北京2022首鋼滑雪大跳臺中心，北京，中國

清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計研究院簡盟工作室

客戶：北京首奧置業(yè)有限公司

設(shè)計單位：清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計研究院有限公司

施工單位：北京首鋼建設(shè)集團(tuán)有限公司項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人：張利

[首鋼滑雪大跳臺本體]

建筑設(shè)計：張利，竇光璐，江曦瑞，白雪，潘小劍

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計及競賽工藝設(shè)計：北京戈建建筑設(shè)計顧問有限責(zé)任公司 | 戈建

競賽剖面曲線設(shè)計：Joe Fitzgerald，Davide Cerato

施工圖項(xiàng)目管理：杭州中聯(lián)筑境建筑設(shè)計有限公司 | 孟繁星

施工圖合作設(shè)計：北京首鋼國際工程技術(shù)有限公司

大跳臺競賽照明：瑪斯科照明設(shè)備有限公司

Client:Beijing Shouao Property Co.,Ltd.

Design Team:Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University Co.,Ltd.

Contruction:Beijing Shougang Construction Group Co.,Ltd.Principle-in-Charge:ZHANG Li

[Big Air]

Architecture:ZHANG Li,DOU Guanglu,JIANG Xirui,BAI Xue,PAN Xiaojian

Structure:NICOLAS GODELET

Architects & Engineers

Profile Design:Joe Fitzgerald,Davide Cerato

Record of Architecture Management:MENG Fanxing/CCTN Design

Competition Lightning:MUSCO

首鋼滑雪大跳臺是第一個坐落于工業(yè)遺址的冬奧會場館。它將舉辦北京2022 冬奧會的單板大跳臺項(xiàng)目。

單板大跳臺是冬奧會中一項(xiàng)相對較新的運(yùn)動，在2018 年平昌冬奧會上才成為冬奧會的正式比賽項(xiàng)目。這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動在歐洲和北美城市的年輕人中非常流行，在中國也有越來越多的喜愛好者。這符合北京西部地區(qū)的人口結(jié)構(gòu)，當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦钠骄挲g遠(yuǎn)低于45 歲，主動健康的生活方式備受推崇。首鋼滑雪大跳臺將奧林匹克運(yùn)動的魅力、年輕體育運(yùn)動的獨(dú)特性、年輕地區(qū)的人口結(jié)構(gòu)和城市復(fù)興的機(jī)會結(jié)合起來。

首鋼滑雪大跳臺的規(guī)劃設(shè)計將冬奧會場館與原大型鋼鐵廠的一個關(guān)鍵部分改造結(jié)合起來，其包括冷卻泵站和制氧廠，沿冷卻池分布。賽道位于由4 座標(biāo)志性冷卻塔形成的風(fēng)影區(qū)，它的結(jié)束區(qū)和5000 座觀眾席的一部分沉入湖中。附近的制氧廠將被改造再利用為北京2022 的觀眾服務(wù)樓，在賽后則成為體育休閑街區(qū)。僅此項(xiàng)改造每年就可減少200,000t 的CO2排放，恢復(fù)冷卻池周圍生態(tài)和景觀系統(tǒng)。

賽道是一個獨(dú)立的三角形結(jié)構(gòu)，由升降電梯、助滑道、起跳臺和著陸區(qū)組成。它使用3000t 鋼制預(yù)制組件、700 塊穿孔鋁板和集成式可伸縮廣播燈桿。賽道的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計在FIS 競賽顧問的監(jiān)督建議下，可在48 小時內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)換為空中技巧賽道，實(shí)現(xiàn)了“一臺兩用”。

觀眾席由兩部分組成。下部為混凝土，沉入湖中，是永久性的，可提供約2500 個座位。上部為輕鋼結(jié)構(gòu)，高于水面，在奧運(yùn)會后將被拆除，以恢復(fù)濱水區(qū)更加水平和連續(xù)的景觀。

Big Air Shougang (BAS) is the first Olympic Winter Games venue sitting right inside an industrial heritage site.It will hold Big Air events in Beijing 2022.

Big Air is a relatively new sport in Olympic Winter Games,only becoming an official OWG sport in Peyongchang 2018.The sport is extremely popular among the urban youth in both European and North American cities,and is having more and more fans in China.It fits the demographics of the western part of Beijing very well,where the average age of local residents is well below 45,and a sporty and active life style is highly regarded.BAS aligns the appeal of the Olympic movement,the peculiarity of a young sport,the demography of a youthful district,and the opportunity of an urban revitalisation.

The plan of BAS combines the winter game venue with the transformation of a key part of the former gargantuan steel plant,including a cooling centre and an oxygen factory,along the cooling lake.The Big Air slope is placed in the wind-shadow area formed by the four iconic cooling towers,with its finishing area and part of the 5000-seat stadium sunken into the lake.The oxygen factory nearby will be transformed and reused as the service buildings for spectators in Beijing 2022,and a sports & leisure district after it.This transformation alone is believed to save 200,000 tons of CO2emission per year,and is the driving force in restoring the ecological and landscape system around the cooling lake.

1 群明湖北岸看大跳臺Viewing Big Air from north of Qunming Lake

2 制氧廠與大跳臺Oxygen Factory and Big Air

3 總平面Site plan

[競賽配套設(shè)施及制氧廠北區(qū)改造]

建筑設(shè)計：張利，竇光璐，白雪，胡珀，聶仕兵

制氧主廠房改造方案設(shè)計：都靈理工大學(xué)|博明凱

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計：李果，潘安平

給排水工程：徐青，翟莎莎

暖通工程：賈昭凱，劉慧麗

電氣工程：王磊，鐘新

景觀設(shè)計：清華同衡規(guī)劃設(shè)計研究院朱育帆工作室

泛光照明：清華大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院張昕工作室

跳臺本體結(jié)構(gòu)形式：鋼結(jié)構(gòu)

制氧廠北區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)形式：鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)等

基地面積：33.2hm2

建筑面積：33,000m2

設(shè)計時間：2017.04-2019.10

竣工時間：2019.01-2020.07

繪圖：清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計研究院簡盟工作室

攝影：布雷

制氧廠的適應(yīng)性再利用是按照其原有的布局邏輯進(jìn)行的，對不同的建筑采用了多樣的策略。對于單層單跨大型廠房，在保留原有結(jié)構(gòu)的同時，插入新的樓層和交通系統(tǒng)，形成了一個開放的多層混合用途建筑。對于冷卻泵站，同樣保留原有結(jié)構(gòu)并增加新的樓層，將其轉(zhuǎn)換為整個大跳臺區(qū)域動力中心的新通風(fēng)站。對于其他4 座廠房，結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了修改，并在頂部增加了額外的樓層和連接，從而保留了底層的構(gòu)造，并在上面增加了更具活力的混合使用空間。對于其他工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，包括標(biāo)志性的空分塔，大量的儲液罐和儲球，以及管架，都進(jìn)行了保存、凈化和翻新。在制氧廠西側(cè)的開放空間下增加了地下空間，以放置機(jī)器、電力系統(tǒng)和停車場。

首鋼滑雪大跳臺賽道和觀眾席在2019 年11 月建成后，立即引起了北京市民的轟動。隨著2019 年12 月FIS 沸雪賽事的成功舉辦，首鋼滑雪大跳臺已經(jīng)被北京年輕人選為最喜歡去的地方。隨著2020 年制氧廠再利用工程和本項(xiàng)目的全面完成，以及北京2022 冬奧會的舉辦，首鋼滑雪大跳臺將充分展現(xiàn)其將奧運(yùn)理念融入城市轉(zhuǎn)型浪潮和在生活方式轉(zhuǎn)變中的潛力?！?/p>

評審評語（1）

首鋼滑雪大跳臺是北京2022 年冬奧會的賽事場地之一。這個獨(dú)特而杰出的項(xiàng)目把一個巨大的廢棄鋼鐵廠改造成了一個將運(yùn)動、文化、自然與休閑結(jié)合的場所，把廢棄工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)化為人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹囊徊糠?。從前的冷卻泵站、制氧廠和冷卻池被改造成為游客中心和公園。為了服務(wù)社區(qū)需求，項(xiàng)目還考慮了奧運(yùn)設(shè)施未來作為城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施一部分的用途，希望讓它們成為加強(qiáng)社會凝聚力、促進(jìn)公共健康的場所。此外，該場館也將成為一個引人入勝的旅游景點(diǎn)，為整個地區(qū)增加吸引力。（母卓爾 譯）

評審評語（2）

項(xiàng)目設(shè)在冬奧會組織委員會所處的首鋼工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)園，是冬奧歷史上第一個實(shí)現(xiàn)競賽設(shè)施與工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)相結(jié)合的項(xiàng)目。跳臺設(shè)計不僅滿足競賽標(biāo)準(zhǔn)功能需求并巧妙地與中國文化敦煌壁畫中飛天的概念結(jié)合成為群明湖邊首鋼工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)建筑群中的一道亮麗的風(fēng)景。是充分反映地域性、文化性、功能性以及工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)的更新利用等方面杰出成功的范例。

[Oxygen Factory Renovation]

Architecture:ZHANG Li,DOU Guanglu,BAI Xue,HU Bo,NIE Shibing

Renovation Design:Michele Bonino/Politenico di Torino

Structure:LI Guo,PAN Anping

Water Supply & Drainage:XU Qing,ZHAI Shasha

HVAC:JIA Zhaokai,LIU Huili

MEP:WANG Lei,ZHONG Xin

Lanscape:Atelier ZHU Yufan,THUDPI

Floodlighting:X Studio,School of Architecture,Tsinghua University

Structure:Steel frame structure (main body),steel-concrete structure (oxygen factory)

Site Area:33.2 hm2

Built Area:33,000 m2

Design Time:2017.04–2019.10

Completion Time:2019.01–2020.07

Drawings:Atelier TeamMinus,

Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University Co.,Ltd.

Photos:Brian

The competition slope is a standalone triangle structure consisting of the lift,the inrun,the take-off and the landing.It uses 3000 tons of steel prefab components,700 pieces of perforated aluminium panels and integrated retractable broadcast light poles.The design of the slope structure,under the supervision of FIS competition advisors,has a capacity of changing its profile to meet the needs more than one sports.Another first of its kind.

The stadium comprises two parts.The lower part is in concrete,and sunken into the lake,and is permanent,providing around 2500 seats.The upper part is of light steel,above the water surface,and will be removed after the games to restore the waterfront to a more horizontal and continuous appearance.

4 大跳臺剖面Section of Big Air

The adaptive reuse of the oxygen factory is done following the original logic of its layout,with more diverse strategies applied to different buildings.For the big single-storey single-span factory building,original structure is preserved while new floors and circulations are inserted resulting in a multi-storey mixed-use building with an open ground floor.For the ventilation station,again the original structures (particularly those big ventilating openings on the top) are kept and new floors added,converting it into a new ventilation station for the power centre of the entire Big Air area.For the other four factory buildings,structures are modified and additional floors and connections are added on top,resulting in a retained ground floor fabric and more dynamic mixed-use spaces above.For the other industrial structures,including the iconic fractionation tower,numerous storage cylinders and spheres,and pipeline frames,are all kept,decontaminated,and refurbished.Underground spaces are added beneath the open space to the west of the oxygen factory,where mechanics,powers and parking are provided.

The BAS slope and stadium has become a public sensation in Beijing immediately after its completion in Nov,2019.With a successful FIS competition in Dec,2019,BAS is already voted by young Beijing-ers as a top favourite place to go.After the completion of the oxygen factory reuse in 2021 with which the project would be finished in full,and the holding of the Beijing 2022 Winter Games,BAS will reveal its full potential of how an Olympic initiative maybe embedded into a wave of urban transformations,and a movement of life style change.□

Jury Statement (1)

Big Air Shougang will be venue for the Olympic Winter Games 2022 in Beijing.This unusual and outstanding project converts an enormous,abandoned steel plant into a sports,culture,nature and leisure site,appropriating the abandoned industrial heritage for civil life.A former a cooling centre,an oxygen factory and a cooling lake are being transformed into a ski slope,a visitor centre and a park.Addressing the community,the project also anticipates the future role of the Olympic sports facilities as part of the urban infrastructure and uses them as opportunities to enhance social cohesion and public health.Moreover,the venue will continue to be an exciting and interesting destination for visitors,adding attraction to the whole region.

5 從新首鋼大橋看工業(yè)園區(qū)與大跳臺Viewing Shougang and Big Air from New Shougang Bridge

6 原制氧廠北區(qū)空分塔Vent tower before renovation

7 原制氧廠Oxygen Factory before renovation

8 制氧廠048地塊首層平面Ground floor plan of Oxygen Factory renovation

9-10 改造后制氧廠與景觀小品Oxygen Factory after renovation and the courtyard with industrial heritage elements

11 制氧廠048地塊北立面North elevation of Oxygen Factory renovation

Jury Statement (2)

The project is located in the Shougang Industrial Heritage Park,where the Winter Olympics Organising Committee is based,and is the first project in the history of the Winter Olympics to combine competition facilities with industrial heritage.

The design of the ski jump not only meets the standard functional requirements of the competition,but is also cleverly combined with the concept of the flying sky in the Chinese culture of Dunhuang frescoes,making it a beautiful sight in the Shougang industrial heritage complex by Lake Quming.It is an outstanding example of a successful project that reflects the local,cultural and functional aspects of the industrial heritage and its regenerative use.(Translated by Dandan Wang)

首鋼滑雪大跳臺作為體育設(shè)施是城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的一部分，它借2022年北京冬奧會契機(jī)，旨在激活京西城市空間發(fā)展，增強(qiáng)社會凝聚力，服務(wù)公共休閑活動與健康。德國《建筑世界》的編輯娜塔莉·肖爾德和瑪麗·布魯恩·伊德（NS+MY）對清華院簡盟工作室主持建筑師張利進(jìn)行了訪談。

NS+MY

張利

首鋼滑雪大跳臺位于北京西部的鋼鐵工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)區(qū)內(nèi)。它地理位置和北京城的關(guān)系應(yīng)該如何理解？北京一直在擴(kuò)大。我1970 年出生時，北京市區(qū)的規(guī)模大約是現(xiàn)在的1/5。首鋼距離市中心20km，曾被看作一個獨(dú)立的區(qū)域，但現(xiàn)在它已經(jīng)成為了市區(qū)的一部分。北京總體規(guī)劃是由同心環(huán)路構(gòu)成的，而首鋼——超過10km2的空曠工廠——位于五環(huán)和六環(huán)之間。

NS+MY

張利

這個地方對人們意味著什么？

首鋼是首都的鋼鐵廠，建于20 世紀(jì)初，是全國第一個如此規(guī)模的工廠。在1950 年代，它是中國即將到來的工業(yè)強(qiáng)國的一個標(biāo)志性符號。自1980 年代以來，鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)逐漸失去領(lǐng)先地位，直到2010 年，生產(chǎn)功能被轉(zhuǎn)移到河北省。但這個場所對中國工業(yè)化記憶仍意義重大。

NS+MY

張利

所以這里的城市發(fā)展不僅僅是為了冬奧會？

這里的城市轉(zhuǎn)型分3 個部分進(jìn)行。第一部分是圍繞著大跳臺、冷卻塔和冷卻池，還包括群名湖（冷卻池）周邊的重建以及制氧廠的改造；第二部分包括北京冬奧會組織委員會辦公大樓；第三部分由中國國家冬季運(yùn)動隊(duì)訓(xùn)練中心組成，包括滑冰、冰球和其他運(yùn)動。雖然工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)的再利用老生常談，但納入奧運(yùn)場館議題還是第一次。這種資源的聚集和特定國際事件帶來的張力有助于推動園區(qū)的整體改造、再利用，使其重新融入城市。

NS+MY

張利

所以，可以這個項(xiàng)目不僅可被視為單獨(dú)的建筑或事件，而且更像是一個公共空間？

比賽只是臨時的、短暫的事件。奧運(yùn)會在中國具有很大的吸引力，可以成為一個曾經(jīng)的工業(yè)用地上重新煥發(fā)活力的重要驅(qū)動力。在以后的許多年，我們都需要在這里營造美好的城市生活，來證明它是一個有價值的項(xiàng)目。為了使這里成為一個有意義的旅游目的地，空間必須滿足我們常參考的“2.5 小時法則”，這意味著一個地方有可能吸引普通市民游覽2.5 小時以上。為了提供這種完整體驗(yàn)，需要為多種活動設(shè)置空間：休閑、散步、休憩、觀景、會面和交流等等。這些體驗(yàn)按照一定的節(jié)奏組合起來就構(gòu)成了“2.5 小時”。

12 半沉入湖的觀眾席Stadium sunken into lake

13 群明湖北岸North of Qunming Lake

14 近水步道Waterfront space

NS+MY

張利

那么，在2022 年奧運(yùn)會之外，北京還會怎樣從該項(xiàng)目中受益？

僅僅依靠跳臺賽道本身，我們無法做到前面提到的“2.5 小時”的體驗(yàn)，因?yàn)槠胀ㄈ藷o法使用它。但我們用改造后的制氧廠和冷卻池來構(gòu)成體驗(yàn)，形成一個完整區(qū)域，中間包括了很多工業(yè)構(gòu)件與現(xiàn)代建筑?，F(xiàn)在它已被改造成創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)辦公空間、零售商店和咖啡廳等。沿著湖岸，我們設(shè)計了不同的設(shè)施和開放空間，為人們提供觀景座位，以及可以走入湖中的步行通道。

NS+MY

張利

廢棄的工業(yè)廠房是如何為該項(xiàng)目提供靈感的？

為了舉辦城市活動和人們的日常生活，需要打破規(guī)模，將大空間劃分為更多的連續(xù)空間，而且需要提供適應(yīng)性與靈活性。空間應(yīng)該能夠包含多種用途和變化，因?yàn)樗婕暗饺说某叨群彤?dāng)前人們工作和生活在一起的模式。

NS+MY

張利

我們是否可以這樣理解：這個項(xiàng)目的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是再利用而不是拆除，而賽道是可變的。你是如何理解可持續(xù)性的？

我們想盡可能多地保留現(xiàn)有的結(jié)構(gòu)，雖然這種策略比拆除更昂貴，但這種投資對環(huán)境是有益的。我們沿著原有結(jié)構(gòu)的方向增加新的體量，而不給它們增加太多的額外負(fù)荷。此外，賽道的每個部分都可以重復(fù)使用，它由預(yù)制構(gòu)件組裝而成。我們總是試圖從長遠(yuǎn)考慮，不只是為具體功能設(shè)計。如果只為一個特定的功能設(shè)計，那么當(dāng)它建成時，它就已經(jīng)過時了?！?/p>

Big Air Shougang promotes sports facilities as part of the urban infrastructure and use the Winter Games 2022 to trigger spatial development and enhance social cohesion as well as public health.Natalie Scholder (NS) and Marie Bruun Yde (MY) talk to lead architect of Atelier TeamMinus,ZHANG Li (ZL).

NS+MY

ZL

Big Air Shougang is located at the industrial heritage site of a former steel plant in West Beijing.How is it situated in the city?

Shougang is 20 km from the centre and regarded as a separate region,but practically it has been absorbed by the city.The master plan of Beijing is made up of concentric circles of ring roads and Shougang– 10 m2of empty factories– is located in between the fifth and sixth ring.

NS+MY

ZL

What does this place mean to people?

Shougang is the capital steel plant,built in the early 20th century as the first factory of this scale.In the 1950s it was an iconic symbol of the coming industrial power of China.Since the 1980s,it has not been regarded as a pioneering industry anymore and in 2010 the production was moved to the Hebei province.But the place means a lot to the industrialisation memory of China.

NS+MY

ZL

The development is not just meant for the Winter Games?

The transformation takes place in three parts:The first is centred around the Big Air venue along with the cooling towers and the cooling lake.It also includes the redevelopment in the perimeter of the lake as well as an oxygen factory.The second part comprises office buildings for the organisation committee.And the third part consists of training centres for the Chinese national winter sports team,including skating,ice hockey,and other sports.Whereas the reuse of industrial heritage is a familiar theme,the incorporation of an Olympic competition venue is new.This gathering of resources and tension brought by the specific international event helps to drive the overall renovation,reuse and reintegration of the site into the city.

15 區(qū)位總圖Master plan

NS+MY

ZL

Do you see the project less as architecture or event and more as a public space?

The game is just a temporary,short-lived event.The Olympic Games are a big attraction in China and can start the first drive of some life being reproduced in a place that used to be used by industry,not civilians.What we need here is a good urban life in the following years to prove it a worthy project.To be a meaningful destination,public space has to meet what we call the "2.5 hr principle".It means the potential to attract average urban civilians to spend 2.5 hours in a particular place.To provide this you need multiple kinds of activity:leisure,walking,seating,views,and spaces for meeting and information exchange.The combination of these experiences in a certain rhythm makes up the "2.5 hr".

NS+MY

ZL

So beyond the Olympic Games 2022,how will Beijing benefit from the project?

In the slope alone,we cannot do that "two and a half hour" experience.Normal people cannot use it.But we do it with the renovated oxygen factory,which is much like a district with industrial cylinders and modern buildings in between.It has been converted into creative industry office spaces,retail and coffee shops.And along the lake we designed different facilities and open spaces offering views and seating as well as a walking passage into the water.

NS+MY

ZL

How did the abandoned industrial structures inform the project?

To host urban events and the daily lives of people you need to break down the scale and divide spaces into more spaces that are linked together.And you need to accommodate flexibility.Spaces should be able to contain multiple purposes and changes as far as it speaks to human scale and the current mode of people working and living together.

NS+MY

ZL

The project sets in on reuse as opposed to demolition,the slope is dismountable.Which thoughts have you had on sustainability?

Regarding the conversion we wanted to keep as much of the existing structure as possible,although it is more expensive,but this financial investment proves with environmental gains.The new volumes in perpendicular to the original structure were added without giving them too much extra load.Furthermore,every part of the slope is reusable.It is assembled as prefab and can be disassembled completely.We always try to think long-term and to not just design for specific programmes.If you only design for a specific programme,it will be outdated already when it is built.□