文瀾閣：藏書(shū)史的曠世奇跡

杭州孤山腳下有一座典型的江南樓閣，熟悉它的杭州人都知道，那里曾是為存放國(guó)寶《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》而建的皇家藏書(shū)樓文瀾閣。《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》是當(dāng)年乾隆下詔編纂的，囊括了乾隆之前中國(guó)歷史上所有最主要的典籍，直到今天依然是世界上卷帙最為浩大的一套叢書(shū)。當(dāng)時(shí)乾隆只命人抄寫(xiě)了四部藏于內(nèi)廷，后

來(lái)又一紙?jiān)t令建造了江南三閣各存一部，杭州的文瀾閣便由此而來(lái)。從此，一座城與一部書(shū)的命運(yùn)緊緊地聯(lián)系在一起。

如今七部抄本（編者注：乾隆帝命人手抄了七部《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》，下令分別藏于全國(guó)各地）留存于世的有四部，分別藏于臺(tái)灣、蘭州、北京和杭州，而文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》歷經(jīng)的磨難卻非其他幾部可比。兩百多年來(lái)，文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》在數(shù)次浩劫中幾乎陷于毀滅，是浙江幾代文化人的俠肝義膽才使其躲過(guò)戰(zhàn)火幸存下來(lái)，真正的原閣本早已剩下不到四分之一，成了一部經(jīng)后人多次補(bǔ)抄才湊齊的“百衲本”。這是一個(gè)在曠世戰(zhàn)火中的傳奇，也成為浙江人竭力護(hù)書(shū)搶救文化遺存的歷史群像。浙江有識(shí)之士自清代至民國(guó)猶如接力棒式的藏書(shū)、護(hù)書(shū)與補(bǔ)抄，使文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》劫后余生，在中國(guó)乃至世界藏書(shū)史上都是個(gè)奇跡。

因《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》而建

《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》是清代乾隆年間編纂的中國(guó)歷史上最大的一部叢書(shū)。據(jù)《四庫(kù)全書(shū)總目》統(tǒng)計(jì)，它著錄書(shū)籍3461種，存目書(shū)籍6793種，總計(jì)達(dá)10254種，囊括了從先秦到清代乾隆以前中國(guó)歷史上的主要典籍。在18世紀(jì)，像《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》這樣的文化巨制，不僅在中國(guó)，就是在當(dāng)時(shí)的世界上也絕無(wú)僅有。

《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》修成以后，為了保管和利用，乾隆皇帝先后下令將其中著錄的3000余種書(shū)籍抄成一式七部，每部均為36000余冊(cè)、6100余函，分別收藏于仿造寧波天一閣規(guī)制而專(zhuān)門(mén)建造的七座藏書(shū)閣中。這就是著名的四庫(kù)七閣，即北京紫禁城的文淵閣、圓明園的文源閣、承德避暑山莊的文津閣、盛京（今沈陽(yáng)）故宮的文溯閣，以及江蘇鎮(zhèn)江的文宗閣、揚(yáng)州的文匯閣和浙江杭州的文瀾閣。

文瀾閣坐落在西湖孤山南麓，由圣因寺后玉蘭堂東面的藏書(shū)堂改建而成。藍(lán)色的門(mén)牌掛在門(mén)樓上，門(mén)樓正中嵌有“西湖博物館”匾額。民國(guó)十八年（1929年），西湖博覽會(huì)在杭州開(kāi)幕，文瀾閣被作為農(nóng)業(yè)館使用。博覽會(huì)結(jié)束后，成立西湖博物館，選擇文瀾閣、王陽(yáng)明祠、羅漢堂、太乙分青室為館址。

進(jìn)入門(mén)樓后就來(lái)到了垂花門(mén)。垂花門(mén)又稱(chēng)宮門(mén)，建于乾隆時(shí)期，現(xiàn)存建筑為光緒七年（1881年）遺存。垂花門(mén)兩側(cè)廂房也稱(chēng)耳房，現(xiàn)辟為觀眾休息服務(wù)區(qū)。垂花門(mén)向北經(jīng)過(guò)一座假山，來(lái)到的是御座房。御座房現(xiàn)為“文瀾遺澤——文瀾閣與《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》”專(zhuān)題陳列室，陳列室里系統(tǒng)介紹了文瀾閣與《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》的歷史變遷，展現(xiàn)了浙江讀書(shū)人高尚的文化品格與人文精神。

出御座房，經(jīng)過(guò)與西湖相通的水池，文瀾閣主體就映入眼簾。文瀾閣前石座上原有的四件陳設(shè)已遺失，遺失年代不詳。據(jù)《文瀾閣圖》以及《文瀾閣志》中袁昶《文瀾閣銅鹿引》推斷，石座上的陳設(shè)應(yīng)為銅鹿和香爐，在2006年的修繕中，浙江省博物館予以恢復(fù)舊觀。

文瀾閣仿制內(nèi)廷四閣，均為重檐樓閣。文瀾閣的規(guī)制為明二層暗三層，匠人們創(chuàng)造性地在腰檐處增加夾層，內(nèi)為上、中、下三層，擴(kuò)大了藏書(shū)空間。文瀾閣夾層上方井口的運(yùn)用則更有利于書(shū)籍的搬運(yùn)、通風(fēng)和采光。這些設(shè)計(jì)體現(xiàn)了古代工匠構(gòu)思精妙的聰明才智和中國(guó)古代木構(gòu)建筑靈活多變的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。

文瀾閣初建時(shí)，一層明間設(shè)御座和書(shū)案，兩側(cè)藏《古今圖書(shū)集成》和《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》經(jīng)部。文瀾閣重建后，一層明間廢御座和書(shū)案，除《古今圖書(shū)集成》外，增儲(chǔ)《勸善要言》《全唐文》《剿平粵匪方略》等。二、三兩層藏書(shū)不變，分別為史部和子部、集部。

據(jù)了解，文瀾閣里的書(shū)都是按次序排列在各層，既不能使書(shū)之次序顛倒混亂，又不允許架上有高低不齊，《文瀾閣志》中就記載了文瀾閣排架圖。

浙江省藏書(shū)文化研究專(zhuān)家顧志興認(rèn)為，關(guān)于“文瀾閣排架圖”有兩點(diǎn)是需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的：一是《文瀾閣排架圖》是由文瀾閣傾圮前具體負(fù)責(zé)館務(wù)的陸光祺事后憑記憶重繪，后《文瀾閣志》據(jù)此刻入;二是《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》書(shū)匣用楠木特制，楠木書(shū)匣上刻有書(shū)名、冊(cè)數(shù)。冊(cè)數(shù)多的書(shū)，則需數(shù)匣分裝。書(shū)匣的高低根據(jù)書(shū)的冊(cè)數(shù)制造。書(shū)在裝匣前又需要用楠木夾板夾緊書(shū)冊(cè)。書(shū)入匣后，又將書(shū)匣高低相配，制成書(shū)架，然后排架庋藏。

當(dāng)時(shí)文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》的保存之法從《文瀾閣志》的記載中也可看出：每?jī)?cè)底面絹裹粘釘不壓線(xiàn)。每函用香楠木匣收儲(chǔ)，匣內(nèi)襯以香楠夾板，便抽納也。素綾牙簽，冊(cè)中夾冰麝樟腦包各二以辟蠹，每歲盛夏暴書(shū)凡一月，由鹽運(yùn)使派儒學(xué)官掌之，可想見(jiàn)東璧琳瑯之美備矣。

歷經(jīng)劫難 重現(xiàn)璀璨

歷數(shù)清代書(shū)閣，或坐落于皇家禁地，遠(yuǎn)離戰(zhàn)火;或遭戰(zhàn)火焚毀，閣史中斷;或書(shū)藏九州，散落四處。惟有文瀾閣與其《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》，經(jīng)歷多重磨難與艱辛，在幾代浙江讀書(shū)人不懈努力下，巍巍書(shū)閣，重現(xiàn)璀璨。

清咸豐三年，江蘇揚(yáng)州文匯閣、鎮(zhèn)江文宗閣慘遭兵燹，夷為平地。咸豐十年、十一年，太平軍兩次攻占杭城，文瀾閣也未逃過(guò)戰(zhàn)火劫難，閣圮書(shū)散。光緒六年十月初八，文瀾閣進(jìn)行了重修，歷時(shí)一年修復(fù)，并把散失、殘缺的書(shū)籍收集、補(bǔ)抄起來(lái);辛亥革命后又幾經(jīng)補(bǔ)抄，文瀾閣的《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》才恢復(fù)舊觀。

在歷次浩劫中幾陷于毀滅，是浙江幾代人的俠肝義膽才使文瀾閣能夠躲過(guò)戰(zhàn)亂而幸存下來(lái)。1861年，太平軍攻陷杭州，江南著名藏書(shū)樓八千卷樓的主人、出身書(shū)香門(mén)第的錢(qián)塘人丁申、丁丙兄弟此時(shí)避禍于杭州城西的西溪。一日，兄弟倆在店鋪購(gòu)物時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，用于包裝的紙張竟是鈐有璽印的《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》，這使他們大驚失色。丁氏兄弟心急如焚，馬上組織家人進(jìn)行搶救。他們冒著戰(zhàn)亂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，收集殘籍予以保護(hù)，并雇人每日沿街收購(gòu)散失的書(shū)本。如此半年，他們搶救并購(gòu)回閣書(shū)8689冊(cè)，占全部文瀾閣本的1/4。

文瀾閣本已殘缺不全，一項(xiàng)浩繁的抄書(shū)工程在浙江巡撫譚鐘麟的支持下開(kāi)始了。丁氏兄弟從寧波天一閣盧氏抱經(jīng)樓、汪氏振綺堂、孫氏壽松堂等江南十?dāng)?shù)藏書(shū)名家處借書(shū)，招募了100多人抄寫(xiě)，組織抄書(shū)26000余冊(cè)。在《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》編撰過(guò)程中編撰官員曾將一些對(duì)清政府不利的文字刪除，或?qū)⒉糠謺?shū)籍排除在叢書(shū)之外，還有部分典籍漏收，丁氏兄弟借此機(jī)會(huì)將其收錄補(bǔ)齊。此項(xiàng)工程歷時(shí)7年得以完成。1882年，文瀾閣重修完成，丁氏兄弟將補(bǔ)抄后的《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》全部歸還文瀾閣。

到了民國(guó)時(shí)代，浙江省圖書(shū)館首任館長(zhǎng)錢(qián)恂繼續(xù)組織補(bǔ)抄，這就是所謂“乙卯補(bǔ)抄”。這次補(bǔ)抄主要由徐錫麟的二弟徐仲蓀及其學(xué)生堵申甫二人自費(fèi)所為，歷時(shí)七年，甚為艱辛。后來(lái)，時(shí)任浙江教育廳長(zhǎng)的張宗祥對(duì)徐仲蓀、堵申甫的執(zhí)著精神所感動(dòng)，在他的重視及關(guān)注下，補(bǔ)抄工作開(kāi)始由官府組織，費(fèi)用全部由浙江籍人募集，歷時(shí)兩年，史稱(chēng)“癸亥補(bǔ)抄”。

經(jīng)過(guò)丁、錢(qián)、張等人的共同努力，最后完成的文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》有36874冊(cè)，其中乾隆時(shí)的原抄本9221冊(cè)，約占四分之一，其他的為光緒時(shí)丁氏或民國(guó)時(shí)錢(qián)氏、張氏等組織補(bǔ)抄。補(bǔ)齊后的文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》是7部藏書(shū)中最完整的一部。因此，文瀾閣本《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》的歷史文獻(xiàn)價(jià)值高于文淵閣本、文津閣本和文溯閣本，是“四庫(kù)學(xué)”研究的重要資源。

1937年，抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，杭州岌岌可危，《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》又面臨巨大的災(zāi)難。時(shí)任國(guó)立浙江大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)竺可楨和時(shí)任浙江圖書(shū)館館長(zhǎng)陳訓(xùn)慈組織閣書(shū)西遷。歷時(shí)半年，輾轉(zhuǎn)5省，行程2500公里，1938年4月，《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》安全運(yùn)抵貴陽(yáng)，后又轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到重慶。

1954年4月，浙江省人民政府將青白山居撥浙江圖書(shū)館使用。青白山居位于孤山之巔，面對(duì)西湖的阮公墩，空氣清新干燥，鋼筋水泥建造，是最好的藏書(shū)之地。這樣，文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》便被搬入青白山居落戶(hù)。

1970年1月，根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)戰(zhàn)備指示，對(duì)文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》又一次進(jìn)行了搬遷，目的地是浙南麗水地區(qū)的龍泉戰(zhàn)備庫(kù)。這次搬遷雖只是在省內(nèi)遷徙，但途經(jīng)富陽(yáng)、桐廬、建德、蘭溪、金華、遂昌、龍泉等7個(gè)市縣，來(lái)回行程達(dá)1240公里。1976年，文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》重返杭州。

文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》如今藏在浙江圖書(shū)館孤山分館恒溫恒濕的地下善本庫(kù)房，這套曠世巨著才有了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)久安全的棲息之地。

舊時(shí)帝王燕今入百姓家

文瀾閣作為欽定的官家藏書(shū)樓，向社會(huì)開(kāi)放、傳播文化，與古代以藏為主的藏書(shū)樓顯示出截然不同的職能，但與圖書(shū)館相比則為遠(yuǎn)遜。在清末西學(xué)潮流滾滾東來(lái)這一特殊時(shí)代背景下，圖書(shū)館取代藏書(shū)樓成為必然。

宣統(tǒng)元年，學(xué)部下文限各地于宣統(tǒng)二年一律建立圖書(shū)館。浙江巡撫增韞據(jù)浙江提學(xué)使袁嘉谷提議，奏請(qǐng)“于圣因寺行宮余地建筑，俾于與文瀾閣毗連一氣，……懇請(qǐng)賞給圣因寺行宮內(nèi)文瀾閣旁隙地籌建圖書(shū)館”。奏準(zhǔn)后，于宣統(tǒng)三年（1911年）開(kāi)始建新圖書(shū)館。經(jīng)省咨議局討論，決定將文瀾閣歸屬圖書(shū)館，六月，末任閣董張蔭椿與浙江圖書(shū)館進(jìn)行了交接。民國(guó)元年（1912年）浙江圖書(shū)館孤山館（今古籍部）落成，將文瀾閣之書(shū)全部移藏圖書(shū)館，從此書(shū)閣分離。

1929年杭州舉辦西湖博覽會(huì)，會(huì)后成立西湖博物館，以后文瀾閣又歸屬浙江博物館。1981年，文瀾閣被列為省級(jí)文物保護(hù)單位。2001年，文瀾閣又被列為全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物單位。文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》與藏書(shū)樓雖已分離，但作為江南僅存的皇家藏書(shū)樓，其建筑遺存一直得到充分保護(hù)和利用。2006年起，浙江省博物館負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)文瀾閣進(jìn)行大修，歷時(shí)8年。這是文瀾閣多次修葺中最近的一次。再繁華的皇家園林也逃脫不了歲月的腐蝕，文瀾閣在漫長(zhǎng)的歲月侵襲中，更是脆弱到不堪一擊。

1861年，太平天國(guó)軍攻入杭州，本為藏書(shū)閣的文瀾閣不幸淪為兵營(yíng)，閣中的藏書(shū)也散佚四處。后來(lái)，閣中之書(shū)或歸私家，或歸書(shū)賈，甚或有流落坊巷間作廢紙拆散裹物者。

光緒六年，文瀾閣重建。在接下來(lái)的漫長(zhǎng)歲月中，文瀾閣始終沒(méi)有逃脫被損毀、遺忘、修復(fù)的命運(yùn)。接下來(lái)，每隔幾年，文瀾閣都要大修一遍。修復(fù)后的文瀾閣仍遵循對(duì)外開(kāi)放的準(zhǔn)則，這讓普通老百姓也能目睹這百年藏書(shū)樓的文化底蘊(yùn)，而文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》影印出版，更是讓文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》這一歷史珍貴典籍更為開(kāi)放。

2003年5月，時(shí)任杭州出版社總編輯徐海榮無(wú)意間得知，北京的商務(wù)印書(shū)館即將出版文津閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》，萌生了影印出版文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》的想法，在徐海榮看來(lái)，影印出版文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》是傳承保護(hù)的另一種方式。

徐海榮的行動(dòng)獲得了浙江圖書(shū)館的支持。2004年5月，合作整理影印出版文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》的協(xié)議由兩家單位共同簽署。歷經(jīng)整整10年，修訂影印版文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》完成最后一卷的印制，并正式面市，首印300套。也就是說(shuō)，以后文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》將不再只是默默存放在地下的館藏之物。昔日國(guó)之瑰寶、皇家御覽藏書(shū)，而今已“飛入尋常百姓家”。

Wenlange： Imperial Library in Hangzhou

Wenlange on the West Lake was built to house a copy of Siku Quanshu （Complete Collection of Four Treasures）， compiled at the edict of Emperor Qianlong. Beginning in 1773， 361 scholars， some of them being high-ranking government officials， collected and annotated over 10，000 imperial manuscripts. From them， only 3，461 titles were selected for inclusion. The works are arranged in four divisions of Chinese literature： classics， history， philosophy， and the arts. Together， this knowledge represents 5，000 years of history， astronomy， geography， economy， society， law， politics， science， technology， and philosophy.

It was not the first collection made by a central government in China， but it was the biggest in the history of China. In fact， before Wikipedia， it was the largest collection of human knowledge in the world.

In order to make the books accessible to readers in China， Emperor Qianlong ordered to have seven copies made. About 3，800 scribes took part in copying the texts by hand， painstakingly recreating every last character stroke in perfect calligraphy. In the original collection， there were 3，461 titles copied from cover to cover and there was an additional list of 6，793 titles， which appeared in the collection as titles only and no contents from these books were copied. Each copy had 36，000 volumes contained in more than 6，100 book boxes. Seven copies were housed at seven sites. They were Wenyuange inside the Forbidden City in Beijing， Wenyuange in the Winter Palace in Beijing， Wenjinge at Chengde Imperial Mountain Resort in Hebei Province， Wensuge in Shenyang， Wenzongge in Zhenjiang and Wenhuige in Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province， and Wenlange in Hangzhou.

Wenlange as the physical imperial library on the West Lake was repurposed from a sutra collection pavilion of a Buddhist Temple. The temple itself was repurposed in 1727 from an imperial palace used by Emperor Kangxi. In 1738， the part of the temple was restored as an imperial palace. When the Siku Quanshu was completed， a special reconstruction project started in 1782 to turn the part of the temple into the library. In 1784， Wenlange was completed. Three years later， the books copied in the capital for Wenlange were shipped in batches to Hangzhou and made their ways into the imperial library on the West Lake.

The library looks like a two-story structure， but it has three floors inside： two main floors and a mezzanine， designed to have more space for storage of books， for good lighting and ventilation， and for convenient move of books.

In the winter of 1861， the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom army conquered Hangzhou. In January 1862， Ding Shen and Ding Bing， two brothers and book collectors who took refuge in Xixi， a suburb in the west of Hangzhou， when the city fell to the Taiping army， found a peddler near where they were living used book pages to wrap candies and melon seeds. They were astounded to find the pages were from books of the imperial Wenlange Library. It turned out that the peddler had in his possession several dozens of books from the imperial collection. That night， the brothers hurried back to Hangzhou and visited the library. The library was a total mess， a lot of books were missing and the remaining books were scattered everywhere. The two brothers instructed clan members to carry books away. The books in the library collected by the Ding brothers were housed temporarily in a temple in Xixi. The Ding brothers then sent people out to the city proper of Hangzhou to find and buy back books and pages wherever they could be found. In six months， they rescued 8，689 volumes from streets. Thanks to their efforts， about one third of the Wenlange collection was saved. Then the brothers decided to make the collection complete again. It took more than 100 scribes eleven years to copy 26，000 volumes， based on books from other libraries across Zhejiang， including some titles which had been originally dropped for political reasons or for reasons unknown. Thanks to the Ding brothers， the collection was made complete again. After the Qing Dynasty fell apart and the Republic of China came into being in 1911， two more projects were launched respectively in 1915 and in 1923 in Hangzhou， largely to restore books to their total volumes or put deleted contents back. The first project was funded and organized by Xu Zhongsun and his disciple Du Shenfu. It took seven years to complete. Shortly after the first project was concluded， Zhang Zongxiang， then education director of Zhejiang provincial government， launched the second copy project. This time， it was organized by the government and funded by individuals across Zhejiang. This project took two years to complete.

Thanks to these copying projects， the Wenlange collection is the most complete of all the seven copies. The Wenlange collection is now an important resource for scholars when they look into all the issues concerning the imperial collection made in the 18th century.

In 1937， Japan launched a total invasion into China. Hangzhou suffered several air raids. Under the guidance of Chen Xunci， director of Zhejiang Library， the books were packed into 139 large cases and relocated to Fuyang and Jiande in the west of Hangzhou and then to Longquan in the south of Zhejiang for safety. In March 1938， the National Government decided to relocate the Wenlange collection to Guizhou Province in the southwest. The books traveled 2，500 kilometers and through five provinces before it reached Guiyang， the capital of Guizhou Province， at the end of April 1938. It was temporarily housed at the Zhang Clan Ancestral Temple there. Then the collection was further relocated to Chongqing， Chinas wartime capital， in Sichuan Province.

In May 1946， about 9 months after China won the victory of the war of resistance against Japanese aggression， the collection started its return journey from Chongqing. It took six trucks and nearly 20 staff members and guards and over 50 days before it came back safely to Hangzhou.

In April 1954， the collection was relocated to Qingbai Resort on the slope of the Solitary Hill. Not far from Wenlange， the modern building of reinforced concrete was ideal for the storage of the collection.

In January 1970， the collection was relocated secretly again to Longquan in the south of Zhejiang due to the intense international situation. The collection stayed there for about six years. It was not until 1976 that it came back to Hangzhou. The to-and-fro journey was 1，240 kilometers long.

Nowadays， the Wenlange collection of Siku Quanshu is housed in an underground environment with constant relative humidity and temperature. Though the imperial Wenlange Library was open to readers in the past， it cant be compared to a modern-day public library. The approval of the central government of the Qing Dynasty， a public library was set up in 1911 and Wenlange became part of the public library. In 1912， the collection was moved to the Ancient Book Department of Zhejiang Library at Solitary Hill. The Wenlange as a historical building became West Lake Museum in 1929 and then became part of Zhejiang Museum. In 1981， Wenlange was put under the protection of the provincial government. In 2001， it was designated as a key cultural relic unit under the protection of the central government. From 2006 to 2014， Wenlange went through a major restoration project by Zhejiang Museum.

Hangzhou Press Group reprinted the Wenlange collection of Siku Quanshu from 2004 to 2014. The first photocopy edition was 300 sets.