[摘要]"目的 評估老年人認知功能損傷與全死因死亡率的相關性。方法 在PubMed、Web of Science、萬方和中國知網(wǎng)中檢索自建庫至2019年12月期間發(fā)表的關于簡易精神狀態(tài)量表(MMSE)評估的認知功能損傷與全死因死亡率關聯(lián)的研究文獻,提取符合納入標準的文獻數(shù)據(jù)并進行Meta分析。采用固定或隨機效應模型計算風險比(HR)及其95%置信區(qū)間(CI),使用限制性立方樣條評估劑量-反應關系。結(jié)果 共納入42項隊列研究,全死因死亡風險與認知功能損傷之間的關聯(lián)具有統(tǒng)計學意義(HR=1.64,95%CI=1.51~1.78);對最輕程度的認知損傷進行單獨合并以最大程度排除癡呆影響,結(jié)果同樣具有統(tǒng)計學意義(HR=1.33,95%CI=1.24~1.43)。經(jīng)MMSE檢測的認知功能損傷與全死因死亡風險之間有線性劑量-反應關系(P=0.06)。與正常認知相比,MMSE評分每降低1分,全死因死亡風險增加4%(HR=1.04,Plt;0.001)。結(jié)論 經(jīng)MMSE篩查的認知功能損傷可能是老年人全死因死亡的重要預測指標。
[關鍵詞]"認知功能障礙;死亡率;老年人;Meta分析
[中圖分類號]"R749.1
[文獻標志碼]"A
[文章編號]"2096-5532(2021)04-0544-07
認知功能損傷是癡呆和輕度認知障礙(MCI)最關鍵的診斷標準之一,可能反映出了不健康的生活方式、共病狀態(tài)和整體老化等[1]。不佳的認知表現(xiàn)與多種不良結(jié)局有關,例如衰弱、跌倒和入院率增高等。然而,認知損傷與死亡是否獨立相關仍有爭議,尚未被推薦用于全死因死亡率的風險評估。這可能是由于:①認知功能障礙常與癡呆共存,可能不是一個獨立的預測指標;②在現(xiàn)有研究中,不良認知功能的死亡率風險大小不一致,尤其是輕度認知損害。雖然既往有系統(tǒng)綜述顯示,患有認知功能障礙的老年人全死因死亡率增加,但目前仍然缺乏定量評估和劑量-反應關系研究[2]。本文對認知功能損傷和全死因死亡率的關聯(lián)進行了Meta分析。由于認知受損的定義不同影響了研究之間的可比性,因此本文選擇了臨床使用最廣泛的簡易精神狀態(tài)檢查量表(MMSE)以及包含MMSE的組合量表作為篩選工具[3],以系統(tǒng)地評估老年人認知功能損傷與全死因死亡率風險之間的關聯(lián)和潛在劑量-反應關系。
1"資料與方法
1.1"文獻檢索
檢索PubMed、Web of Science、萬方和中國知網(wǎng)等數(shù)據(jù)庫中的中英文文獻,時間為建庫至2019年12月。英文檢索詞為“cognition”(或“cognitive function”、“cognitive”、“neuropsychology”、“neuropsychological”)和“mortality”(或“death”)和“prospective”(或“cohort”、“nested case-control study”、“case-cohort study”、“l(fā)ongitudinal”、“follow up”、“follow-up”)和“old”(或“aged”、“aging”、“ageing”、“elder”、“geriatric”、“senior”、“community”、“ge-neral population”);中文檢索詞為“認知”和“死亡”和“前瞻性”。閱讀文題和摘要后排除無關文獻,閱讀全文后根據(jù)納入和排除標準進一步篩選出相關文章,并對入選文獻中的參考文獻進行了手工檢索。文獻篩檢由兩人獨立進行。如意見不一,則通過討論達成共識。
1.2"納入和排除標準
文獻的納入標準為:①原創(chuàng)前瞻性觀察研究(包括隊列研究、巢式病例對照研究和病例隊列研究);②研究對象為老年人群(≥60歲);③暴露為基線時使用MMSE評估的認知功能;④結(jié)局為全死因死亡;⑤提供相對危險度(RR)或危險比(HR)及其95%置信區(qū)間(CI),或可經(jīng)計算得出;⑥如果同一人群數(shù)據(jù)在多個研究中重復出現(xiàn),則選擇最為詳盡的數(shù)據(jù)。排除標準為:①研究對象為特定疾病人群;②數(shù)據(jù)或隊列重復;③未調(diào)整混雜因素。
1.3"數(shù)據(jù)提取
由兩位研究員使用統(tǒng)一的數(shù)據(jù)收集表,獨立提取數(shù)據(jù),包括第一作者姓名、出版年份、研究對象的年齡和性別、隨訪時間、總樣本量和死亡人數(shù)、基線認知功能的測量方法、正常認知功能的截斷值、HR和95%CI,以及所調(diào)整的潛在混雜因素。劑量-反應分析數(shù)據(jù)包括MMSE評分每個等級(至少3個劑量等級)的研究對象(觀察人年數(shù))、死亡人數(shù)、HR與95%CI。每個等級MMSE評分的中位水平被用來估計相應HR的劑量-反應關系。提取調(diào)整因素最多的HR,以最大程度上對潛在混雜因素進行控制。使用紐爾斯卡-渥太華量表(NOS)從選擇性、可比性和結(jié)局方面評估納入文獻各隊列研究的質(zhì)量。
1.4"統(tǒng)計分析方法
采用STATA 15.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。用HR值及其95%CI的倒數(shù)逆方差的加權平均數(shù)估計認知功能受損與全死因死亡率之間的關系。采用I2評價研究間的異質(zhì)性,以25%、50%和75%的I2值分別代表低、中、高異質(zhì)性。異質(zhì)性較?。↖2lt;50%)時采用固定效應模型(FEM)合并效應量,而異質(zhì)性處于中至重度(I2≥50%)時則采用隨機效應模型(REM)合并效應量,同時繪制森林圖。按地區(qū)、年齡、隨訪時間、樣本量、研究質(zhì)量和15個協(xié)變量(基線癡呆、基線虛弱、收入、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、抑郁、體育活動、教育、日常活動、血壓、血清膽固醇、吸煙、飲酒、糖尿病、心血管疾病、癌癥)等進行亞組分析。使用Meta回歸探討潛在的異質(zhì)性來源。使用影響性分析評估單一研究是否會顯著影響評估結(jié)果。以I2gt;50%為標準進行敏感度分析,驗證結(jié)論的穩(wěn)健性。使用漏斗圖和Egger檢驗法評估發(fā)表偏倚。
采用兩階段的REM進行劑量-反應關系Meta分析:在第一階段,應用3節(jié)點的限制性立方樣條模型和廣義最小二乘回歸模型來分析劑量-反應關系;第二階段,使用最大似然法合并效應值。
并對第二個樣條的回歸系數(shù)β2進行顯著性檢驗以判斷劑量-反應關系的非線性部分。以27分(正常認知范圍的中間值[3])為參考值,評價較低MMSE評分與老年人全死因死亡率之間的劑量-反應關系。所有檢驗均為雙側(cè)檢驗,以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2"結(jié)"果
2.1"納入文獻特征
經(jīng)文獻檢索和篩選,共納入38篇文獻[4-41],其中4篇文獻僅按照性別分層分析[13,16,20,41]。共計42個研究,包含了95 064例參與者,其中有29 269例在隨訪期內(nèi)死亡。文獻檢索的過程見圖1。
本文42項研究中,14項源于亞洲、15項源于歐洲、10項源于北美、1項源于南美洲、2項源于澳大利亞;隨訪時間為1.25~20.00年,隨訪時間gt;10.00年研究有12項;參加者人數(shù)205~12 552人;研究質(zhì)量評分范圍為6~9星。納入研究的基線特征信息見表1。
2.2"認知功能損傷與全死因死亡率的Meta分析
與認知功能正常者相比,不同程度的損傷與總死亡風險增加之間的關聯(lián)有統(tǒng)計學意義(n=42;HR=1.64,95%CI=1.51~1.78;I2=81.3%;REM),該關聯(lián)在80歲以上的高齡老人中同樣存在(n=8;HR=1.53,95%CI=1.19~1.97;I2=86.6%)。為最大程度排除癡呆影響,本文對最輕程度的認知損傷研究進行單獨合并,結(jié)果仍具有統(tǒng)計學意義(n=20;HR=1.33,95%CI=1.24~1.43;I2=66.3%;REM)。對不同地區(qū)的文獻分析表明,北美洲(n=10;HR=1.58,95%CI=1.33~1.89)、南美洲(n=1;HR=1.91,95%CI=1.83~2.00)、歐洲(n=15;HR=1.63,95%CI=1.40~1.89)、亞洲(n=14;HR=1.67,95%CI=1.39~2.01)和澳大利亞(n=2;HR=1.65,95%CI=1.34~2.03)研究顯示認知損傷與全死因死亡率的增加均相關。見圖2、3。
當研究排除或調(diào)整了基線癡呆時,認知功能損傷與死亡率之間的關聯(lián)仍具有統(tǒng)計學意義(n=6;HR=1.44,95%CI=1.29~1.59)。在不調(diào)整基線癡呆的研究中,合并HR為1.69(n=36;95%CI=1.54~1.85)。見表2。
2.3"劑量-反應關系
在劑量-反應關系分析中,使用了10項研究的數(shù)據(jù)[4,10,18-19,24,26,29-30,32,34],共包含了12 010例死亡病例。由MMSE測量的認知功能狀態(tài)與全死因死亡風險之間呈線性關系(P=0.06)。見圖4。與參考值27分相比,全死因死亡的風險隨著認知功能的降低而顯著增加,MMSE每降低1分,死亡風險增加4%(HR=1.04,Plt;0.001)。
2.4"異質(zhì)性來源和敏感度分析
本研究結(jié)果顯示,各研究間有較高的異質(zhì)性(I2=81.3%)?;€是否調(diào)整衰弱(P=0.005)和基線血脂水平是異質(zhì)性來源(P=0.023)。鑒于從研究變量層面不能充分解釋異質(zhì)性,為了評估結(jié)果的穩(wěn)健性,本文以I2gt;50%為標準進行敏感度分析。在排除了9項導致較大異質(zhì)性的研究后,認知功能損害所導致的全死因死亡風險為1.56(95%CI=1.45~1.66;I2=45.9%;REM;n=33),異質(zhì)性I2顯著降低,而合并HR無明顯變化。影響性分析結(jié)果顯示,沒有單個研究對總合并效應值產(chǎn)生顯著影響。
2.5"發(fā)表偏倚
漏斗圖顯示,各研究在總HR值的兩側(cè)分布基本對稱,Egger檢驗也未發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.205)。見圖5。
3"討"論
本文對納入的42項研究進行了Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,基線整體認知功能可能是老年人群中全死因死亡的中等強度預測因子,即使是最輕微的認知受損也與死亡率增加顯著相關。全死因死亡率與認知功能呈線性關系,MMSE每降低1分,全死因死亡率增加4%。
本文納入文獻充分考慮到了潛在的混雜因素。年齡是所有研究中最重要的混雜因素。在納入的42項研究中,37項研究調(diào)整了年齡,3項研究使用了出生隊列[13,21,30],1項研究的研究對象基線年齡限制在75~83歲[16],1項研究的基線年齡限制在65歲及以上[35]。5項研究對基線診斷的癡呆進行了調(diào)整或排除[12,27,34,36,39]。1項研究排除了MMSE評分低于18分的參與者[22],這相當于排除了基線癡呆。大多數(shù)研究對研究對象的受教育程度進行了調(diào)整,或在確定認知功能的正常截斷值時,充分考慮了研究人群的受教育水平。其他混雜因素(如收入、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、抑郁癥等)在部分研究中進行了調(diào)整。
認知功能損傷與死亡率風險增加相關的機制尚不明確,目前可能的機制有以下幾種。①認知功能障礙可能是癡呆和MCI的表現(xiàn)。既往綜述顯示,癡呆和MCI病人死亡風險增加[2,42]。②認知損害可能反映了藥物的副作用或病人對一些慢性疾?。ㄈ缣悄虿?、高血壓等)的控制不佳[43]。③認知損傷也可能反映了“終末衰退”,一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當人接近死亡時,整體認知功能下降[44]。④認知功能可能影響健康素養(yǎng),認知缺陷的人群可能在日常生活中難以獲取正確的醫(yī)療保健信息以促進和維持健康,從而進一步縮短了壽命[45]。
本研究有以下優(yōu)點:①本文Meta分析包含了大量的樣本,結(jié)果更具代表性;②本文納入的所有研究都是隊列研究,能滿足時序性因果推論的標準且減少回憶偏差和選擇偏差的影響;③本文定量地評估了最輕度認知障礙與全死因死亡率之間的關系,以盡量減少癡呆對結(jié)果的影響;④本文使用限制性立方樣條模型進行了劑量-反應分析,進一步支持了因果關系的存在。
本研究仍然存在一些局限性。①僅考慮了基線認知功能,而沒有探討認知功能隨時間變化對死亡產(chǎn)生的影響,可能會低估認知功能與死亡之間的關聯(lián)。②只分析了整體認知功能與全死因死亡率之間的關系,而沒有研究各認知域與死亡的獨立關聯(lián)。③盡管提取了對潛在混雜因素最大程度控制的HR值,但所納入的研究對協(xié)變量的調(diào)整程度仍然不盡相同。④本研究中存在著較大的異質(zhì)性,且該異質(zhì)性不能通過亞組分析和Meta回歸得到充分解釋。在敏感度分析中,以I2gt;50%為標準,發(fā)現(xiàn)有9項研究對異質(zhì)性有顯著影響[5,10,11,15,28,35,37-38,40]。去除這9項研究后,異質(zhì)性降至45.9%,結(jié)果仍然有統(tǒng)計學意義,從而證明了結(jié)論的穩(wěn)健性。
綜上所述,使用MMSE量表所評估的基線認知功能可能是老年人群全死因死亡增加的獨立預測指標。對老年人進行定期的認知功能篩查是非常有必要的。未來研究需進一步探討老年人全死因死亡的綜合預測因素,以形成一套包含認知功能測量的高效篩查工具,及時識別高危人群,為臨床醫(yī)生和衛(wèi)生政策的制定者提供依據(jù)。
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(本文編輯"黃建鄉(xiāng))