore， it is a significant concern for the region to sustain the rising energy demand， especially concerning the vulnerability due to the climate change impact in the area.

To address these concerns， the ASEAN Energy Ministers endorsed the regional energy blueprint， ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation （APAEC） Phase II： 2021-2025， where ASEAN agreed that innovation is a highly crucial component in balancing the region’s energy transition， security， and sustainability.

Under the APAEC， ASEAN has set out strategies that enable relevant stakeholders to tap into the potential of innovations for achieving a regional aspirational target， including 32% of energy intensity reduction and 23% share of Renewable Energy （RE） in the energy mix by 2025.

The pathway to ASEAN’s energy transition requires conjoined efforts and cooperation from the Government， Industry， and Academe.

Research has found that triple-helix contexts can contribute to strategic innovation by the cross-disciplinary trinity of “organization”， “business model innovation” and “financial cash flow” to address value creation on energy projects.

The triple-helix model has gained prominence as a policy-making tool among the three sectors — Government， Industry， and Academe.

Each sector plays a prominent role， with Academe undertaking research and development， Industries accelerating the commercialisation， and Governments regulating the relevant markets. The model involves the three sectors collaboratively interacting to enhance innovation and cooperation further.

While government policies and targets are essential， it is shown that triple-helix discussions provide a meaningful frame to achieve strategic innovation for the competitive advantage of a clean energy system. Moreover， it is possible to boost clean energy adoption by implementing triple-helix cooperation to create a sustainable energy-climate nexus.

However， ASEAN’s existing triple-helix initiatives at the national and regional level still have significant potential for improvement to reach the optimum output. The problem stems from the initiatives lacking a comprehensive integration of the three sectors， with initiatives only spotlighting either one of the two sectors. These one-sided or bilateral relationships diminish the potential of advancing energy transition for ASEAN.

In Thailand， for example， research has shown that although the government has made efforts to strengthen the university and industry collaborations， the collaboration seemed to rely heavily on education. In Malaysia， although based on the Malaysian Science， Technology， and Innovation Indicators Report 2013， the country ranked 18th out of 144 countries in terms of University-Industry in R&D — research on manufacturing industries shows that engagement levels with the industries and community is still not as extensive as expected.

The exact minimum integration of all three sectors is observed at the regional level， albeit a noticeable improvement. For the first time， the 2021 ASEAN Energy Business Forum （AEBF）， a high-level energy conference for policymakers and industry’s business leaders， involved the academes through the 1st ASEAN International Conference on Energy and Environment （AICEE）. AICEE served as the region’s first scientific conference to share recent research on energy and climate-related issues.

Despite this milestone， a greater and concrete trilateral integration of the three sectors needs to be pursued.

A standard solution and a preeminent vessel for triple-helix cooperation are establishing a Collaborative Research Centre （CRC）， an independent governmental agency or programme， directly and efficiently linking the three players.

This has been done by several developed countries such as the United States， Japan， Spain （Gijon）， and Australia. Within the region， Singapore has also recently established its CRC specifically for energy development — the EcoLabs， and Indonesia have initiated several collaborative programmes， such as the Pasikola project.

Mature and progressive research centres have proven to trigger innovation and act as a driving force for sustainable energy policies at the national level. One of the Flagship projects， conducted by EcoLabs Singapore， involves stimulating and building a sustainable start-up city with start-up technologies and communities that aim to consume less energy， water material， food， and land footprint than modern megacity.

Recently， ASEAN has followed suit with the ASEAN Centre of Excellence for Clean Coal Technology on September 30， 2021， which will serve as a collaborative regional R&D Centre on clean coal utilization processes to enhance efficiency and environmental acceptability.

In 2019， ASEAN Centre for Energy （ACE） also initiated two network centres to instigate collaboration in enhancing knowledge and expertise on RE and bioenergy development between engineering institutes， academies， and policymakers in the region.

It remains to be seen whether ASEAN’s nascent CRC and its plans will reap the same output similar to other long-established CRCs.

Additionally， ASEAN needs to continue and further encourage more ambitious triple-helix cooperation under the implementation of APAEC Phase II， with the decisive role of ACE as the catalyst to help facilitate such collaboration in the region.

It is not an understatement to say that only when triple-helix cooperation is amplified will ASEAN attain energy transition and resilience to its maximum potential and walk the path to prosperity. The three sectors must continue to collectively work together and unravel the common problem of addressing ASEAN’s energy challenges.

· Source： The ASEAN Post

The article only represents author’s views， not the

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