英語語法“主謂一致”二三事（上）

王艷萍

在英語句子中，謂語動詞必須與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這叫“主謂一致”。近幾年高考，對該內(nèi)容的考查主要涉及“語法一致”“意義一致”“就近一致”這幾方面。

下面，筆者先向大家介紹語法一致的具體用法。

“語法一致”是指主語和謂語動詞在語法形式上保持一致。當(dāng)主語為單數(shù)形式時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞、代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式;主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例：Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is often acceptable.（2016·全國卷II）

注意：由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于主語從句指代的意義。

例①：What I can tell you is that the tsunami wave cannot be stopped.

例②：What we need are ten books.

“and / both...and...”連接并列成分作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如，Both the students and the teacher are playing football now.

1.如果and連接的兩個并列主語指的是同一個人或事物（第二個名詞前沒有限定詞），謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。

例：The poet and writer has produced many works.（這位詩人兼作家出版了許多作品。）

2.由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前分別有each、every修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

例：Every hour and every minute is very valuable.

主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有“with， together with， along with， like， as well as， as much as， more than， rather than， except， but， besides， including”等具有連接意義的單詞或詞組，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式，此為就前（遠(yuǎn)）原則。

例：The musician along with his band members ________ （give） ten performances in the last three months.（2019·江蘇卷）

【解析】句子主語“The musician”是單數(shù)形式，根據(jù)“in the last three months”可知句子的時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時，故填“has given”。

主語是“either/neither/each/every/no +單數(shù)名詞”或由some、any、no、every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

例：When every pupil in the school wears the uniform， nobody has to worry about fashion.（2019·浙江卷）

trousers、glasses、clothes、shoes、jeans等由兩部分構(gòu)成一個整體的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如，My trousers are old， so I want to buy a new pair.

1.如果主語前有a series of、a kind of、a piece of、a pair of 等量詞修飾時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。

例：A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.

2.如果主語為“名詞+ of this kind”，謂語動詞應(yīng)與of前的名詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。

例：Apples of this kind are highly priced.

“many a/more than one +單數(shù)名詞（許多……）”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式?！癿ore +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ than one”作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例①：Many a student in our class likes pop music while many students in their class like classic music.

例②：More members than one are against your plan.

表示數(shù)量的短語“a quantity of / an amount of +名詞”或“quantities of / amounts of + 名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式根據(jù)quantity和amount的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。

例①：A large amount of clean water is waster every day.

例②：Large quantities of money have been spent on the project so far; it is enough.

在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)和其后主語保持一致。

例：By the lake are two chemical works， one of which was built last year.

定語從句中的語法一致

1.在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞that、who、which作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。

例：If you look at all sides of the situation， youll find probably a solution that suits everyone.（2020·江蘇卷）

2.先行詞是“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時，定語從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例：Tommy was one of the doctors who were devoted to saving peoples lives in WuHan.

注意：“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)，如2021年高考全國甲卷的短文改錯中“One of the questions are：Who will you go to in times of trouble？”這一句需要考生把“are”改為“is”。

3.先行詞是“the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

例：She is the only one of the children who is good at music here.