轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系處，常為命題點(diǎn)

劉嫦云

理解句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系對(duì)理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容和解答閱讀試題都非常重要。常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系包括并列關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系等。筆者通過(guò)分析歸納近五年的高考真題發(fā)現(xiàn)，其中的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系是高考閱讀理解的高頻考點(diǎn)。如下表所示：

表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞除了常見(jiàn)的but外，還有however， instead， contrary to， yet等等。轉(zhuǎn)折后是作者要著重強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容，也常常是命題點(diǎn)所在。相關(guān)的試題涵蓋了細(xì)節(jié)理解、詞義猜測(cè)、推理判斷、主旨大意四種題型。請(qǐng)看下列真題。

[例1]（2020全國(guó)I卷C篇）Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk， which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接觸）with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity， however， says Jaclyn Norberg， an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem， Mass.

28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes？

A. They must run long distances.

B. They are qualified for the marathon.

C. They have to follow special rules.

D. They are good at swinging their legs.

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干中的conditioned athletes 可迅速定位到第二段，首句Race walkers are conditioned athletes是總述，接下來(lái)應(yīng)是詳述理由。由該段中的But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times可知，競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)則要求競(jìng)走者的膝關(guān)節(jié)在腿擺動(dòng)時(shí)的大部分時(shí)間里伸直，同時(shí)一只腳保持與地面接觸。對(duì)比各選項(xiàng)，只有C項(xiàng)正確：競(jìng)走者必須遵循一些特殊的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)則。

[例2]（2020全國(guó)II卷B篇）The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would， and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently， and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However， boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls， and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.

26. How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play？

A. They play with puzzles more often.

B. They tend to talk less during the game.

C. They prefer to use more spatial language.

D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干中的boys和girls可定位到最后一段。由其中的However， boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls， and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls可知，男孩們較女孩們而言，傾向于玩更復(fù)雜的智力游戲，故選D項(xiàng)。

[例3]（2017全國(guó)I卷 B篇）I work with Volunteers for Wildlife， a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.

I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. ...

...

A nervous night to be sure， but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！ The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.

27. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？

A. Its unexpected.

B. Its beautiful.

C. Its humorous.

D. Its discouraging.

解析：推斷題。由最后一段可知，通過(guò)播放貓頭鷹雛鳥(niǎo)饑餓時(shí)發(fā)出叫聲的錄音，這只貓頭鷹雛鳥(niǎo)的父母找到了雛鳥(niǎo)，并得到了其爸媽的照管，達(dá)到了作者的預(yù)期。再結(jié)合第一段最后一句“However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.”可知，當(dāng)救助工作起作用時(shí)，是美好的，故選B項(xiàng)。

[例4]（2018全國(guó)I卷 C篇）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years， but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers， small， tightly knit（聯(lián)系）groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago， when the world had just five to ten million people， they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.

31. What is the main idea of the text？

A. New languages will be created.

B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in fewer languages.

C. Human development results in fewer languages.

D. Geography determines language evolution.

解析：主旨題。由第一段第一句“Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years， but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.”中but后的內(nèi)容“但在最近一段時(shí)間，來(lái)的越來(lái)越少，去的越來(lái)越多”可知，語(yǔ)言的種類(lèi)越來(lái)越少，故選C項(xiàng)。

[例5]（2020新高考I 卷D篇）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research， both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份），its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.

13. What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to？

A. Big eaters.?????????????? B. Overweight persons.

C. Picky eaters.??????????? D. Tall thin persons.

解析：詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份），its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”可知，研究表明，與現(xiàn)存的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)（應(yīng)該避免和食量大的胖人一起吃飯）相反，你真正需要避開(kāi)的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根據(jù)“contrary to”可知，畫(huà)線詞與heavier people含義相反，故D項(xiàng)正確。

我們?cè)诮獯痖喿x理解題時(shí)，首先用題干中的關(guān)鍵詞定位到文本中特定的段落或語(yǔ)句。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but， however， instead， contrary to， yet等時(shí)，我們就要特別注意了，因?yàn)檫@往往是答案所在，需要仔細(xì)研讀。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青