COVID-19 pandemic changed the management and outcomes of acute appendicitis in northern Beijing: A single-center study

INTRODUCTION

The World Health Organization declared a global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on March, 2020. Then, the number of infected patients significantly increased. Currently, over 100 million patients have been infected worldwide. The first COVID-19 case in Beijing was confirmed in January, after which the pandemic reached its peak by the end of June 2020, with 922 confirmed cases.

該教學樓建于1996年，依據GB 50023—2009《建筑抗震鑒定標準》的規(guī)定，其后續(xù)使用年限為40年，鑒定方法可按B類建筑的要求進行。

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the outcomes and management of many diseases have been affected. Acute appendicitis is a common acute abdomen.The incidence rate is 0.05%-0.5%[1,2]. A study conducted in Italy reported that the number of patients with appendicitis admitted to the emergency department (ER) has significantly decreased since the pandemic[3]. Another study conducted in Israel showed that weekly admissions decreased by 40.7%[4]. People were avoiding going to the hospital for fear of being infected. Consequently, the United Kingdom published new guidelines and changed the management of acute appendicitis[5]. The Chinese government also published several temporary measures to prevent the outbreak. All patients requiring admission were asked to perform blood tests for complete blood count (CBC), immunoglobulin (Ig) G, and IgM antibody. Chest computed tomography(CT) and swabs were also ordered.

Different countries have different epidemic prevention measures that result in different treatment outcomes. The aim of this research was to explore whether the COVID-19 pandemic changed the management and outcomes of acute appendicitis in Beijing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Case selection

Patients with acute appendicitis treated in Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital from February to June 2019 and February to June 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. Cases treated in 2020 were categorized as group 2020, and cases treated in 2019 were categorized as group 2019. The diagnostic criteria for acute appendicitis including: The right lower quadrant abdominal pain; tenderness in the right lower quadrant,especially at the McBurney point; increased white blood cell count (WBC), c-reactive protein (CRP) level, or neutrophil percentage (N%); a swelling appendix was found by ultrasound or CT. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Admitted with acute appendicitis; and (2) Older than 16 years and younger than 80 years. The exclusion criterion was that the patient was admitted with a periappendicular abscess. This paper was approved by the Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital ethics committee(ID: 21039-6-01).

2018年9月15日，第二十四次全國地方立法工作座談會在浙江杭州召開。中共中央政治局常委、全國人大常委會委員長栗戰(zhàn)書出席會議并講話。他強調：“要以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想和黨的十九大精神為指導，總結改革開放40年來我國立法工作特別是地方立法工作的成就和經驗，推動地方立法工作與時代同步伐、與改革同頻率、與實踐同發(fā)展，為完善中國特色社會主義法律體系、推動地方經濟社會發(fā)展作出新貢獻。”

Management

IV antibiotics, which were given as nonsurgical management in the ER, included ertapenem 1 g + 0.9% normal saline (NS) 100 mL qd, cefatriaxone 2 g + 0.9% NS 100 mL qd, ornidazole 0.5 g q12 h, levofloxacin 0.5 g qd, and ornidazole 0.5 g q12 h. CBC and CRP were performed 3 d later. The patients were discharged with oral antibiotics for 3 d if their blood tests were near normal (WBC < 10 × 109/L, N% < 85%, and CRP <50 mg/L). Otherwise, IV antibiotics were continued until the blood test reached the listed criteria above. Abdominal ultrasound or CT scans were performed if the CBC was elevated or the abdominal pain was more severe than before. Ultrasound- or CTguided percutaneous puncture was performed if the imaging test suggested a periappendicular abscess.

Laparoscopic appendectomy was performed as surgical management. The patients were placed in the supine position and received general anesthesia. A 1 cm incision was made on the umbilicus. A 12-14 mmHg pneumoperitoneum was formed by inflation with carbon dioxide through a pneumoperitoneum needle. A 10-mm trocar was used to puncture the abdominal cavity, and the laparoscope came through it.Under laparoscopy, 1-cm and 0.5-cm small incisions were made at the anti-McBurney point and 3 cm on the pubic symphysis, and 10-mm and 5-mm trocars were placed,respectively. Laparoscopic instruments were used to find and resect the appendix.Hem-o-lok (Teleflex Medical, United States) occlusion was performed to close the root mesentery of the appendix. The appendix root was ligated with a 7# silk thread(Mersilk, Ethicon) or occluded with a Hem-o-lok at 0.5 cm from the root of the appendix. The appendix was removed by a fetching bag from the trocar in the left lower abdomen. The incision was sutured after the abdominal pelvic fluid was suctioned.

Ertapenem 1 g once daily or cefatriaxone 2 g once + metronidazole 0.5 g every 8 h daily were used as intravenous antibiotic treatment. The patients were discharged if the blood test results were near normal, the patient tolerated semiliquid food, had no fever or wound infection, and the pain was controlled.

Data collection and statistical analysis

Data collection: The following indicators were collected for patients receiving nonsurgical treatment: Age, sex, disease onset time, gastrointestinal symptoms,comorbidities, history of appendicitis, fever, peritonitis, WBC, CRP, N%, neutrophilto-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), appendix diameter, appendicolith, ascites in imaging,uncomplicated appendicitis (simple or suppurative appendicitis) ratio, IV antibiotic types, antibiotic treatment days, conversion to operation rate and recurrence.

The following indicators of surgical cases were collected: Age, sex, disease onset time, gastrointestinal symptoms, comorbidities, history of appendicitis, fever,peritonitis, WBC, CRP, N%, NLR, appendix diameter, appendicolith, ascites in imaging, time from diagnosis to surgery, surgical time (defined as the time from skin incision to anesthesia intubation removed), intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative adhesions or ascites, appendix pathology, hospital stay, and postoperative complications.

中醫(yī)專業(yè)學生通過5年的本科學習，具備了較為扎實的中醫(yī)學基本理論和基本技能，但普遍對中藥化學成分、鑒別、炮制和制劑等知識缺乏了解，而中藥是醫(yī)生治療疾病的重要武器，中藥質量的好壞關系到藥物療效的發(fā)揮，最終會影響到患者的身體健康。所以隨著中藥現代化推進，中醫(yī)專業(yè)研究生有必要加強中藥化學成分、分析測試技術和現代制劑技術等知識的學習。

Of 6 mo’ followed up was performedtelephone call or in the outpatient department in the 2020 group, while cases in the 2019 group were followed up for 18 mo in the outpatient department ortelephone call after discharge.

Statistical analysis

SPSS 16.0 (IBM, United States) was used to analyze all results. T-test was used for continuous variables, while the chi-square test was used for the frequency data. A<0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.

RESULTS

All case results

Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital is one of the only two large hospitals in the northern part of Beijing, serving 700000 residents. Accordingly, our data represent the real-life situation in northern Beijing. Our study suggested that patients with acute appendicitis presented with more severe conditions at admission during the pandemic, and they preferred nonsurgical management. For patients who underwent surgical management, the operation was delayed and was more difficult during the pandemic. However, the hospital stay and the incidence of postsurgical complications did not change.

Nonsurgical management case results

N% (80.49 ± 12.31%76.63 ± 12.88%,= 0.01), NLR (10.51 ± 9.957.22 ± 6.33,=0.02), and the rate of recurrence were higher (1.3%21.6%,< 0.001) in group 2020 than in group 2019 (Table 2).

Surgical management case results

There were more cases with gastrointestinal symptoms (80.8%58.4%,= 0.03) and peritonitis (96.2%67.3%,< 0.01) in group 2020 than in group 2019. Higher WBC(14.92 ± 4.3913.22 ± 3.72,= 0.04), a higher rate of ascites in the image (50%25.7%,= 0.02), longer time from diagnosis to surgery (32.44 ± 47.95 h10.70 ± 8.77 h,< 0.01), longer surgical time (87.35 ± 51.68 min72.75 ± 38.25 min,= 0.02),higher intraoperative blood loss (14.23 ± 14.74 mL11.30 ± 6.83 mL,= 0.03) and a higher rate of intraoperative adhesion or ascites (92.3%67.3%,= 0.01) were observed in group 2020 compared to group 2019, as shown in Table 3.

DISCUSSION

Overall, 159 patients received nonsurgical treatment and 26 patients received surgical treatment in 2020, whereas 74 patients received nonsurgical treatment and 113 patients received surgical treatment in 2019. Group 2020 comprised 95 male and 90 female patients aged 40.40 ± 14.90 years, while group 2019 comprised 83 male and 104 female patients aged 40.45 ± 15.66 years. A higher fever rate (64.5%52.9%,= 0.02), thicker appendix diameter (9.31 ± 4.05 mm4.78 ± 4.20 mm,< 0.01), higher rate of nonsurgical management (85.9%39.6%,< 0.01), and higher rate of uncomplicated appendicitis were observed (52.4%64.2%,= 0.02) in group 2020 than in group 2019. As shown in Table 1, no deaths were reported after follow-up. No operation team member was infected after follow-up.

“太謝謝你了，小朋友！”這個人剛要把鼻子裝到老地方，猛然想起來，“喂，小朋友，你做了好事，快去把塔造好！說不定還能得個大獎章呢！”

In the present study, the number of admitted patients did not decrease, which was inconsistent with previous studies[3,4]. Nevertheless, we found that the proportion of uncomplicated appendicitis was lower than that in the same period the previous year(52.4%64.2%), which suggested that the morbidity of acute appendicitis did not change. A previous study reported that the appendix was thicker and that the inflammation around the appendix was more severe during the pandemic based on CT scans[6], which is consistent with our study results (9.31 ± 4.05 mm4.78 ± 4.20 mm,<0.01). These findings suggested that patients feared becoming infected while in the hospital and that they preferred to stay at home until their symptoms became too serious to manage at home.

Unsolicited article; Externally peer reviewed.

The NLR has been widely used to evaluate various malignant tumors as an indicator of immune status[12,13]. NLR has also been used as an indicator for the diagnosis and severity evaluation of acute appendicitis. Previous studies reported that the NLR could be used as an important parameter in the diagnosis of appendicitis[14,15], while there was also a substantial correlation between the NLR and disease severity. This study demonstrated that patients who selected nonsurgical management during the pandemic presented with higher N% and NLR. We also detected some severe patients whose condition was more appropriate for surgical management but who underwent nonsurgical management during the nonpandemic period. This was consistent with the increased proportion of nonsurgical management during the pandemic observed in the present study. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the rates of conversion to surgery between groups, which indicated that the outcomes of IV antibiotic treatment were the same as those during the nonpandemic period.

自2011年以來，上海市重點以腦卒中為切入口，著力體系整合、流程再造和模式完善，結合上海市政府公共衛(wèi)生三年行動計劃和醫(yī)改等工作，由華山醫(yī)院牽頭組織“上海市腦卒中預防與救治服務體系”建設。

Recurrence is an important problem of nonsurgical management. The APPAC study reported that the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year recurrence rates of nonsurgical treatment were 27.3%, 35.2%, and 39.1%, respectively[16]. Our findings demonstrated a significant decrease in recurrence during the pandemic (1.3%21.6%); however, bias was possible due to the short follow-up in group 2020.

Among surgically managed cases, our study demonstrated that patients presented with more gastrointestinal symptoms (80.8%58.4%) and more severe physical signs during the pandemic period, especially peritonitis (96.2%67.3%). Peritonitis emerges when periappendiceal exudation stimulates the parietal peritoneum, thusrepresenting severe abdominal infection. Patients also presented with higher WBCs(14.92 ± 4.3913.22 ± 3.72), which was consistent with a previous study[8]. A global survey revealed that 56.1% of the study cases had more severe septic abdominal diseases during the pandemic, especially appendicitis and cholecystitis (41.8% and 40.2% of the study cases, respectively)[17].

To prevent COVID-19 infection among medical teams, the Chinese government ordered all patients to take a blood test for CBC, IgG, and IgM antibodies; chest CT;and swabs before admission. Although some foreign countries increased the CT scan rates[18], they did not require every patient to undergo all the tests before admission[19]. It took nearly 12 h to obtain the results of all of these tests and examinations in our hospital, which was why patients experienced a longer time from diagnosis to operation during the pandemic. A longer waiting time might lead to more severe ischemia of the appendix wall and an increased possibility of gangrene or perforation.A previous study reported that a time from onset to operation > 48 h, the rate of perforated appendicitis was 3.58 times that within 24 h[20]. Severe infection can lead to more severe intraoperative abdominal adhesions and ascites, thus increasing the difficulty of operation, prolonging the surgical time, and increasing the intraoperative blood loss, all of which were found in the present study. Some doctors are concerned that pneumoperitoneum may leak virus-contaminated gas from the trocar during laparoscopic surgery[5], while others are worried that electronic devices might aerosolize COVID-19, although there is no evidence for this. British guidelines recommended open surgery as the predominant procedure for acute appendicitis. The proportion of open surgeries significantly increased in the United Kingdom[19]. For the same reason, Italian doctors prefer open appendectomy without electronic devices[21]. However, the 2020 WSES guidelines recommended laparoscopic appendectomy as the first choice for complicated appendicitis[7]. Laparoscopic surgery leads to a shorter hospital stay and a lower rate of wound infection. In our study, laparoscopic appendectomy was the only operation used for surgical management of these patients.As all patients underwent a blood test for CBC, IgG and IgM antibodies and swabs before admission, the medical team did not perform the operation until negative results were obtained, thus putting at ease the medical team who did not have to worry about the possibility of COVID-19 infection during the operation. Some countries have used smoke evacuation systems with filters to evacuate surgical smoke during laparoscopic appendectomy[11], which will increase the ratio of minimally invasive surgery and bring the best benefits to patients.

According to a previous study, the incidence of postoperative complications during the pandemic was twice as high as that before the pandemic[22]. The authors suggested that the increased severity of appendicitis might be caused by a fear of admission. There was no significant difference in postoperative complication rates between groups in the present study, which might be related to a lower number of operation cases and short follow-up time during the pandemic or indirectly related to the proper government orders.

動機性訪談能夠增強患者的自我效能感的原因在于：（1）護理人員將患者的當前行為與期望之間沖突有效擴大，以此引導患者進行自我理性思考；（2）采用開放式的方式和相關訪談技巧增進了護理人員與患者之間的和諧關系，引導了患者理性思考；（3）跨理論模型能夠充分理解患者，并對患者改變的動機予以肯定，讓患者更為強化改變現有行為的意愿[16-17]。

This study has several limitations. As this was a retrospective study, it was inevitably biased. This was a single-center study with a small sample size. The followup time during the pandemic was short. Therefore, the results need to be further confirmed by large case studies.

在進行網頁制作時，一定要保證網頁的瀏覽速度，相關技術人員通常也會按照常規(guī)模式來對網站中的圖像文件進行最大化壓縮和優(yōu)化，但在操作過程中卻常常為了縮小文件而降低圖像質量，進而大大影響了網站的鑒賞價值。因此，要想改善這種現狀，就要大力采用CSS技術，并對其代碼進行相應的優(yōu)化，具體優(yōu)化方式可以從以下幾方面去分析：

In summary, the proportion of cases using nonsurgical management for appendicitis in northern Beijing increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The patients presented with more serious conditions. To prevent COVID-19 infection, a more complex preoperative test and examination were adopted, which resulted in a longer preoperative waiting time and surgical time. Intraoperative blood loss increased. However, the complex preoperative examination was useful, as it screened the patients in need of laparoscopic appendectomy, ensured better postoperative outcomes, and did not significantly increase the postoperative complication rate.

CONCLUSION

During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients suffering from acute appendicitis in Beijing tended to present with severe symptoms and opt for non-surgical treatment. For patients who underwent surgical management, the operation was delayed and more difficult during the pandemic. The hospital stay and the incidence of post-surgical complications did not change. The complex preoperative examination can ensure the safety of laparoscopic appendectomy, which leads to a better postoperative outcomes.

實驗設備包括聯想PC一臺,RED5型號眼動設備一套,最高采樣頻率500Hz,主機顯示分辨率為1280×1024像素,屏幕亮度調整為300cd/m2,被試眼睛與屏幕的距離約為60cm,屏幕中央與被試的眼高基本水平.實驗界面由Experimental軟件呈現,眼動數據由軟件自動記錄,并利用BeGaze軟件進行眼動數據分析.

This study has some limitations. As this was a retrospective study, it was inevitably biased. This was a single-center study with small sample size. The follow-up time during the pandemic was short. Therefore, the results need to be further confirmed by large case studies or RCT studies.