馬永芹
動詞不定式,由“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成,無人稱和數(shù)的變化,是非謂語動詞的基本形式之一,也是中考的一個(gè)考查熱點(diǎn)。對此,筆者就動詞不定式的常見考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了梳理,以期對同學(xué)們有所幫助。
考點(diǎn)之一:動詞不定式用作主語
當(dāng)動詞不定式用作主語時(shí),句首常用it作形式主語,而真正的主語——?jiǎng)釉~不定式則后置。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)為:It's +形容詞+for/of sb.+ to do sth.當(dāng)形容詞用于表示事物性質(zhì)或特征時(shí),其后介詞則用for;當(dāng)形容詞用于表示人的性格、品質(zhì)時(shí),其后用介詞of。例如:
It's easy for them to feel at home.
他們很容易有賓至如歸之感。
It's very nice of you to invite me.
你能邀請我真是太好了。
【例1】
①______is difficult______me to finish the work before Friday.
A.That;ofB.This;ofC. It;forD.Its;for
② It'skind______you______me with my English.
A. of ;to helpB. of;helping
C. for ;to helpD. for;helping
解析:上述兩題均考查動詞不定式作主語。①It 為形式主語, to finish the work為真正主語。根據(jù) difficult表示事物的特征,不定式前用介詞for,故正確答案為C項(xiàng)。②It 為形式主語,to help為真正主語,根據(jù)形容詞kind表示人的品質(zhì),所以不定式前用介詞of,故正確答案為A項(xiàng)。
考點(diǎn)二:動詞不定式用作賓語
(1)want, wish,agree,decide,expect,help, hope,learn,offer,afford, plan 等動詞,其后可接不定式作賓語。例如:
He decides to buy a new car.
他決定買一輛新車。
(2)find, think,believe等動詞后接不定式作賓語時(shí),常用 it作形式賓語,而真正的賓語——?jiǎng)釉~不定式則后移。例如:
I think it necessary to get everything ready for it.
我認(rèn)為有必要做好一切準(zhǔn)備。
(3)forget, remember, stop 等動詞后既可以接不定式作賓語,又可以接動名詞作賓語,在運(yùn)用時(shí)要注意區(qū)別。以 forget 為例,forget to do sth.意為“忘記要做某事”,強(qiáng)調(diào)事還未做。例如:
Don't forget to turn off the light when you leave the room.
離開房間時(shí),別忘記關(guān)燈。(燈未關(guān))
forget doing sth.意為“忘記做了某事”,強(qiáng)調(diào)事已做。例如:
I forgot paying for this coat.
我忘了已經(jīng)付過這件外套的錢了。(錢已付)
【例2】
①Though they were very tired, they didn'tstop_____a rest.
A. havingB. to haveC. hasD. have
② All of us found it difficult_____out the physics problem.
A.workB. worksC. workingB. to work
解析:上述兩題均考查動詞不定式作賓語的用法。①stop to do sth.表示停下來去做另一件事情,而stop doing sth.表示停止手上正在做的事情。結(jié)合題干可知,句中指的是停下來去做另外一件事,所以用動詞不定式,故選B項(xiàng)。②此句句型結(jié)構(gòu)是“find+it+形容詞+動詞不定式”,其中it為形式賓語,動詞不定式為真正的賓語,所以選D 項(xiàng)。
考點(diǎn)之三:動作不定式用作賓語補(bǔ)足語
(1) tell,ask,want,order,help,allow, teach, invite,advice 等動詞,其后可以接不定式用作賓語補(bǔ)足語,不定式符號to 千萬不可省略。例如:
She asked me to go with you.
她要我陪你去。
(2)make, let, have, see, watch, hear 等使役動詞或感官動詞,其后也可以接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,但不定式符號to 需要省略。值得注意的是,若為被動語態(tài),不定式符號to不可省略。例如:
His mother made him buy some fruit yes- terday(主動);
Hewasmadetobuysomefruitbyhis mother yesterday.(被動)
昨天母親讓他去買一些水果。
【例3】①M(fèi)rs. Green told her son_____the basketball match because of the exam.
A. to not watchB. doesn'twatch
C. not watchingD. not to watch
②It was raining heavily outside. The gym teacher made the students_____in the classroom.
A. stayB. stayedC. to stayD. staying
解析:上述兩題均考查動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。①tell sb. not to do sth.意為“告訴某人不要做某事”,動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,故正確答案為D 項(xiàng)。②make sb. do sth.意為“使某人做某事”,make為使役動詞,動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),不定式符號to應(yīng)去掉,故正確答案為A項(xiàng)。
總之,有關(guān)動詞不定式的考點(diǎn)有很多,在平時(shí)的英語學(xué)習(xí)中,同學(xué)們要注意牢固掌握其用法,多總結(jié)歸納,這樣在考場中自然就能從容不迫,游刃有余。