• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Traditional Uses and Pharmacologically Active Constituents of Dendrobium Plants for Dermatological Disorders:A Review

    2021-10-08 03:12:42YueHuWang
    Natural Products and Bioprospecting 2021年5期

    Yue-Hu Wang

    Abstract Dendrobium Sw.is one of the largest genera in the orchidaceous family and includes 900-2000 species.Among them,more than 80 Dendrobium species have been reported in China.However,there are only six Dendrobium species,namely,D.bigibbum var.superbum (syn.D.phalaenopsis),D.chrysanthum,D.fimbriatum,D.loddigesii,D.nobile,and D.officinale(syn.D.candidum),listed in the New Inventory of Existing Cosmetic Ingredients in China Launched.Artificial planting of Dendrobium species has been a great success in China.To better utilize Dendrobium resources for medicinal and cosmetic purposes,we summarize their traditional uses and pharmacologically active compounds for treating dermatological disorders in this review.“Orchidaceae”,“ Dendrobium”,“traditional use”,“ethnobotany”,“dermatological disorder”,and “skin disease”were used as search terms to screen the literature.Cited references were collected between 1970 and 2020 from the Web of Science,China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI),SciFinder,Google Scholar,and Chinese books.From the search,it was found that there are 22 Dendrobium species with traditional uses in dermatological disorders,and 131 compounds from Dendrobium plants have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,antioxidant,antiaging,anti-psoriasis,and tyrosinase-inhibitory activities,implying that Dendrobium plants are important resources for the discovery of active compounds and the development of new drugs and cosmetics.D.crepidatum,D.denneanum,D.loddigesii,D.nobile,and D.officinale have been extensively studied.More research on other Dendrobium species is needed.The major active compounds found in Dendrobium species are phenanthrenes,alkaloids,flavonoids,phenylpropanoids,and lignans.Several compounds,such as loddigesiinol A,(S)-5-methoxy-2,4,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene,(S)-4-methoxy-2,5,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene,2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene 2- O- β- D-glucopyranoside,(9 R)-1,2,5,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 5- O- β- D-glucopyranoside,(+)-homocrepidine A,and vicenin 2,have significant anti-inflammatory activities and inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production with IC50 values less than 5 μM,and these compounds are worthy of further study.

    Keywords Orchidaceae·Dendrobium ·Traditional uses·Dermatological disorders·Anti-inflammatory

    1 Introduction

    Even though human skin is not the largest organ by weight or functional surface area [1],it is the main interface of the human body with the external environment.The skin meets the environment directly and thus is vulnerable to various types of damage.For this function,the skin possesses remarkable barrier qualities that protect humans from external pathogens and prevent the uncontrolled loss of water from the body.Although mortality rates for skin diseases are generally relatively low,they are often persistent,difficult to treat,can significantly impact quality of life and have a major psychological impact [2].

    DendrobiumSw.is one of the most important genera of Orchidaceae.The genus is one of the largest members of the orchidaceous family and includes 900-2000 species [3].Dendrobiumplants are mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics in southern Asia,Oceanica,and elsewhere [4].According toPlants of the World Online,there are 1,556 acceptedDendrobiumspecies at present [5].Among them,more than 80Dendrobiumspecies have been reported in China [4].However,there are only sixDendrobiumspecies,namely,D.bigibbumvar.superbumRchb.f.(syn.D.phalaenopsisFitzg.),D.chrysanthumWall.ex Lindl.,D.fimbriatumHook.,D.loddigesiiRolfe,D.nobileLindl,andD.officinaleKimura et Migo (syn.D.candidumWall.ex Lindl.),listed in the New Inventory of Existing Cosmetic Ingredients in China Launched (IECIC 2015,Final Version)[6].

    Artificial planting ofDendrobiumspecies has been a great success in China.The total mass of annual cultivatedDendrobiumplants in China now exceeds 19 million kg [7].To better utilizeDendrobiumresources for medicinal and cosmetic purposes,we summarize their traditional uses and pharmacologically active constituents for treating dermatological disorders.“Orchidaceae”,“Dendrobium”,“traditional use”,“ethnobotany”,“dermatological disorder”,and“skin disease” were used as search terms to screen the literature.Cited references were collected between 1970 and 2020 from the Web of Science,China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI),SciFinder,Google Scholar,and Chinese books.For pharmacological activities,only extracts or compounds with IC50,EC50,or MIC values less than 100 μg/mL were cited.

    2 Traditional Uses of Dendrobium Species for Treating Dermatological Disorders

    Traditional uses of 22Dendrobiumspecies for treating dermatological disorders by local people in Australia,Bangladesh,China,India,Indonesia,Liberia,Malaysia,and Nepal are found in the literature (Table 1).

    As shown in Table 1,the uses ofDendrobiumplants include treatments of boils [Dendrobium alpestreRoyle,D.crumenatumSw.,D.densifl orumLindl.,D.discolorLindl.,D.fi mbriatum,D.monticolaP.F.Hunt & Summerh.,andDendrobiumsp.(local name:gulubalama boblogie)],cuts (Dendrobium affineSteudel,D.fimbriatum,andD.nobile),burns [D.affine,D.amoenumWall.ex Lindl.,D.aphyllum(Roxb.) C.E.C.Fisch.,D.nobile,andD.polyanthumWall.ex Lindl.],eczema (D.macraeiLindl.andD.polyanthum),impetigo (D.denneanumKerr),infected nails (Dendrobium purpureumRoxb.),itchy skin (Dendrobium affineSteudel),pimples (D.alpestre,D.crumenatum,D.densiflorum,D.fimbriatum,andD.monticola),scalds (D.aphyllumandD.polyanthum),skin allergies (D.macraeiandD.macrostachyumLindl.),sores(D.affine,D.canaliculatumR.Br.,andD.chrysanthum),ringworm (D.discolor),ulcer (D.hancockiiRolfe),and wounds (D.amoenum,D.aphyllum,D.chrysanthum,D.fimbriatum,andD.nobile).The treatments of boils (seven species),burns (five species),pimples (five species),and wounds (five species) are the most common uses (Table 1).

    Table 1 (continued)

    Plant parts used ofDendrobiumspecies for treating dermatological disorders include aerial parts (one species),bulbs (three species),leaves (eight species),pseudobulbs (six species),pseudostems (one species),roots(three species),seeds (one species),stems (seven species),and whole plants (two species).Leaves,pseudobulbs,and stems are the most common parts used.

    3 Pharmacological Activities of Extracts,Preparations,and Chemical Constituents from Dendrobium Plants for Treating Dermatological Disorders

    Some extracts,preparations,and chemical constituents fromDendrobiumplants exhibit pharmacological activities related to dermatological disorders,such as antiinflammatory,antimicrobial,antioxidant,antiaging,antipsoriasis,hair growth promoting,skin-moisturizing,and tyrosinase-inhibitory activities.A part of pharmacological activities is related to the traditional uses ofDendrobiumplants.For example,anti-inflammatory activities are associated with treatments of eczema,itchy skin,and skin allergies,while antimicrobial activities are associated with treatments of boils,impetigo,and pimples.

    Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities are the most common activities ofDendrobiumextracts and compounds.One hundred thirty-one compounds fromDendrobiumplants have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,antioxidant,antiaging,anti-psoriasis,and tyrosinaseinhibitory activities (Table 2).These compounds include bibenzyls (1- 44,Figs.1 and 2),phenanthrenes (45- 79,Fig.3),alkaloids (80- 101,Fig.4),flavonoids (102- 108),phenylpropanoids (109- 117),lignans (118- 124),and others(125- 131,Fig.5).

    Fig.1 Chemical structures of pharmacologically active bibenzyls (1- 28) from Dendrobium plants (I)

    Fig.2 Chemical structures of pharmacologically active bibenzyls (29- 44) from Dendrobium plants (II)

    Fig.3 Chemical structures of pharmacologically active phenanthrenes (45- 79) from Dendrobium plants

    Fig.4 Chemical structures of pharmacologically active alkaloids (80- 101) from Dendrobium plants

    Fig.5 Chemical structures of pharmacologically active flavonoids (102- 108),phenylpropanoids (109- 117),lignans (118- 124) and other active compounds (125- 131) from Dendrobium plants

    Table 2 Pharmacologically active compounds (1- 131) from Dendrobium plants

    Table 2 (continued)

    Table 2 (continued)

    Table 2 (continued)

    Table 2 (continued)

    Table 2 (continued)

    3.1 Anti-Inflammatory Activity

    Skin inflammation is the most common complaint of those suff ering from dermatological diseases.Inflammatory skin diseases are divided into acute and chronic conditions.Acute skin inflammation is associated with occasional rashes,itching and skin redness and may be caused by ultraviolet or ionizing radiation,allergens or chemical irritants.Chronic inflammatory skin diseases include atopic dermatitis (such as eczema),seborrheic dermatitis,psoriasis,and rosacea.Chronic inflammatory skin diseases may lead to significant and serious disruption of skin immunity [8].

    3.1.1 Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall.ex Lindl.

    A phenanthrene,dendrochrysanene (75),was isolated from the stems ofD.chrysanthumcollected from Yunnan,China.This compound significantly suppressed the mRNA levels of TNF-α,IL-8,IL10,and iNOS in murine peritoneal macrophages at a concentration of 11.2 μg/mL.The compound may be a potentially useful new anti-inflammatory agent [9].

    3.1.2 Dendrobium crepidatum Lindl.& Paxton

    A research was conducted onD.crepidatumstems collected from Yunnan,China.Total alkaloids (yield,2.3%)were obtained fromD.crepidadumstems,which exhibited inhibitory eff ects on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages,with an IC 50 value of 18.7 μg/mL.The active alkaloids were found to be dendrocrepidine A (85; IC50,39.8 μM),dendrocrepidine B (93; IC50,51.8 μM),dendrocrepidine C (94;IC50,29.7 μM),dendrocrepidine D (95; IC50,40.1 μM),dendrocrepidine E (96; IC50,35.2 μM),(±)-dendrocrepidine F(IC50,38.4 μM),(-)-dendrocrepidine F (97; IC50,13.3 μM),and (+)-dendrocrepidine F (98; IC50,42.7 μM) [10].In another study,the racemic mixture of (±)-homocrepidine A was separated into a pair of enantiomers,(+)-homocrepidine A (82) and (-)-homocrepidine A (83).(±)-Homocrepidine A,(+)-homocrepidine A,(-)-homocrepidine A,and homocrepidine B (84) also inhibited NO production with IC 50 values of 14.7,3.6,22.8,and 27.6 μM,respectively,as compared with the positive control indomethacin (IC50,42.2 μM) [11].In a very recent study,(±)-dendrocrepidine A(IC50,63.8 μM),(+)-dendrocrepidine A (85; IC50,16.1 μM),dendrocrepidine B (86; IC50,14.3 μM),(±)-crepidine (IC50,51.1 μM),(-)-crepidine (87; IC50,29.9 μM),(+)-crepidine(88; IC50,81.9 μM),(±)-dendrocrepidine A (IC50,27.5 μM),(-)-dendrocrepidine A (89; IC50,18.5 μM),(+)-dendrocrepidine A (90; IC50,30.2 μM),(±)-isocrepidamine (IC50,27.4 μM),(-)-isocrepidamine (91; IC50,16.3 μM),and(+)-isocrepidamine (92; IC50,73.0 μM) also exhibited inhibitory eff ects on NO production.Dexamethasone (IC 50 ,47.0 μM) was used as a positive control [12].

    3.1.3 Dendrobium denneanum Kerr.

    A series of phenanthrene derivatives were isolated fromD.denneanumstems collected from Sichuan,China,and 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene 2-O-β- D-glucopyranoside (76; IC50,4.6 μM),2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene 2-O-β- Dapiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β- D-glucopyranoside (77; IC50,16.9 μM),2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene 2-O-α- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β- D-glucopyranoside(78; IC 50 ,41.5 μM),(S)-5-methoxy-2,4,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (66; IC50,3.1 μM),(S)-4-methoxy-2,5,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (67; IC50,4.2 μM),(9R)-1,2,5,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 5-O-β- D-glucopyranoside (79;IC50,0.7 μM),4-methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol (moscatin,45; IC50,6.3 μM),(S)-4-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,5,9-triol (65; IC50,27.4 μM),2-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-4,5-diol (57; IC50,7.6 μM),and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,4,7-triol (56; IC50,32.7 μM)inhibited NO production in LPS-activated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells,as compared with the positive control curcumin (IC50,6.2 μM) [13].

    3.1.4 Dendrobium findlayanum C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f.

    Seco-dendrobine-type alkaloids and phenolics were isolated fromD.findlayanumstems collected from Yunnan,China.Bibenzyl 6″-de-O-methyldendrof indlaphenol A (38) inhibited NO production in RAW 264.7 cells with an IC50value of 21.4 μM.MG-132 (IC50,0.2 μM) was used as a positive control [14].

    3.1.5 Dendrobium heterocarpum Lindl.

    3-Hydroxy-4′,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (4),gigantol (7),and dendrocandin I (39) were isolated from whole plants ofD.heterocarpumcollected from Yunnan,China,and these compounds reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in LPSactivated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells.At a concentration of 25 μM,the inhibition percentages of these three compounds were 51,52,and 59%,respectively.NGMonomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) was used as a positive control (IC50,34 μM) [15].

    3.1.6 Dendrobium huoshanense Z.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng

    Dendrobium huoshanenseZ.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng was not accepted by “Plants of the Worldonline.” However,because this name is used in theChinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) [16],it is cited in this review.

    A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the clinical and immunomodulatory eff ects of an orally administered extract ofD.huoshanenseleaves and stems in children with moderate to severe recalcitrant atopic dermatitis (AD).AD is a common inflammatory skin disorder for which few safe and eff ective systemic treatments are available.Twenty-seven patients aged 4-18 years with AD who did not respond to topical therapy were treated with polysaccharides derived fromD.huoshanensefor 4 weeks and were followed-up for another 4 weeks.The results showed that the polysaccharide fromD.huoshanensereduced the levels of some cytokines associated with AD and had beneficial eff ects on symptoms.No serious adverse eff ects occurred when the polysaccharide was administered orally for 4 weeks [17].

    3.1.7 Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe

    Shihunine (80) was isolated fromD.loddigesiistems collected from Yunnan,China.The alkaloid showed antiinflammatory activity using the method of NO production the polysaccharide in RAW 264.7 cells activated by LPS with an IC50value of 11.5 μg/mL.L-NG-monomethyl arginine citrate (IC507.2 μg/mL) was used as a positive control[18].

    Phenanthrenes and bibenzyls were isolated fromD.loddigesiistems collected from Guangdong,China.These compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against NO production.Loddigesiinol A (52; IC50,2.6 μM),moscatin (plicatol B,45; IC50,6.4 μM),5-hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene (46; IC50,5.3 μM),lusianthridin (54; IC50,4.6 μM),rotundatin (64,plicatol C; IC50,29.1 μM),hircinol (55; IC50,29.2 μM),loddigesiinol B(71; IC50,10.9 μM),loddigesiinol D (26; IC50,69.7 μM),(-)-pinoresinol (118; IC50,89.5 μM),and (-)-medioresinol(120; IC50,5.0 μM) inhibited NO production,as compared with the positive controls aminoguanidine (IC50,17.5 μM)and resveratrol (IC50,22.0 μM) [19].

    Fifteen compounds were isolated from a preparation ofD.loddigesiioriginating in Yunnan,China.Chrysotoxol A(74; IC50,10.9 μM),neoechinulin A (99; IC50,50.0 μM),3,6,9-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydroanthracen-1-(2H)-one (129 ;IC50,43.8 μM),4,4′-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl(5; IC50,49.3 μM),naringenin (104; IC50,26.9 μM),5,4′-dihydroxy-7,3′,5′-trimethoxyflavanone (106; IC50,24.9 μM),5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavanone(IC50,19.1 μM),batatasin III (1; IC50,21.9 μM),3,3′,5-trihydroxybibenzyl (2; IC50,13.1 μM),trigonopol B(28; IC50,26.3 μM),syringaresinol (122; IC50,1.9 μM),9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,4,7-triol (56; IC50,8.6 μM),loddigesiinol B (71; IC50,9.9 μM),loddigesiinol I (72;IC50,7.5 μM),and loddigesiinol J (73; IC50,14.6 μM)inhibited NO production in RAW 264.7 cells activated by LPS when compared with the positive control L-NMMA(IC50,29.0 μM) [20].

    3.1.8 Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw.

    Denbinobin (68) was isolated fromD.moniliformestems.At 1 μM,this compound significantly inhibited the formation of TNF-αand prostaglandin E2(PGE2) (about 62 and 43% inhibition,respectively) in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with 1 μg/mL of LPS.In N9 cells (murine microglial cell line) stimulated with 10 ng/mL of LPS plus 10 unit/mL of interferon-γ(IFN-γ),denbinobin (3 μM) reduced TNF-αand nitrite formation (about 70 and 44% inhibition,respectively)[21].

    3.1.9 Dendrobium nobile Lindl.

    An alkaloid,anosmine (81),was isolated fromD.nobile,which was purchased from Guangzhou,China.The compound exhibited anti-inflammatory activity using the method of NO production inhibition in RAW 264.7 cells activated by LPS with an IC50value of 16.1 μg/mL,which was compared with L-NG-monomethyl arginine citrate (IC50,7.2 μg/mL)as a positive control [18].

    Phenanthrenes from the methanolic extract ofD.nobilestems were evaluated for their potential to inhibit LPSinduced production of NO in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.3,4,8-Trimethoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol (51;IC50,20.4 μM),hircinol (55; IC50,26.4 μM),erianthridin(60; IC50,19.5 μM),ephemeranthol A (63; IC50,12.0 μM),5,7-dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,6-diol (50; IC50,35.7 μM),moscatilin (9; IC50,27.6 μM),coelonin (58; IC50,10.2 μM),flavanthridin (61; IC50,34.1 μM),epheneranthol C (62; IC50,17.6 μM),lusianthridin (54; IC50,9.6 μM),and fimbriol B(48; IC50,28.9 μM) inhibited NO production.Aminoguanidine (IC50,17.5 μM) was used as a positive control [22].

    Nobilin D (21; IC50,15.3 μM),nobilin E (33; IC50,19.2 μM),nobilone (128; IC50,38.1 μM),chrysotobibenzyl(16; IC50,48.2 μM),moscatilin (9; IC50,36.8 μM),gigantol(7; IC50,32.9 μM),and dendrof lorin (127; IC50,13.4 μM)fromD.nobilestems collected from Yunnan,China,exhibited inhibitory effects on NO production in the murine macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 activated by LPS and IFN-γ.Resveratrol (IC50,23.5 μM) was used as a positive control [23].

    Ephemeranthol A (63) was isolated fromD.nobilestems,and its anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in Raw 264.7 cells.This compound reduced NO production in a dose-dependent manner.Notably,with pretreatment with 12.5 μg/mL ephemeranthol A,NO production decreased to the level of the cell-only control [24].

    3.1.10 Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo

    Vicenin 2 (vicenin II,108) was suggested to be a common component inD.officinaleleaves of diff erent origins [25].This di-C-glucosylflavone was synthesized,and it inhibited TNF-αexpression and NO production with IC50values of 6.8 and 3.9 μM,respectively,as compared with the positive control apigenin (IC50= 18.5 and 19.0 μM,respectively)[26].

    Two types of polysaccharides inD.officinaleleaves,DLP-1 and DLP-2,were obtained by hot water extraction.DLP-1 (5 μg/mL) and DLP-2 (50 μg/mL) were shown to be eff ective in protecting THP-1 cells,a human leukemia monocytic cell line,from LPS-stimulated cytotoxicity and inhibited reactive oxygen species formation.In addition,both DLP-1 (5 μg/mL) and DLP-2 (50 μg/mL) significantly suppressed TLR4,myeloid diff erentiation factor (MyD88),and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6 (TRAF-6) mRNA and protein expression in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells [27].

    3.1.11 Dendrobium parishii H.Low

    (-)-Dendroparishiol (36) from the whole plant ofD.parishiicollected from Thailand was evaluated for its antiinflammatory eff ects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells.At 12.5,25 and 50 μg/mL,(-)-dendroparishiol reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPStreated RAW264.7 cells [28].

    3.1.12 Dendrobium cv.Sonia

    Ten compounds were isolated fromDendrobiumcv.Sonia stems collected from Nanjing,China,and their anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated.6-Feruloyloxyhexanoic ester (112; IC50,29.6 μM),pinoresinol (119; IC50,26.3 μM),syringaresinol (122; IC50,27.7 μM),and sesqui-illisimonan A (124; IC50,31.6 μM) exhibited inhibitory activities on NO production.Aminoguanidine (IC50,27.3 μM) was used as a positive control [29].

    3.1.13 Dendrobium tosaense Makino

    Via oral administration at dosages of 30,100,and 300 mg/kg for one week in an atopic dermatitis murine model,the standardized ethyl acetate extract of culturedD.tosaensestems protected mice from OVA/TNCB-induced skin lesions of atopic dermatitis [30].

    3.2 Antimicrobial Activity

    Microorganisms can cause skin infections,such as carbuncles,furuncles,cellulitis,impetigo,boils (Staphylococcusaureus),folliculitis (S.aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa),ringworm (Microsporumspp.,Epidermophytonspp.,andTrichophytonspp.),acne (Propionibacterium acnes),and foot odor (Brevibacteriumspp.) [31].

    Gigantol (7) has been found in 33Dendrobiumspecies[32].This compound showed inhibitory activity againstStaphylococcus aureuswith an MIC value of 82.2 μg/mL[33].

    Sortase A (srtA),a transpeptidase in gram-positive bacteria,can anchor surface proteins that play a vital role in the pathogenesis of these bacteria.SrtA is known as a potential antivirulent drug target to treat bacterial infections.Erianin (14) was isolated fromD.chrysotoxumstems [34].This compound could inhibit the activity of srtA in vitro with an IC50value of 20.9 μg/mL [35].Dendrocoumarin (125) and itolide A (126) fromD.nobilestems collected from Hainan,China,showed antibacterial activities againstStaphylococcus aureuswith the same MIC value of 2.5 μg/mL andMicrococcus tetragenuswith the same MIC value of 5.0 μg/mL.The positive control was ciprof loxacin,with MIC values of 0.6 and 0.3 μg/mL for the two bacteria,respectively [36].

    3.3 Antioxidant and Antiaging Eff ects

    The skin shows obvious signs of aging due to age,ultraviolet radiation exposure,and chemical pollution [37].The changes in the skin are among the most visible signs of aging,including wrinkles,sagging skin,age spots dryness,and the loss of fat,which cause the skin to lose its natural smoothness [38].The sum of the deleterious free radical reactions is a major contributor to the aging process [39].In intrinsically aged skin,the quantity of dermal collagen decreases,and elastin accumulates structural abnormalities [40].

    3.3.1 Dendrobium amoenum Wall.Ex Lindl.

    Chloroform and acetone extracts ofD.amoenumstems collected from Nepal showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activities with IC50values of 36.5 and 53.2 μg/mL,respectively [41].

    3.3.2 Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) C.E.C.Fisch.

    Aphyllone B (17) from the stems ofD.aphyllumcollected from Yunnan,China,possessed DPPH radical scavenging activity with a scavenging percentage of 88% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL [42].

    3.3.3 Dendrobium crepidatum Lindl.& Paxton

    Ethanol and acetone extracts ofD.crepidatumstems collected from Nepal showed DPPH free radical scavenging activities with IC50values of 73.9 and 99.4 μg/mL,respectively,as compared with the positive control ascorbic acid(IC50,38.2 μg/mL) [43].

    3.3.4 Dendrobium denneanum Kerr

    The ethanolic extract ofD.denneanum[syn.D.aurantiacumvar.denneanum(Kerr) Z.H.Tsi] stems collected from Yunnan,China,exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50value of 92.6 μg/mL and was compared withα-tocopherol (IC50,25 μg/mL) as a positive control.Three compounds were obtained by bioguided isolation.Unfortunately,the activities of these compounds were weaker than those of the crude extract [44].

    A bibenzyl-rich fraction fromD.denneanumstems collected from Sichuan,China,exhibited DPPH scavenging activity with an EC50of 62.8 μg/mL.Vitamin C (EC50,3.4 μg/mL) was used as a positive control [45].

    3.3.5 Dendrobium denudans D.Don

    The methanol extract ofD.denudansstems collected from India showed in vitro antioxidant activity by a reducing power assay with an IC50value of 10.1 μg/mL.Ascorbic acid (IC50,3.9 μg/mL) was used as a positive control [46].

    3.3.6 Dendrobium draconis Rchb.f.

    5-Methoxy-7-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-1,4-phenanthrenequinone (69; IC50,283.3 μM or 72.6 μg/mL),hircinol (55 ;IC50,22.3 μM),gigantol (7; IC50,17.7 μM),and 7-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,4,5-triol (59; IC50,10.2 μM)were isolated fromD.draconisstems collected from Thailand and exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activities.Quercetin (IC50,2.4 μM) and Trolox (IC50,11.7 μM) were used as positive controls [47].

    3.3.7 Dendrobium huoshanense Z.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng

    A polyphenol extract was obtained fromD.huoshanensecollected from Anhui,China,and the extract exhibited DPPH and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activities with IC50values of 57 and 27 μg/mL,respectively,as compared with the positive control vitamin C [48].

    3.3.8 Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe

    A series of phenolic compounds were found inD.loddigesiicollected from Yunnan,China.From its stems,threo-7-O-ethyl-9-O-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionylguaiacylglycerol (113),crepidatin (15),moscatilin(9),4,5,4′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxybibenzyl (13),4′,5-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxybibenzyl (gigantol,7),tristin (8),dihydroconiferyl dihydro-p-coumarate (114),andp-hydroxyphenethyltrans-ferulate (115) were obtained,and these compounds exhibited significant activities,with DPPH scavenging capacities ranging from 89 to 94% at 100 μg/mL,as compared with the positive control Trolox,which led to an inhibition of 96% at a concentration of 25 μg/mL.Batatasin III (1) significantly stimulated the collagen production activity of human dermal fibroblasts-adult (HDFa)(EC503.2 μg/mL) and was compared with TGF-βas a positive control,with an inhibition of 66% at a concentration of 0.01 μg/mL [49].From complete plants,moscatin (45),9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,4,7-triol (56),and crepidatuol B (27) were obtained,and these compounds showed significant activities,with DPPH scavenging capacities ranging from 84 to 95% at 100 μg/mL,as compared with the positive control Trolox,which led to an inhibition of 96% at a concentration of 25 μg/mL [50].

    Phenanthrenes and bibenzyls were isolated fromD.loddigesiistems collected from Guangdong,China.Loddigesiinol A (52; IC50,26.1 μM),moscatin (45; IC50,59.8 μM),lusianthridin (54; IC50,62.2 μM),and loddigesiinol C (25;IC50,23.7 μM) showed activities using the DPPH-scavenging assay,as compared to the positive controls resveratrol(IC50,28.7 μM) and aminoguanidine (IC50,21.7 μM) [19].

    Fifteen compounds were isolated from a preparation ofD.loddigesiistems collected from Yunnan,China.Chrysotoxol A (74; IC50,23.2 μM),3,6,9-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydroanthracen-1-(2H)-one (129; IC50,22.8 μM),4,4′-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (5; IC50,94.5 μM),5,4′-dihydroxy-7,3′,5′-trimethoxyflavanone (106; IC50,227.7 μM or 78.9 μg/mL),batatasin III (1; IC50,204.9 μM or 50.1 μg/mL),3,3′,5-trihydroxybibenzyl (2; IC50,85.8 μM),trigonopol B (28;IC50,60.1 μM),syringaresinol (122; IC50,31.1 μM),and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,4,7-triol (56; IC50,14.1 μM)showed DPPH radical scavenging activities.Vitamin C(IC50,29.8 μM) was used as a positive control [20].

    3.3.9 Dendrobium longicornu Lindl.

    The acetonic extract ofD.longicornustems collected from Nepal showed DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50value of less than 100 μg/mL and was compared with ascorbic acid (IC50,< 50 μg/mL) as a positive control [51].

    3.3.10 Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl.

    Ethanolic extracts ofD.macrostachyumstems and leaves collected from India exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activities with IC50values of 10.2 and 31.5 μg/mL,respectively,as compared with the positive control ascorbic acid(IC50,18.4 μg/mL); these extracts also had ABTS radical scavenging activities with IC50values of 31.5 and 49.1 μg/mL,respectively,as compared with the positive control ascorbic acid (IC50,34.9 μg/mL).The activities of the ethanol extracts were better than those of petroleum ether,methanol,or water extracts [52].

    3.3.11 Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw.

    The DPPH radical scavenging activities of hexane,chloroform,acetone,and ethanol extracts ofD.moniliformestems collected from Nepal were measured,showing IC50values of 52.7,42.4,49.6,and 58.8 μg/mL,respectively,as compared with the positive control ascorbic acid (IC50,38.2 μg/mL) [53].

    Based on bioguided fractionation and isolation,a mixture ofn-pentacosyltrans-ferulate (117) andn-tetracosyltransferulate (116) (1:4) was obtained from tissue culture-raised plants ofD.moniliforme.At 100 μg/mL,the mixture of the alkyl ferulates exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity(inhibition > 50%) [54].

    3.3.12 Dendrobium nobile Lindl.

    Flavonoids have been detected in ethyl acetate,n-butanol,and aqueous extracts ofD.nobileleaves collected from Guangdong,China.These three extracts showed DPPH free radical scavenging activities with IC50values of 21,11,and 13 μg/mL,respectively,with Trolox used as a reference compound (IC50,7 μg/mL) [55].

    Bibenzyls and other phenolic compounds were isolated fromD.nobilestems collected from Yunnan,China.Nobilin A (22; IC50,87.1 μM),nobilin B (23; IC50,32.2 μM),nobilin C (24; IC50,136.0 μM or 47.4 μg/mL),dihydroconiferyl alcohol (109; IC50,50.9 μM),coniferylaldehyde (110; IC50,127.9 μM or 22.8 μg/mL),3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylethanol (130; IC50,64.5 μM),and syringic acid (131; IC50,8.1 μM) exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activities.Vitamin C (IC50,18.0 μM) and BHT (IC50,90.9 μM) were used as positive controls [56].

    Nobilin D (21; IC50,19.9 μM),nobilin E (33; IC50,21.0 μM),crepidatin (15; IC50,21.8 μM),dendrobin A (10;IC50,40.3 μM),chrysotoxine (11; IC50,14.0 μM),moscatilin (9; IC50,14.5 μM),gigantol (7; IC5056.4 μM),and dendrof lorin (127; IC50,16.2 μM) fromD.nobilestems exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activities.Vitamin C (IC50,18.0 μM) was used as a positive control [23].

    Phenanthrenes and lignans were isolated fromD.nobilestems in Yunnan,China.Fimbriatone (70; IC50,144.5 μM or 40.8 μg/mL),confusarin (47; IC50,12.9 μM),flavanthrinin(49; IIC50,35.7 μM),2,5-dihydroxy-4,9-dimethoxyphenanthrene (53; IC50,34.8 μM),5,7-dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,6-diol (50; IC50,29.7 μM),syringaresinol (122; IC50,9.8 μM),pinoresinol (119; IC50,60.6 μM),medioresinol(121; IC50,27.9 μM),and lirioresinol A (123; IC50,30.9 μM)exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activities.Vitamin C(IC50,18.0 μM) and BHT (IC50,90.9 μM) were used as positive controls.For all phenanthrenes and lignans,an electrondonating methoxy group in theorthoposition that donates to the phenolic hydroxy group exhibits enhanced antioxidant activity [57].

    3.3.13 Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo

    Ethanolic extracts ofD.officinaleflowers,leaves,and stems collected from Zhejiang,China,in which the total flavonoid contents measured were 1.8,0.25,and 0.052%,respectively,were prepared.These extracts showed DPPH scavenging activities with IC50values of 0.2 μg/mL,17.4 μg/mL,and 10.4 μg/mL,respectively,as compared with the positive control vitamin C (IC50,7.5 μg/mL) [58].

    The chloroform extract ofD.officinalestems collected from Yunnan,China,exhibited ABTS radical scavenging activity with an IC50value of 88.8 μg/mL [59].

    The antioxidant activities ofD.officinale(Syn.D.candidum) collected from diff erent areas of Hainan,China,were compared.Ethanolic extracts of plant samples collected from Sanya,Qiongzhong,and Baoting exhibited the best DPPH radical scavenging activities,with IC50values of 15.9,20.2,and 78.7 μg/mL,respectively [60].

    A series of bibenzyls were isolated fromD.officinale(syn.D.candidum) stems collected from Zhejiang,China.Dendrocandin C (18; IC50,34.2 μM),dendrocandin D(19; IC50,34.5 μM),dendrocandin E (12; IC50,15.6 μM)[61],dendrocandin F (29; IC50,55.8 μM),dendrocandin G(30; IC50,32.4 μM),dendrocandin H (34; IC50,19.8 μM),dendrocandin I (39; IC50,21.3 μM) [62],dendrocandin J(31; IC50,36.8 μM),dendrocandin K (32; IC50,70.2 μM),dendrocandin L (35; IC50,45.0 μM),dendrocandin M (37;IC50,60.5 μM),dendrocandin N (42; IC50,87.6 μM),dendrocandin O (43; IC50,50.4 μM),dendrocandin P (40; IC50,22.3 μM),dendrocandin Q (41; IC50,30.3 μM) [63],and(S)-3,4,α-trihydroxy-5,4′-dimethoxybibenzyl (20; IC50,IC50,32.3 μM) exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activities [64].Vitamin C (IC50,23.2 μM) was used as a positive control[61- 64].

    Moupinamide (100; IC50,53.8 μM),dihydroconiferyl dihydro-p-cumarate (114; IC50,78.2 μM),dihydroferuloyltyramine (101; IC50,113.5 μM or 35.8 μg/mL),syringic acid(131; IC50,36.5 μM),ferulic acid (111; IC50,64.9 μM),and 3′,5,5′,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (105; IC50,29.8 μM) fromD.officinale(syn.D.catenatum) stems collected from Zhejiang,China,showed DPPH free radical scavenging activities.Vitamin C (IC50,23.2 μM) was used as a positive control[65].

    Eight bibenzyls were isolated fromD.officinale(syn.D.catenatum) stems collected from Shenzhen,China.Dendrocandin U (44),3,4′-dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl (3),and 3,4′,5-trihydroxy-3′-methoxybibenzyl (tristin,8) exhibited significant ABTS radical scavenging activities with IC50values of 10.0,5.3,and 9.0 μM,respectively,as compared with the positive control vitamin C (IC50,6.5 μM).3,4′,5-Trihydroxy-3′-methoxybibenzyl also exhibited DPPH scavenging activity with an IC50value of 34.5 μM.Vitamin C(IC50,14.9 μM) was used as a positive control [66].

    D.officinaleprotocorm powder in deionized water (10,25 and 50 mg/mL,external administration) significantly reduced erythema and protected the skin from dryness in a hairless mouse model with UV irradiation-induced skin damage using matrixyl (10 mg/mL) as a positive control.This study demonstrated thatD.officinaleprotocorms can inhibit photodamage in the skin of hairless mice [67].

    An in vivo experiment using photoaged model mice was conducted.The results showed that the ultrafine powder and fine powder ofD.officinale(syn.D.candidum) stems possess a certain preventive eff ect on photoaging,and the eff ect of ultrafine powder is better than that of fine powder [68].

    3.3.14 Dendrobium palpebrae Lindl.

    A fluorenone,dendrof lorin (127),was isolated fromD.palpebraewhole plants collected from Thailand.This compound significantly decreased ROS in H2O2-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner (12.5-50 μg/mL) [69].

    3.3.15 Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl.ex Wall.

    Five compounds were isolated fromD.secundumstems collected from Thailand.4,5,4′-Trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxybibenzyl (13; IC5015.9 μM),moscatilin (9; IC505.1 μM),syringaresinol (122; IC5011.4 μM),and ferulic acid(111; IC5037.5 μM) exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging activities,which were compared with the positive controls quercetin and Trolox (IC50,2.5 and 11.7 μM,respectively)[70].

    3.3.16 Dendrobium signatum Rchb.f.

    D.signatumleaves collected from Thailand were extracted with ethanol by sonication-maceration for 30 min.The extract showed DPPH radical scavenging activity,with a measured IC50value of 97.2 μg/mL,with ascorbic acid used as a reference compound (IC50,21.7 μg/mL) [71].

    3.3.17 Dendrobium speciosum Sm.

    Methanolic extract ofD.speciosumleaves collected from Au

    stralia containing polyphenols (1.2%) and flavonoids (0.2%)showed DPPH scavenging activity,with a measured IC50value of 26 μg/mL.Trolox was used as a reference compound (IC50,20 μg/mL) [72].

    3.3.18 Dendrobium tosaense Makino

    The eff ects of methanolic extracts obtained from threeDendrobium speciespropagated in vitro on DPPH scavenging were investigated.TheD.tosaenseextract was the most active extract,with an IC50value of 79.9 μg/mL,as compared with the positive controlα-tocopherol (IC50,58.2 μM) [73].

    Based on bioguided fractionation and isolation,quercetin(103) was obtained from tissue culture-raised plants ofD.tosaense.At 100 μg/mL,quercetin exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity (inhibition > 50%) [54].

    3.3.19 Dendrobium williamsonii Day & Rchb.f.

    Six compounds were isolated fromD.williamsoniiwhole plants collected from Thailand and evaluated these isolates for their DPPH radical scavenging activities.3,3′-Dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (6),moscatilin (9),and apigenin (102) were active,with IC50values of 19.5,8.5,and 19.3 μM,respectively,as compared with the positive controls,quercetin (IC50,8.3 μM) and vitamin C (IC5042.4 μM) [74].

    3.4 Anti-Psoriasis Activity

    Psoriasis is a recurrent skin disease described as keratinocyte hyperproliferation and aberrant diff erentiation.At concentrations ranging from 12.5 nM to 50 nM,erianin (14)inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT).Erianin could be recognized as a potential anti-psoriasis drug [75].This compound was previously isolated fromD.chrysotoxum[34].

    3.5 Hair Growth Promoting Eff ects

    Alopecia is a skin disease characterized by reduced hair[76].The condition has a strong influence on the mental and psychological health of patients [77].

    In an in vivo experiment,C57BL/6 J mice were externally administeredD.officinale(Guangdong,China) polysaccharides (DOP,5.0 g/L) for 21 days.The average hair growth score and average quality of C57BL/6 J mice in the DOP group were significantly better than those in the control groups [78].

    3.6 Skin-Moisturizing Eff ects

    When the water content in the stratum corneum drops to less than 10%,the skin appears dry,loses elasticity,and wrinkles and skin aging accelerates [77].

    The moisture retention rate ofD.huoshanense(Anhui,China) polysaccharide on human skin is significantly higher than that of glycerol after external administration for 6 h,8 h and 12 h.The stimulus value of normal skin and damaged skin of rabbits is less than 0.5,indicating thatD.huoshanensepolysaccharides do not cause skin irritation [79].

    Polysaccharides from white orchids (Dendrobiumcv.Khao Sanan) flowers cultivated in Thailand were evaluated in vivo for their skin hydration efficacy in human volunteers.The efficacy of white orchid polysaccharides at 0.3% was noted to be superior in terms of skin hydration efficacy than sea weed polysaccharides at 0.2% [80].

    An in vivo experiment was conducted to evaluate the moisturizing eff ects of aD.nobilestem extract on human skin.The moisturizing abilities after 30 min and 2 h were greater than 1 for theD.nobilestem extract (2.0%) [81].

    An in vivo experiment showed that 20 μg/mL ethanolic extract ofD.officinalecollected from Yunnan,China,exhibited a skin moisturizing eff ect.After 2.5 h of use,skin hydrature increased by 16% compared with that before use(P< 0.05) [82].

    3.7 Tyrosinase-Inhibitory Activity

    Tyrosinase inhibitors are used for hyperpigmentation and developing skin whitening agents.

    3,3′,5-Trihydroxybibenzyl (2) fromD.loddigesiistems collected from Yunnan,China,revealed significant inhibitory activity against tyrosinase with an IC50value of 37.9 μg/mL,as compared with the positive control kojic acid (IC50,8.0 μg/mL) [49].

    At concentrations of 12.5,25 and 50 μg/mL,the CH2Cl2extract ofD.moniliformeleaves collected from South Korea inhibited melanogenesis in murine melanoma cells(B16F10),implying thatD.moniliformeis eff ective against hyperpigmentation disorders and that it is considered a possible antimelanogenic agent in topical application [83].

    Ethanolic extracts ofDendrobiumcv.Sonia flowers andDendrobiumcv.Sonia pink flowers collected from Thailand showed tyrosinase inhibitory activities using L-tyrosine as a substrate.The IC50values were 57.4 μg/mL and 83.2 μg/mL,respectively,as compared with the positive control kojic acid (IC50,151.7 μg/mL) [84].

    4 Conclusion

    There are 22Dendrobiumspecies with traditional uses for treating dermatological disorders by local people in eight countries,and there are 131 compounds fromDendrobiumplants reported to possess anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,antioxidant,antiaging,anti-psoriasis,and tyrosinase-inhibitory activities,which implies thatDendrobiumplants are important resources for the discovery of active compounds and the development of new drugs and cosmetics.However,onlyD.crepidatum,D.denneanum,D.loddigesii,D.nobile,andD.officinalehave been extensively studied.More research on otherDendrobiumspecies is needed.

    The major active compounds found inDendrobiumspecies are phenanthrenes,alkaloids,flavonoids,phenylpropanoids,and lignans.Several compounds,such as loddigesiinol A,(S)-5-methoxy-2,4,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene,(S)-4-methoxy-2,5,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene,2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene 2-O-β- D-glucopyranoside,(9R)-1,2,5,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 5-O-β- D-glucopyranoside,(+)-homocrepidine A,and vicenin 2,have significant antiinflammatory activities and inhibit NO production with IC50values less than 5 μM,and these compounds are worthy of further study.

    AcknowledgmentsThis research was funded by the Beijing DR PLANT Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2019QZKK0502).

    Declarations

    Conflict of interestThe author declares that there are no conflicts of interest associated with this work.

    Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,which permits use,sharing,adaptation,distribution and reproduction in any medium or format,as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source,provide a link to the Creative Commons licence,and indicate if changes were made.The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence,unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use,you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.To view a copy of this licence,visit http:// creat iveco mmons.org/ licen ses/ by/4.0/.

    婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 国产单亲对白刺激| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 国产成人91sexporn| av天堂在线播放| ponron亚洲| 天堂中文最新版在线下载 | 97在线视频观看| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 久久这里只有精品中国| 国产真实伦视频高清在线观看| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说 | 小蜜桃在线观看免费完整版高清| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 内地一区二区视频在线| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说 | 欧美三级亚洲精品| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站 | 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区| 久久久午夜欧美精品| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 在线天堂最新版资源| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 日本成人三级电影网站| 一个人看的www免费观看视频| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜 | 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 日韩欧美精品v在线| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 精品一区二区三区人妻视频| av在线蜜桃| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 99久久久亚洲精品蜜臀av| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在 | 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| www日本黄色视频网| 26uuu在线亚洲综合色| 亚洲精品成人久久久久久| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 亚洲最大成人av| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 国产男人的电影天堂91| 天堂√8在线中文| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 亚洲av一区综合| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站| 国产淫片久久久久久久久| 男人狂女人下面高潮的视频| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 午夜视频国产福利| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频| 波多野结衣高清作品| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 1024手机看黄色片| 别揉我奶头 嗯啊视频| 色5月婷婷丁香| 国产老妇女一区| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 欧美日韩在线观看h| 26uuu在线亚洲综合色| 亚州av有码| 国产成人福利小说| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 老师上课跳d突然被开到最大视频| 国产91av在线免费观看| 99热这里只有是精品50| 国产精品.久久久| 日本黄大片高清| 老司机福利观看| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 亚洲五月天丁香| 在线免费十八禁| 简卡轻食公司| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 亚洲av不卡在线观看| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 日本熟妇午夜| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 欧美区成人在线视频| 国产乱人视频| 国产极品天堂在线| 最好的美女福利视频网| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看| 春色校园在线视频观看| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 国产精品99久久久久久久久| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 悠悠久久av| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久按摩| 国产三级在线视频| 18禁黄网站禁片免费观看直播| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久按摩| av黄色大香蕉| 亚洲av免费在线观看| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 欧美性感艳星| 97超碰精品成人国产| 一进一出抽搐动态| 久久久色成人| 最近手机中文字幕大全| 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 成年免费大片在线观看| a级毛色黄片| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 大又大粗又爽又黄少妇毛片口| 免费av观看视频| 黄色日韩在线| 99久久久亚洲精品蜜臀av| 日产精品乱码卡一卡2卡三| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 精品午夜福利在线看| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 亚洲三级黄色毛片| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 国产老妇女一区| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 午夜a级毛片| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| 国产精品永久免费网站| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| 久久久色成人| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看 | av在线老鸭窝| av在线亚洲专区| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 悠悠久久av| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| av在线天堂中文字幕| 一本久久精品| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 国产精品久久久久久亚洲av鲁大| 免费不卡的大黄色大毛片视频在线观看 | 成人午夜高清在线视频| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说 | 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| 亚洲国产色片| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 国产成人精品一,二区 | 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 99久久精品国产国产毛片| 欧美3d第一页| 久久这里有精品视频免费| av在线蜜桃| 美女黄网站色视频| 欧美xxxx黑人xx丫x性爽| 成年免费大片在线观看| 免费人成在线观看视频色| 天堂中文最新版在线下载 | 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 能在线免费观看的黄片| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 国产三级中文精品| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 久久草成人影院| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 欧美zozozo另类| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 国产真实伦视频高清在线观看| 久久久久久大精品| 久久久国产成人免费| 国产乱人偷精品视频| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 乱系列少妇在线播放| 男女那种视频在线观看| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 日韩中字成人| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx在线观看| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 亚洲在久久综合| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 亚洲精品影视一区二区三区av| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看 | 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 国产人妻一区二区三区在| 精品久久久噜噜| av.在线天堂| 丰满的人妻完整版| 欧美一区二区亚洲| 成人鲁丝片一二三区免费| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 国内精品美女久久久久久| 久久久久久伊人网av| videossex国产| 国产综合懂色| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| eeuss影院久久| av在线播放精品| 亚洲精品乱码久久久v下载方式| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| av国产免费在线观看| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 中文字幕制服av| 色综合色国产| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 国内精品久久久久精免费| 国产精品一区二区性色av| 深夜精品福利| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 大又大粗又爽又黄少妇毛片口| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 性插视频无遮挡在线免费观看| av黄色大香蕉| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 我的女老师完整版在线观看| 中国美女看黄片| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 九九久久精品国产亚洲av麻豆| 性插视频无遮挡在线免费观看| 亚洲av不卡在线观看| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱 | 成人性生交大片免费视频hd| 看黄色毛片网站| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 日本黄大片高清| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 午夜激情福利司机影院| av专区在线播放| 久久精品人妻少妇| 有码 亚洲区| 简卡轻食公司| 中文资源天堂在线| 日韩中字成人| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 国产精华一区二区三区| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 亚州av有码| 欧美xxxx性猛交bbbb| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 亚洲成a人片在线一区二区| 18+在线观看网站| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜| eeuss影院久久| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 极品教师在线视频| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区 | 美女国产视频在线观看| 国内精品宾馆在线| 中国美白少妇内射xxxbb| 中文欧美无线码| 欧美zozozo另类| 一本精品99久久精品77| 国产精品久久久久久亚洲av鲁大| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 高清毛片免费看| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 日日撸夜夜添| 欧美色视频一区免费| 中国美白少妇内射xxxbb| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 六月丁香七月| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 在线观看av片永久免费下载| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 日本一本二区三区精品| 日本色播在线视频| 久久午夜福利片| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 22中文网久久字幕| 综合色av麻豆| 日本黄色片子视频| 婷婷亚洲欧美| 久久久久久伊人网av| 久久久久网色| 赤兔流量卡办理| 美女大奶头视频| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 最后的刺客免费高清国语| 99热这里只有是精品50| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 观看免费一级毛片| 男人舔奶头视频| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 黄色欧美视频在线观看| 国产极品天堂在线| 久久6这里有精品| 日本一本二区三区精品| 国产乱人视频| 一个人免费在线观看电影| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 久久精品人妻少妇| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 亚洲在线观看片| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 能在线免费看毛片的网站| 免费观看精品视频网站| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说 | 午夜a级毛片| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| 国产视频内射| 黄色配什么色好看| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 99热全是精品| 日本成人三级电影网站| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 亚洲人与动物交配视频| 特级一级黄色大片| 亚洲自偷自拍三级| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看 | 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 久久久a久久爽久久v久久| 精品久久久久久久久亚洲| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 欧美人与善性xxx| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看 | 久久久精品94久久精品| 如何舔出高潮| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 免费观看人在逋| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 国产乱人视频| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 99热精品在线国产| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 久久精品91蜜桃| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 国产精品无大码| 国产人妻一区二区三区在| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区| 国产一区二区亚洲精品在线观看| 高清毛片免费看| 久久99精品国语久久久| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频| 欧美人与善性xxx| 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 韩国av在线不卡| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 嫩草影院新地址| 午夜视频国产福利| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 国产真实乱freesex| 三级经典国产精品| 少妇的逼好多水| 高清在线视频一区二区三区 | 内射极品少妇av片p| 九色成人免费人妻av| 校园春色视频在线观看| 在线天堂最新版资源| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看 | 最近视频中文字幕2019在线8| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 亚洲欧美精品专区久久| 老司机影院成人| 国产精品1区2区在线观看.| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 欧美最黄视频在线播放免费| 日日撸夜夜添| 一级av片app| 国产精品一区二区性色av| 久久6这里有精品| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 欧美精品一区二区大全| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 看黄色毛片网站| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 一级av片app| 永久网站在线| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 国产精品永久免费网站| 九草在线视频观看| 国产精品一及| 毛片女人毛片| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费看| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 97热精品久久久久久| 三级经典国产精品| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 在线国产一区二区在线| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 国产大屁股一区二区在线视频| 欧美日韩在线观看h| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 色播亚洲综合网| 欧美+日韩+精品| 日韩欧美三级三区| 国产91av在线免费观看| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 九九在线视频观看精品| 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| 91精品一卡2卡3卡4卡| 长腿黑丝高跟| 国产综合懂色| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 直男gayav资源| 深夜a级毛片| 少妇熟女欧美另类| 在线天堂最新版资源| 亚洲五月天丁香| 日韩欧美在线乱码| 哪里可以看免费的av片| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 蜜臀久久99精品久久宅男| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频 | 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 黄色日韩在线| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 天堂网av新在线| 国产精品,欧美在线| 中文字幕制服av| av天堂在线播放| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 国产黄片美女视频| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 国产一区二区激情短视频| 老师上课跳d突然被开到最大视频| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 亚洲精品久久国产高清桃花| 大香蕉久久网| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 搞女人的毛片| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 美女国产视频在线观看| 免费黄网站久久成人精品| 在线观看一区二区三区| 一级av片app| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 美女高潮的动态| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 禁无遮挡网站| 在线天堂最新版资源| 美女内射精品一级片tv| h日本视频在线播放| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 97超碰精品成人国产| 97在线视频观看| 成人欧美大片| 九色成人免费人妻av| 免费人成在线观看视频色| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 色哟哟·www| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 成年女人永久免费观看视频| 午夜视频国产福利| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验 | 亚洲在线自拍视频| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 日本黄色片子视频| 精品久久久久久久久亚洲| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 久久国产乱子免费精品| 午夜免费激情av| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 亚洲国产色片| 久久热精品热| 色视频www国产| 日韩中字成人| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出| 国产成人精品一,二区 | 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 国产精品野战在线观看| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 97超碰精品成人国产| 一个人免费在线观看电影| 少妇高潮的动态图| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 国产精品久久久久久亚洲av鲁大| 婷婷色av中文字幕| 哪个播放器可以免费观看大片| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 丰满的人妻完整版| 99热这里只有精品一区| 国产 一区精品| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 久久久色成人| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 久久精品夜色国产| av免费观看日本| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 精品久久国产蜜桃| 欧美日韩国产亚洲二区| 日本av手机在线免费观看| 黄色日韩在线| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 22中文网久久字幕| 亚洲成a人片在线一区二区| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 久久久久久久久久久丰满| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 亚洲精品乱码久久久v下载方式| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 亚洲三级黄色毛片| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 性色avwww在线观看| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 午夜激情欧美在线| 美女大奶头视频| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 日韩欧美三级三区| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 岛国毛片在线播放| 久久久久九九精品影院| 寂寞人妻少妇视频99o| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| 美女大奶头视频| 久久久久久久久久久丰满| 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看| 丝袜喷水一区| 成年女人永久免费观看视频| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 一个人免费在线观看电影| 国产精品1区2区在线观看.| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看|