解析高考英語閱讀的七選五題型

□宋海龍 徐 靜

高考英語中的七選五題型讓很多同學感到頭疼，怎么選都選不對，甚至還有全錯的時候。其實七選五是拿分題，當大家了解了命題意圖和原則，掌握了正確的答題方法并經(jīng)過強化訓(xùn)練，拿滿分是完全可能的。

一、題型解讀

七選五的試題模式一般為給出一篇缺少5個句子的文章，對應(yīng)有七個選項，要求考生根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應(yīng)的空白處。其考查重點為考生對文章整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。選項一般設(shè)置主旨概括句（文章整體內(nèi)容）、過渡性句子（文章結(jié)構(gòu)）、注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）等。七選五考查考生進行語篇分析的理論技巧，既考查篇章內(nèi)容，又考查對結(jié)構(gòu)的理解，細致到句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間的銜接，相當于閱讀理解和完型填空的綜合。這一題型比閱讀理解要難一些，它不僅是對考生閱讀速度的考查，還對理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、主旨、寫作意圖、觀點等有所考查。

二、解題方法

通過以上對命題意圖的分析，可以總結(jié)出以下三種解題方法：通讀法、研讀法、回讀法。

（一）通讀法

通讀法即通過快速通讀全文，了解語篇的背景知識和框架結(jié)構(gòu)，劃分篇章的層級并確定其主題思想，由此得出文章結(jié)構(gòu)、主題句、寫作內(nèi)容的方法。此方法尤其適用于空格設(shè)在段首的題目：一般為主旨概括句（文章整體內(nèi)容）、段落小標題或主題句，作用通常為引出下文，一般是名詞短語或祈使句，特征非常明顯。

例1.(2020年全國Ⅰ卷，37題)

37 Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough.Why do you follow them? A re you hoping that eventually you will f eel empowered because your life is better than theirs? Know that your life is your own;you are the only you in this world.

A.Feeling upset again?

B.Where do you start?

C.Nothing is too small to celebrate.

D.Remember,you are only human.

E.Set an intention for self-acceptance.

F.Stop comparing yourself with others.

G.When does the comparison game start?

37.選F。根據(jù)本文的框架結(jié)構(gòu)可知，37空處應(yīng)為段落的小標題。作者在空后提出：不要效仿他人，因為你的生活是你自己的，你是這個世界上唯一的你。所以此處強調(diào)人的唯一性、獨特性，可以分析出選項F是段落的主旨句，“不要和別人比較”。

（二）研讀法

七選五中有很多空只憑借對文章框架結(jié)構(gòu)的分析并不能選出答案，需要我們反復(fù)讀選項，分析空前空后的內(nèi)容和詞組，密切關(guān)注上下文的細微銜接才能推敲出最恰當?shù)倪x項。這就要求我們進入特定的題目中，設(shè)身處地地去分析，細細研讀。此時，我們可以通過關(guān)鍵詞來輔助解題。如上下文重復(fù)的詞及有各種關(guān)聯(lián)的詞——因果、同義、反義的詞和指示代詞等。

例2.(2021年全國新高考Ⅰ卷，36題)

My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.36 So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.

A.Not all the customers are tourists.

B.The quality of life in France is equally excellent.

C.There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.

D.The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.

E.That’s not the only reason the French eat less than we do.

F.Our aim was to see if we could live,in some way,like real Parisians.

G.The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.

36.上文“My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.(我丈夫和我剛在巴黎待了一周)”說明了背景；下文“So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.(所以我們做的第一件事就是租了一個非常昂貴的公寓，在第六層，只有一個櫥柜那么大)”是空格處的結(jié)果，通過關(guān)鍵詞SO可以得出空格處需要填原因；根據(jù)F項“Our aim was to see if we could live,in some way,like real Parisians.(我們的目標是看看我們是否在某種程度上可以活得像巴黎人。)”可知，作者要在巴黎住下來，所以需要租房子，兩句構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。故選F項。

例3.(2021年全國乙卷，37題)

People love to talk a bout themselves.If you can start the conversation with a question other than“What do you do for a living?”,you’ll be able to get a lot more interesting conversation out of whomever it is you’re talking to.37,it can bring in “I have this old,broken-down vehicle” or“I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.” It just opens up conversation.

A.How do you know the host

B.The first step is to go exploring

C.If you ask th e question “How did you get here?”

D.Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers

E.Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say

F.What about that person who had too much to drink or won’t stop talking

G.He or she is the person who is fee ling the weight of that awkwardness the most

37.上文中復(fù)現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞question，同時根據(jù)下文it can bring in “I have this old,broken-down vehicle” or “I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.” It just opens up conversation.(它可以帶來“我有這輛破舊的車”或“我和那些在后面嘲笑愚蠢笑話的瘋子一起乘坐公共汽車?！边@樣的回答，它只是打開了對話)可知，設(shè)空處應(yīng)該是提了一個不太好的問題，只是開始交流，但并不會給人留下有趣的印象。由此可知，C項“If you ask the question “How did you get here?”(如果你問“你是怎么到這里來的？”這個問題)”能夠承接下文，符合題意。故選C項。

（三）回讀法

回讀法實際上是在對各題做出最初選擇后的一個檢驗方法，是驗證正確性的一個重要階段。比如，根據(jù)通讀法分析整個文章框架，或通過研讀法分析上下文的關(guān)鍵詞并做出了選擇，那么就需要通過回讀法徹底把空前、本空所選答案和空后的句子聯(lián)系起來，再從前后句的意義和邏輯關(guān)系是否能串聯(lián)的層面來進行分析，確保答案能夠滿足此處所需內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)的雙重要求，實現(xiàn)更高的正答率。

在解答一篇七選五試題的過程中，三種方法要結(jié)合使用。一般情況下先通讀文章內(nèi)容，再研讀段落和句子之間的關(guān)系，最后放入所選答案進行回讀。同時，需要遵循先易后難的原則，避免從頭到尾的做題順序，即，如果遇到拿不準的題，可以先跳過去，接著往后讀，先做容易的，從而快速減少干擾選項，直到讀完整篇文章，再代入可能的選項，逐一回讀，最終確定選項。