借助主位述位理論，備考高考讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)

廣東 李再廷

主位述位理論是布拉格學(xué)派的創(chuàng)建者馬泰休斯（V.Mathesius）提出的句子結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)義切分法的核心內(nèi)容。馬泰休斯認(rèn)為，主位、述位是由說(shuō)話人根據(jù)語(yǔ)內(nèi)語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)外語(yǔ)境及自己要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容決定的。主位說(shuō)明談話的主題，從而成為句子其余部分?jǐn)⑹鰞?nèi)容的起點(diǎn)。述位則是對(duì)主位的敘述、描寫(xiě)和說(shuō)明，是敘述的核心內(nèi)容。

就陳述句來(lái)說(shuō)，充當(dāng)主位的常常是句子的主語(yǔ)，即名詞、代詞、名詞詞組及名詞性從句，有時(shí)是句子的賓語(yǔ)。例如：

(1) They (主位) enjoy the movie (述位).

(2) The visitors (主位) from all over the world are discussing the next destination now (述位).

(3) Where they will go (主位) hasn’t been decided yet(述位).

一、問(wèn)題分析

在平時(shí)的讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)備考中，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)不少學(xué)生把握不準(zhǔn)試題所給的段落首句的主位和述位，導(dǎo)致其在續(xù)寫(xiě)故事時(shí)，不知道如何展開(kāi)，或展開(kāi)時(shí)續(xù)寫(xiě)內(nèi)容和上文銜接不緊密，顧左右而言其他，使得續(xù)寫(xiě)主題不明確，雜亂無(wú)章。例如：

Jennifer took up her phone and looked at the screen.(2021 年佛山二模讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)第一段首句)

A 學(xué)生這樣寫(xiě)：Jennifer took up her phone and looked at the screen.She stared at her phone and said to Yui Fay,“I missed you very much.Where have you been these years?”...

B 學(xué)生這樣寫(xiě)：Jennifer took up her phone and looked at the screen.It was Yui Fay.She said she would not be able to come and asked for a rain check....

從所給的首句推進(jìn)模式來(lái)看，Jennifer 是主位，是信息的起點(diǎn)，phone 和screen 是述位，是將要敘述的核心內(nèi)容。題目所給句子是“Jennifer 接通電話，看著屏幕”，接下來(lái)應(yīng)是看到的是誰(shuí)，對(duì)方說(shuō)些什么。然后才是Jennifer 的反應(yīng)。A 學(xué)生的續(xù)寫(xiě)沒(méi)有把握好主位和述位之間的關(guān)系，第二句和第一句銜接得不合理。B 學(xué)生的續(xù)寫(xiě)根據(jù)述位展開(kāi)，邏輯性強(qiáng)，上下文銜接緊密。

二、主位述位理論的應(yīng)用

基于上述分析，在平時(shí)的高考英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)備考中，教師應(yīng)讓學(xué)生了解主位述位理論，增強(qiáng)主位述位意識(shí)，提高他們讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的質(zhì)量。

（一）使段落的展開(kāi)有章可循，更具邏輯性

下面以2021年新高考Ⅰ卷讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)為例進(jìn)行具體說(shuō)明。

第一段首句為“As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.”，從這個(gè)句子的主位推進(jìn)模式可以看出，從句“As the twins looked around them in disappointment”是主位，是信息的起點(diǎn)。主句“their father appeared”是述位，是即將要敘述的某事的內(nèi)容。考生應(yīng)根據(jù)“這對(duì)雙胞胎失望地看著他們剛剛做的早餐”來(lái)展開(kāi)敘述“他們的父親出現(xiàn)了”之后的一言一行。

下面看看兩位學(xué)生的作品：

A 學(xué)生：As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.He was very surprised at the mess in the kitchen and said,“What were you two doing here?”...

B 學(xué)生：As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.They were very sad when they saw their father’s coming.They asked their father for help...

從A 學(xué)生的作品來(lái)看，He 是主位，是上一句的述位their father，即上一句即將敘述的新內(nèi)容。you two 是上一句的主位the twins，也就是接下來(lái)要敘述的內(nèi)容，從已知信息到未知信息，第二句和第一句銜接緊密，邏輯性強(qiáng)。而B(niǎo) 學(xué)生的作品中They 是主位，同指上一句的主位the twins，和上一句的述位their father 銜接不緊密，顯得較為松散。

（二）不局限于句子，使前后各句的主位述位銜接

主位和述位的反復(fù)銜接是實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇銜接和連貫的重要手段。如果學(xué)生缺乏主位、述位銜接的意識(shí)，在進(jìn)行讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)時(shí)就容易只專(zhuān)注于單個(gè)句子，忽視句和句之間的主位述位銜接，從而導(dǎo)致文段松散不堪。例如：

The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up.（2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷，讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)，第二段首句）They said,“Good morning,my dear mum.”and put the breakfast on the desk.Their mother was very surprised.

題目所給句子的主位是The twins，述位是their mother，由此可以看出，第二句中的主位They 和題目所給出句子的述位之間缺乏聯(lián)系，使得第二、三句和前面句子的銜接不夠緊密。我們可以這樣修改：

The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up.When their mother saw the delicious and perfect breakfast in front of her,she was very surprised...

利用一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句“When their mother saw the delicious and perfect breakfast in front of her”作為主位來(lái)對(duì)上一句的述位進(jìn)行敘述，成為新的內(nèi)容起點(diǎn)，不但表達(dá)自然、準(zhǔn)確，而且和上一句有機(jī)聯(lián)系起來(lái)，使得整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的粘連性大為增強(qiáng)。

同樣的道理，看下面的例子：

The pay arrived at last.(2021 年6 月浙江卷，讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)，第一段首句) It was not much.My father immediately asked me to contribute it.I thought I should have my own money and planned how to spend it...

第二句的主位It 指第一句的主位The pay，即起點(diǎn)又回到起點(diǎn)，第三句的My father 和第二句的much 無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)，第四句的I 和第三句的it 無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)，總之，整個(gè)文段句與句之間較為散亂，主次不分?？梢孕薷娜缦拢?/p>

The pay arrived at last.Although it was not much,I was very delighted for I got something from my work.The toil of labour was forgotten for the moment.I thought I should have my own money and planned to spend it....

修改后，第二句用一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)呼應(yīng)第一句中的述位at last，實(shí)現(xiàn)了前后句間的銜接，不會(huì)讓人覺(jué)得第二句的出現(xiàn)很唐突。而且，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的使用使得句子的重心后傾，實(shí)現(xiàn)了已知信息向新信息的推進(jìn)，句子的銜接性大大增強(qiáng)。

（三）增加段落的統(tǒng)一性

段落的統(tǒng)一性指寫(xiě)作目的單一性，要求段落中所有句子都為一個(gè)主題思想服務(wù)，段落中所列舉的事實(shí)、例證均須與主題相關(guān)，整個(gè)段落必須圍繞一個(gè)主題展開(kāi)。段落的統(tǒng)一性包括兩方面的意義：包含性和排他性。即包含相關(guān)的信息內(nèi)容，排除非相關(guān)的信息內(nèi)容。若段落中包含不直接相關(guān)的信息，讀者就會(huì)感到茫然，同時(shí)也影響作者意圖的有效傳遞。這就要求學(xué)生能夠辨別和段落中心思想無(wú)關(guān)的句子，并寫(xiě)出緊扣段落中心思想的文段。例如：

As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.Obviously,they were not good at cooking.So they were very disappointed.Father’s appearing was like a savior to the two children.Because their mother was still sleeping.Under the guidance of their father,they took positive actions and started all over again.They made the bread and then went on cooking porridge.Father helped them adjust the fire,which was the key to success.It was all right this time.Delicious breakfast was ready.How happy they were!

從這段話的推進(jìn)模式可以看出，第二、三句中的they指第一句的the twins。第四句中的Father’s appearing 和第一句的述位their father appeared 指同一回事，第五句中的their mother 出現(xiàn)唐突，沒(méi)有做到銜接上文內(nèi)容，第六句中的they 和第七句中的They 同指two children，這兩個(gè)句子之間是總分關(guān)系，也是銜接緊密的。第八、九、十句是第六、七句內(nèi)容的一部分，也是敘述的結(jié)果，所以六、七、八、九、十句是銜接的。反觀第二、三、五句，其主位和述位與整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的其他主位和述位沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系，游離于整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇之外，不僅不連貫，更破壞了語(yǔ)篇的統(tǒng)一性。因此，應(yīng)該刪除。

主位和述位之間的銜接是實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇銜接和連貫的重要手段之一。利用主位述位理論來(lái)推進(jìn)文章情節(jié)的發(fā)展，應(yīng)該是高考英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)備考的一種好方法。如果英語(yǔ)教師掌握了主位述位結(jié)構(gòu)分析的知識(shí)并應(yīng)用于教學(xué)，那么在高考英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)備考時(shí)，便能更好地通過(guò)表層結(jié)構(gòu)的銜接以及底層結(jié)構(gòu)的連貫把握語(yǔ)篇組織的脈絡(luò)，對(duì)快速提高讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)備考能力有著事半功倍的效果。

三、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

（一）牛刀小試

根據(jù)所給句子拓展2～3 個(gè)句子，使得上下文銜接合理通順。

1.Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020,I have been addicted to playing mobile phone.

2.Papa had two hats.

3.Before midnight on Christmas Eve,children will gather around the unsold trees.

（二）模擬高考

閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)續(xù)寫(xiě)兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。

The family were starting their meal.The food was left from their Thanksgiving dinner two days before.Eleven-year-old Angelina Wilson asked,“Are we having turkey ice cream,too? ”Her father said,“Angelina,have you forgotten I had no job for a whole year? Now I have work again.You should be very thankful.”He did not sound angry,however.She regretted her comment especially because she had planned to ask her parents for something special.She knew eating put them in good spirits.Then she decided to start her plan.

“I’m sorry I said that about the turkey! But unless I get a new dress,I won’t look good for the Christmas Festival.”This Christmas Festival was different.The Community Center was ready for the big event.The girls wore party clothes.They sang and danced,and many people from the neighborhood came to see them perform.But Angelina had only a plain gray,wool dress she had worn to the event last year.And now it was a little too short.Angelina appealed to her parents.“I stopped into Forbes Department Store after school yesterday.There’s the most beautiful red dress there,just my size.”“Well,we cannot buy it.You never know when I might lose my job.But I have at least some money,”Mother said.

She had earned a little money by staying with her younger brother Louis when her parents went out.All hope was not gone.There was a sign in the Forbes store window that said“l(fā)ayaway（預(yù)付訂金購(gòu)貨法）.”Maybe it was something that could help her.After school the next day,Angelina went directly to the store where girls’ clothing was sold.Angelina pulled out ten worn dollar bills and showed them to the saleswoman.“This is enough for you to hold‘my’dress for me,right?”“Yes.But you must come back in two weeks to pay the rest.”Angelina felt happy she could get the dress on layaway.She was sure she could earn enough money to pay for it.

注意：1.續(xù)寫(xiě)詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150 左右。

2.請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。

Two weeks later,she was far from having enough money for her dress._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Angelina thought how much she wanted the red dress.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Keys:

（一）牛刀小試

1.Wherever I am,I will watch Tik Tok,browse WeChat with my mobile phone.Mobile phone has become my close partner,who always stays with me.I will get very anxious easily if she is not by my side.

2.One was his Sunday hat,and the other was his everyday hat.When his Sunday hat got old,he wore it every day and then bought a new Sunday hat.He wore his Sunday hat only to church or on holidays or when he visited the city.Most of the time he kept his Sunday hat in a special box.

3.The sellers would throw each tree in turn starting with the biggest tree.Many children would try to catch a tree.But only the strongest,roughest boys would try to catch the big trees.The littlest children waited for the littlest trees.They screamed with happiness when they caught a Christmas tree.

（二）模擬高考

Two weeks later,she was far from having enough money for her dress.She returned sadly to Forbes Department Store and spoke to the saleswoman,“I don’t have enough money for the dress for the Festival.”Then she saw that the saleswoman’s eyes were red.She seemed to have been crying.“You know,the store is closing.I am losing my job.And I would like to make my last sale here to someone belonging to your service club.You do good work.I will pay the rest of what you owe so you can have it.”

Angelina thought how much she wanted the red dress.But she remembered how worried her father had felt during that long year without work.She said“That is very good of you.But you will need all your money until you get another job.”“Well,I will pay to return your money.”Thankfully,she ran out with the money.Outside,a man like Santa Claus was asking people for money to help poor people.Without hesitation she gave the man dressed as Santa Claus several dollars.