• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Thermal Biology of Cold-climate Distributed Heilongjiang Grass Lizard,Takydromus amurensis

    2020-12-30 06:59:26XinHAOShiangTAOYuMENGJingyangLIULuoxinCUIWanliLIUBaojunSUNPengLIUandWengeZHAO
    Asian Herpetological Research 2020年4期

    Xin HAO,Shiang TAO,Yu MENG,Jingyang LIU,Luoxin CUI,Wanli LIU,Baojun SUN,Peng LIU*,# and Wenge ZHAO*,#

    1 College of Life Science and Technology,Harbin Normal University,Harbin 150025,Heilongjiang,China

    2 Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology,Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China

    3 College of Chemistry and Life sciences,Zhejiang Normal University,Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang,China

    4 School of Chemical Engineering,University of Science and Technology Liaoning,Anshan 114051,Liaoning,China

    Abstract Thermal biology traits reflect thermal adaptations to an environment and can be used to infer responses to climate warming in animal species.Within a widespread genus or species,assessing the latitudinal or altitudinal gradient of thermal physiological traits is essential to reveal thermal adaptations and determine future vulnerability to climate warming geographically.We determined the thermal biology traits of a cold-climate distributed liza rd,Takydromus amurensis,a nd integra ted published thermal biology traits within the genus Takydromus to reveal a preliminary geographical pattern in thermal adaptation.The mean selected body temperature (cloaca temperature; Tsel),critical thermal maximum (CTmax),critical thermal minimum(CTmin),and optimal temperature for locomotion (i.e.,sprint speed; Topt) of T.amurensis were 32.6,45.1,3.1,and 33.4 °C,respectively.The resting metabolic rates of T.amurensis were positively related to temperature from 18 °C to 38 °C.We compared the traits of tropical T.sexlineatus,subtropical T.septentrionalis,and T.wolteri with T.amurensis and found that the CTmax and thermal tolerance range (the difference between CTmax and CTmin; TTR) increased toward high latitudes,whereas CTmin increased toward low latitudes in these four Takydromus lizards.According to this preliminary pattern,we speculate the species at medium and low latitudes would be more vulnerable to extreme heat events caused by ongoing climate warming.We highlight the importance of integrating thermal biology traits along geographical clues,and its potential contribution to evaluate the vulnerabilities of species in the context of climate warming.

    Keywords counter gradient,CTmax,CTmin,thermal biological trait,thermal tolerance range,Tsel,Takydromus

    1.Introduction

    Ongoing climate warming has imposed novel stressors on animals (e.g.,Thomaset al.,2004),which has affected their populations in a number of ways.For example,many species have altered their distributions,and some populations face risk of collapse (e.g.,Poundset al.,1999;Wilsonet al.,2005).Recent studies have shown that the thermal safety margin (difference between environmental temperature and critical maximum temperature,CTmax) of low-latitude animals is narrower than that of animals living in mid and high latitudes,and the thermal biological characteristics of low-latitude animals are more susceptible to temperature variation,indicating that low-latitude animals are more vulnerable to climate warming (e.g.,Dillonet al.,2010; Güsewellet al.,2017;Sundayet al.,2014).Thus,a detailed understanding of the thermal biology traits and the thermal responses of animals is not only useful for studying adaptations to thermal environments,but also necessary for determining the vulnerability to thermal variation caused by climate warming.

    Thermal biology traits have been shown to be important proxies of the thermal adaptation of animals to their environments,as measured by selected body temperatures (Tsel),CTmax,CTmin,and the thermal dependency of performance such as locomotion (e.g.,Huey and Hertz,1984; Huey and Kingsolver,1989; Angillettaet al.,2002a).Unlike endotherms,which can maintain a stable body temperature in a wide temperature range at great energetic costs (Bennett and Ruben,1979),the body temperatures of reptiles and other ectotherms are regulated by thermal interactions with the environment and thus are more susceptible to thermal variations and their effects upon behavior and physiological processes(Huey and Stevenson,1979; Angillettaet al.,2002a,2002b).Accordingly,reptiles have a high risk of extinction owing to climate warming (e.g.,Sinervoet al.,2010).In addition,they are affected by internal and external factors (Wanget al.,2017).Through the analysis of the thermal biology traits of widespread genera or species,inferences can be made regarding the geographical patterns and interspecific variation of traits.This can aid in determining the vulnerabilities of widespread genera to climate change along geographical gradients (Hueyet al.,2009; Sinervoet al.,2010).

    Reptiles can maintain their body temperature within a moderate range by thermoregulation,with a range of optimal body temperatures for different processes(Van Dammeet al.,1991; Bauwenset al.,1995).The selected body temperatures of a reptile represent the body temperatures without biotic or abiotic constraits(Hueyet al.,1979; Hertzet al.,1993),which can be determined by the temperature gradient in the laboratory,although extrapolation of laboratory data to field populations should be interpreted cautiously.Because Tselrepresents the “ideal” range of body temperatures ectothermic animals aim to maintain through behavioral thermoregulation,it is normally different from active body temperatures (Lichtet al.,1966; Avery,1978).CTmaxand CTminare the maximum and minimum temperatures at which vitality can be sustained,respectively (Hertzet al.,1983; Gilbert and Miles,2017).If the body temperature is lower than CTminor higher than CTmax,reptiles would lose motor function and suffer cold narcosis (temperature lower than CTmin) or muscle spasms (temperature higher than CTmax) (Lutterschmidt and Hutchison,1997;Angilletta,2009; Camacho and Rusch,2017).Therefore,CTmaxand CTminare used to determine the viability of reptiles in various thermal environments (Hertzet al.,1983; Deutschet al.,2008).

    Metabolism is the primary physiological process that determines an organism’s demand from the environment and the allocation of energy among body functions(Brownet al.,2004).In ectotherms,the resting metabolic rate is often used as a proxy for metabolism and is defined as the energy expenditure of animals while in the resting,fasting,and nonproductive states (Andrews and Pough,1985; Christianet al.,1999; Berget al.,2017).In reptiles,resting metabolic rates are highly sensitive to body temperature,requiring the organism to respond quickly to variations in the thermal environment (Maet al.,2018a,2018b; Sunet al.,2018).As another critical function,locomotion is also significantly sensitive to body temperature and is related to fitness because of its importance for foraging,avoiding predators,and choosing mating partners (Bauwenset al.,1995; Chenet al.,2003; Sunet al.,2018).In summary,evaluating the thermal sensitivity of critical indices (i.e.,metabolic rates and locomotion) is essential to understand thermal adaptation in ectotherms (Angilletta,2009).

    Takydromusliza rds have a la rge geographical distribution,with a significant latitudinal span,ranging from cold-temperate to tropical regions.As a species that inhabits cold climates,the Heilongjiang grass lizard,Takydromus amurensis,is a small lacertid lizard (up to 70 mm snout-vent length [SVL]) which is distributed in northeast China and the boundary of China,Russia,and the Korean Peninsula (Xuet al.,2017).Like otherTakydromuslizards in mainland China,T.amurensisinhabits areas at the boundary of forests and grasslands or scrub habitats.Females are able to lay one or two clutches from May to July,with an average clutch size of six eggs (Zhaoet al.,1999).T.amurensisis distributed in high latitudes,which typically exhibit low average temperatures and drastic thermal fluctuations (Figure 1).Thermal biology traits should be investigated inT.amurensisto obtain a comprehensive understanding of thermal adaptation in cold-climate ectotherms.The thermal biology of several other congener species has been previously studied,includingT.wolteri,T.septentrionalis,andT.sexlineatus,which inhabit subtropical and tropical areas,respectively (Jiet al.,1996a; Chenet al.,2003; Zhang and Ji,2004).By assessing the same traits inT.amurensis,i.e.,those investigated in these previous studies,we can improve our understanding of the specific variations and preliminary patterns of thermal biology traits inTakydromusspecies along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients.

    Figure 1 Annual temperature environments for Anshan population of T.amurensis,where we collected the lizards.The red line indicates the average air temperature along the year,and grey area indicates the daily fluctuations of air temperature.

    We determined selected body temperatures,thermal tolerance (i.e.,CTmaxand CTmin),and thermally sensitive traits including resting metabolic rate and sprint speed as focal study traits for the Heilongjiang grass lizard,T.amurensis.We aimed to (1) contribute with new data on a cold-climate distributedTakydromusspecies (i.e.,T.amurensis) for the first time; (2) compare thermal biology traits amongTakydromuslizards with published data concerningT.septentrionalis,T.wolteri,andT.sexlineatus;and (3)summarize preliminary patterns of variation in Tsel,CTmax,CTmin,and optimal body temperature for performance inTakydromuslizards along a latitudinal or altitudinal gradient.

    2.Materials and Methods

    2.1.Study species collectionWe collected adultT.amurensis(n=13; 4 males and 9 females) in late April 2016,using either a noose or by hand,from Anshan (see details in Figure 1 for annual thermal environments),Liaoning,China (41°01’ N,120°7’ E;~210 m).After collection,we transported the lizards back to the laboratory in Beijing.The lizards were individually housed in plastic terraria(350 mm × 250 mm × 220 mm,length × width × height).The terraria were set up with a mixture of moist soil and sand,with randomly placed patches of grass.The lizards were housed in a temperature-controlled room at 18°C under a natural photoperiod,with a supplementary heating lamp suspended above one end of the terrarium from 06:00 to 20:00.During the hea ting period,temperatures in the terraria ranged from 18 °C to 40 °C.Food (crickets and larvalTenebrio molitor) and water were providedad libitum.After three days of captivity,thermal biology traits were started to be determined.

    2.2.Selected body temperatures (Tsel)Selected body temperatures (Tsel) were determined according to the established protocol,with minor modifications (Shuet al.,2010).In brief,Tselwas measured in a custom-made terrarium (1000 mm × 500 mm × 300 mm,length × width× height) placed in a temperature-controlled room at 18 °C.The terrarium was fitted with grass substrate and‘natural’ retreats to mimic the natural environment.One heating light bulb (275 W) was suspended above one end of the terrarium,creating a thermal gradient from 18 °C to 60 °C during the heating period.The heating period lasted 14 h daily from 06:00 to 20:00.On the first day,a group of lizards (four to five) were introduced into the terrarium from the cool end at 16:00 for acclimation to the surroundings.Then,on the second day,the body temperatures of the lizards were measured twice at 09:00 and 15:00,with an UNT-325 electronic thermometers(UNT T-325,Shanghai,China) by inserting the tip of the probe into cloacas.During the measurements,each lizard was captured by hand and its body temperature was measured immediately (within 30 s),without disturbing the other lizards in the terrarium.Then,the average of the two body temperature records of each lizard was estimated and used as the lizard’s selected body temperature.

    2.3.Thermal toleranceThe critical thermal minimum(CTmin) a nd critical thermal maximum (CTmax)temperatures of the lizards were determined in a programmed incubator (KB 240,Binder,Germany).We cooled (for CTmindetermination) or heated (for CTmaxdetermination) lizards from a starting temperature of 28 °C at a rate of 1 °C per 10 min.During the cooling and heating,we continuously monitored the behavior of the lizards.When the lizards lost the capacity to respond to intense stimulation and could not right themselves after being turned over,the body temperatures were recorded as CTminor CTmax,respectively (Zhang and Ji,2004; Xu and Ji,2006).The lizards were then moved to a 28 °C chamber to recover.The protocol stands that if a lizard cannot recover from the cold or heat shock,its record is eliminated for further analysis (Liet al.,2017).However,in this study all the lizards were recovered from the shock

    2.4.Locomotor performanceLocomotor performance was estimated using sprint speed.The sprint speed was measured at five test temperatures ranging from 18 °C to 38 °C (18 °C,23 °C,28 °C,33 °C,and 38 °C),based on the reported range of field body temperatures of the species(Xuet al.,2017),in a randomized sequence.Locomotor performance was measured once per day under one temperature treatment (18 °C,33 °C,28 °C,23 °C and 38 °C),in a sequence order.Before the test,the lizards were placed in an incubator at the test temperature for approximately 2 h for acclimation.To ensure that body temperatures of lizards matched those of the respective test treatment,we measured the body temperatures of a subset of lizards before starting stimulating them to run(Sunet al.,2014).Locomotor performance was tested by stimulating the lizard to run through a racetrack,which was recorded by an HD video camera (Sony,DCRSR220E,Japan).The racetrack was 1500 mm × 100 mm× 150 mm,with intervals marked every 250 mm.Each lizard was stimulated by a paintbrush to run twice at each temperature with an interval of 1 h for rest.The videos were analyzed by Windows Movie Maker.For each lizard,the fastest speed through 250 mm for each time was recorded,and the average of the two fastest records was used as the sprint speed (Sunet al.,2014).

    2.5.Resting metabolic rate (RMR)The resting metabolic rates were estimated by respiratory gas exchange rates measured at five random test temperatures (18 °C,23 °C,28°C,33 °C,and 38 °C).Before the test,the lizards were fasted for at least 12 h.All lizards were acclimated at the correspondent test temperature for 2 h in an incubator (KB 240,Binder,Germany).Then,the lizard was enclosed within the respirometry chamber placed in the incubator (KB 240,Binder,Germany).The respiratory gas exchange was determined using a closedflow respirometry system with a volume of 281.4 mL(Stable System International Inc.Las Vegas,NV,USA),and the resting metabolic rate was estimated via the CO2production rate using a previously established method(Sunet al.,2018).For stabilizing the gas composition of the system (i.e.,baseline),we opened the system to the air for approximately 5 min before changing the system to closed-circuit respirometry.Then,the carbon dioxide production rates (i.e.,VCO2) in the closed circuit were continuously recorded for approximately 10 min.To minimize the effects of circadian rhythms,measurements were conducted from 10:00 to 18:00.The metabolic rates were calculated as the CO2production per gram of body mass per hour (mL/g/ h),following the equation metabolic rate=VCO2× volume/body mass,whereVCO2is the CO2production rate in percentage (%/h) in the closed circuit with a volume of 281.4 mL.

    2.6.Statistical analysisThe normality of distributions and homogeneity of variance were tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Bartlett’s test prior to analysis.First,we tested for sex differences in Tsel,CTmax,and CTminusing one-way ANOVA,with sex included as a factor.As there were no significant differences (allP> 0.05),we pooled the data of both sexes for all these traits.For the analysis of locomotion,we performed the Gaussian (R2=0.473),modified Gaussian (R2=0.523),Lorentzian (R2=0.513),Weibull (R2=0.515),and Pseudo-Voigt regressions (R2=0.512) to analyze the sprint speed to body temperature,respectively.With the best fitting,the modified Gaussian regression was employed to analyze the sprint speed,with the following equation:Sprint speed=y0+ae ^ {-0.5 [(Tb-b)/c]2}; whereTbis body temperature; a,b,c andy0are parameters; and e is the natural constant.This was used to calculate the optimal temperature for sprint speed.Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze the effect of test temperature and sex on resting metabolic rate and sprint speed.

    Data of previously illustrated traits ofT.septentrionalisfrom Zhoushan,Zhejiang (29°32’-31°04’N,121°30’-123°25’E;~200 m),T.wolterifrom Chuzhou,Anhui(32°15’-32°21’ N,118°07’-118°18’ E;~260 m),andT.sexlineatusfrom Shaoguan,Guangdong (24°50’ N,113°30’ E;~290 m) (Jiet al.,1996a; Chenet al.,2003;Zhang and Ji,2004; unpublished data) were collected from published figures with Plot Digitizer (http://plotdigitizer.sourceforge.net/).The thermal traits ofT.septentrionalis(collected throughout May and July),T.wolteri(collected in May),andT.sexlineatus(collected in mid-April) were obtained from the literature.Only data collected during the reproductive season were selected to ensure comparability with the results of the current study(Jiet al.,1996a; Chenet al.,2003; Zhang and Ji,2004).General linear models were fitted to assess the latitudinal tendency ofTsel,CTmax,CTmin,and Toptfor sprint speed ofTakydromuslizards.As the four species inhabit similar altitudes (i.e.,from~200 m to~290 m),we did not include this variable in the model.The fact that elevation is fixed in the design of the study provides clarity to be able to detect the effect of latitude.

    3.Results

    The Tsel,CTmin,and CTmaxforT.amurensiswere 32.55 ±0.46 °C,3.06 ± 0.13 ℃,and 45.10 ± 0.11℃,respectively(see details in Table 1).The sprint speed was significantly affected by body temperature,increasing with body temperature from 18 °C to around 33 °C and then decreasing at higher temperatures (F4,48=5.495,P<0.0001; Figure 2a).The optimal body temperature forT.amurensisthat maximized sprint speed was 33.20 °C according to the modified Gaussian regression.Resting metabolic rate was significantly positively related to temperature from 18 °C to 38 °C (F4,48=40.708,P<0.0001; Figure 2b).The Sex had no effect on the resting metabolic rate or sprint speed (bothP> 0.05).

    In the fourTakydromusspecies,Tselwere similar,as indicated by the non-significant tendency along latitudes(y=32.99-0.55x,R2=0.37,P=0.38; Figure 3a).When we integrated the published thermal tolerance data from otherTakydromuslizards,we observed that the CTmaxvalues (y=45.43-0.93x,R2=0.78,P=0.11) remained similar; however,CTmindecreased as latitude increased(y=2.137+1.04x,R2=0.95,P=0.02) (Figure 3b),indicating that the thermal tolerance range increased with latitude.

    Figure 2 Locomotor performance (sprint speed) (a) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) (b) of T.amurensis at different temperatures.RMR was expressed as CO2 production per gram body mass per hour (mL/g/h).Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.

    Table 1 Snout-vent length,body mass,selected body temperatures,the critical thermal maximum,critical thermal minimum and thermal tolerance range (TTR) of Takydromus amurensis.The sample size for all traits are equally 13.

    4.Discussion

    In the context of climate change,understanding the thermal biology traits of animals is fundamental to determining organismal vulnerabilities (e.g.,Sundayet al.,2011,2012,2014).In the current study,the thermal biology traits ofT.amurensiswere quantified at the beginning of the reproductive season,to facilitate a comparison with available data of congeners collected using similar methods.The Tsel,CTmin,CTmax,and sprint speed among different species of the genusTakydromuswere shown to be compa ra ble a nd ecologically meaningful (Jiet al.,1995,1996a; Duet al.,2000; Zhang and Ji,2004).Since the four populations live at similar latitudes (i.e.,ranged from~200 m to~290 m),we only tested the effects of latitude.

    Figure 3 Tsel (a) and CTmax and CTmin (b) of four Takydromus lizards.Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.Species are listed from high to low latitude in X axis.Data are collected by Plot Digitizer(http://plotdigitizer.sourceforge.net/),from the figures and available data of references (Ji et al.,1996a; Xu and Ji,2006; Zhang and Ji,2004).

    Tselis the body temperature at which biological processes function at an optimal/suboptimal level (Van Dammeet al.,1991; Hertzet al.,1993; Blouin-Demerset al.,2000; Angillettaet al.,2002a; Ortega and Martín-Vallejo,2019).InT.amurensis,the optimal temperature for sprint speed was similar to Tsel(33.20 °Cvs.32.55°C),indicating thatT.amurensiscan accurately regulate its body temperature to perform optimal/suboptimal functions.However,as we did not measure operative tempera ture (Te) a nd active body tempera tures(Ta),we were unable to determine the efficiency of thermoregulation.Numerous reptiles have been reported to have temporal,spatial,and individual variation in Tsel(Gatten Jr,1974; Andrews,1998; Stellatelliet al.,2018;Refsnideret al.,2019).There is also increasing evidence demonstrating that thermal biology traits vary among seasons (e.g.,Yanget al.,2008; Sunet al.,2014; see details in below).However,Tsel is normally only determined during the reproductive season and assumed representing the Tsel of the given species or population (Jiet al.,1995,1996a; Shine and Madsen,1996; ?orovi? and Crnobrnja-Isailovi?,2018; Refsnideret al.,2019).It should be noted that althoughT.amurensisis a cold-climate species,the TselinT.amurensisis very similar to published data forT.wolteri,T.septentrionalis,andT.sexlineatus(Figure 3a).Additionally,the lizardsZootoca vivipara,Lacerta agilis,andIberolacerta bonnaliwhich also inhabit cold climates,use thermoregulation to maintain their body temperature warm in responding to cold climates (Herczeget al.,2003;Yanget al.,2015;Ortega et al.,2016).Influence of the thermal environment and activity patterns could induce variations in Tsel(Jiet al.,1996a,1996b; Duet al.,2000;Zhang and Ji,2004).For example,lizards in forested habitats are likely to have lower Tselthan those using more open habitats.The TselofSphenomorphus indicus,whose habitats are forested,was as low as 25.7℃ (Jiet al.,1996b).On the contrary,the lizards using more open habitats and employing basking behaviors would exhibit higher selected body temperatures (e.g.,Liet al.,2017;Wanget al.,2019).T.amurensisis usually active in open microhabitat,with shuttling between open and shaded patches for thermoregulation (Zhao,2002),which may plausibly explain high TselofT.amurensis.Admittedly,we conducted selected body temperatures measurements ofT.amurensiswith established method according to those used in otherTakydromusspecies (e.g.,Jiet al.,1995;Zhang and Ji,2004),increasing literatures indicate that the selected body temperatures of ectotherms should be determined with multiple repeated measurenets (i.e.,eight to ten measurements per individual) (e.g.,Hertzet al.,1993; Liet al.,2017).We also encourage further researches should employ multiple measurements to make a better understanding of thermal preferences in lizards,includingTakydromulizards.

    The thermal tolerance range increased toward high latitudes inTakydromuslizards,with relative conservative CTmaxand decreased CTmintowards high latitudes.(Figure 3b).Microhabitat usage can significantly influence CTmaxand CTmin.For example,CTmaxwas lower inS.indicus,which uses shaded habitats likely to be cooler (37.6 ℃;Jiet al.,1996b) than species occupying open habitats,such asEumeces elegans(41.9 ℃; Duet al.,2000) andT.septentrionalis(42.3 ℃; Jiet al.,1996a).Among sympatric lizards,Eremias argus(45.8 ℃) andE.multiocellta(45.1 °C)that occupying filtered microhabitats,had lower CTmaxthanPhrynocephalus przewalskii(47.1 °C),which uses open habitats (Liet al.,2017; Wanget al.,2019).Analogously,CTminwas noticeably greater in lizards that use open habitats.The CTminofE.chinensis(6.3 °C; Jiet al.,1995) andE.elegans(9.3 ℃; Duet al.,2000),species occupying open habitats,were greater than species using more spatially complex habitats,such asE.argus(1.0 ℃; Luoet al.,2006).Although all the four species compared in the current study use open habitats (Zhaoet al.,1999),T.amurensismay spend more time on open habitats in response to lower temperature conditions,as happens in other highlatitude distributed lizards (Sundayet al.,2011; Sundayet al.,2012).This activity pattern may result in increased time invested in thermoregulation (i.e.,basking) and thus result in higher CTmax.Based on this assumption,global meta-analyses have demonstrated that CTmaxincreases with latitude in lizards (Sundayet al.,2011; Sundayet al.,2012).In contrast,CTminis lower at high latitudes,likely because species inhabiting lower latitudinal or warmer climatic regions do not face the challenges of cold and seasonally varying temperatures (Janzen,1967;Ghalamboret al.,2006).Although we studied the thermal biology traits ofTakydromuslizards across a wide latitude range,our results are preliminary and can be improved upon by incorporating more species and populations.

    The resting metabolic rates ofT.amurensiswere thermally dependent,with allometric enhancement as the temperature increased from 18 °C to 38 °C (Figure 2b).As the basic biological rate,the resting metabolic rates of lizards vary among species,populations,and individuals.The resting metabolic rates ofT.amurensiswere lower than those of the desert-dwelling lizardsE.argus,E.multiocellata,andP.przewalskiiat even temperatures,although they are distributed at similar latitudes (Liet al.,2017; Wanget al.,2019).Unfortunately,the resting metabolic rate ofT.septentrionalis,T.wolteri,andT.sexlineatushas not been studied extensively; this means we were unable to make comparisons amongTakydromuslizards.The sprint speeds ofT.amurensisand otherTakydromusspecies were enhanced as the temperatures increased until the optimal temperature was reached,and then decreased as the temperature increased beyond the optimal temperature (Jiet al.,1996a; Zhang and Ji,2004).However,in all four species we compared,T.amurensishad the lowest sprint speed (Figure 4a).Notably,the optimal body temperature for the sprint speed ofT.amurensiswas 33.20 °C.In the other three species,the optimal temperatures for sprint speed increased as the latitude decreased (Figure 4b).For species from warm and stable thermal environments,sprint speed is more thermally dependent,and the optimal temperatures are higher,as shown inT.sexlineatus(Figure 4; Zhang and Ji,2004).WhyT.amurensis,a cold-climate species,has such a high optimal temperature for sprint speed is still unclear.However,the optimal temperature for sprint speed (i.e.,33.20 ℃),which is roughly equivalent to Tsel(i.e.,32.55℃),imposed an optimal/suboptimal sprint speed at TselinT.amurensis.Future studies could investigate the effect of temperature at a finer scale (e.g.,2 °C between each test temperature),to further clarify the thermal dependence of sprint speed inT.amurensisand thus determine the optimal temperature more precisely.Although the mechanism is unclear,Tseland Toptmight be subject to both thermal environment and confounding evolutionary factors (Huey and Kingsolver,1989).Alternatively,maintaining Tbat a level that appears suboptimal may allow the animal to remain responsive to environmental variation and,if required,increase activity such as those associated with foraging and escaping,following the‘suboptimal is optimal’ hypothesis (Martin and Huey,2008).For example,the range of Teand Tbfor some Liolaemidae lizards is below both their preferred body temperature and the optimal temperature at which they can reach maximum locomotor performance (Boninoet al.,2011).Addtionally,Tbat suboptimal temperatures is also beneficial to avoid over-heating effects in performance,since the performance would drop sharply if the optimal temperatures are surpassed (e.g.,Martin and Huey,2008).

    Based on our current preliminary pattern of Tsel,CTmin,CTmax,and Toptfor sprint speed inTakydromuslizards,it is plausible thatT.amurensiswould be less vulnerable to the warming temperatures imposed by climate change than otherTakydromusspecies in habitat in low latitudes.First,the CTmaxforT.amurensisis high; thus,this may indicate that the thermal safety margin is large.However,we were unable to verify this as we did not calculate the thermal safety margin owing to the lack of precise data on environmental temperatures (Sundayet al.,2014).Second,asT.amurensisinhabit areas with cooler temperatures than their physiological optima,it is possible that warming temperatures may enhance their fitness,as in high-latitude species (e.g.,Cabezas Carteset al.,2019;Gómez Aléset al.,2019).

    Figure 4 Sprint speed of Takydromus lizards (a) and their Topt (b).(a) Arrows indicate the Topt for sprint speed,respectively.Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.Species are listed from high to low latitude in X axis.Data are collected by Plot Digitizer (http://plotdigitizer.sourceforge.net/),from the figures of references (Ji et al.,1996a; Xu and Ji.,2006; Zhang and Ji,2004).

    The thermal biology traits ofT.amurensiswere collected during the reproductive season (i.e.,late April).However,it is possible that seasonal plasticity or acclimatization/acclimation can influence thermal biology traits and their associated performance curve in reptiles and thus cause variations of thermal biology traits inTakydromuslizards.For example,Takydromus septentrionalisfrom different locations did not differ in their selected body temperatures and thermal tolerance after identical thermal acclimation(Yanget al.,2008).Furthermore,the thermal performance curve of the sprint speed ofPlestiodon chinensiswas shown to vary between seasons (Sunet al.,2014).The metabolic enzyme activity in the muscles ofAlligator mississippiensisalso responds to temperatures differently between seasonal acclimation (Seebacheret al.,2003).Determining the seasonal variation of biological traits in cold-climate species such asT.amurensisis important because thermal fluctuations are predicted to be more significant at high latitudes (IPCC 2013).Another potential cause of the observed variation in the thermal biology traits ofT.amurensisin the current study may be the limited sample size (i.e.,n=13).Larger sample sizes of individuals will be required to investigate seasonal acclimation and confirm our preliminary results on latitudinal trends.However,as a cold-climate species,the natural population density ofT.amurensisis low and is threatened by habitat destruction (Zhao,2002; Portniaginaet al.,2019).In future studies,meta-analysis methods may be more suitable for revealing the geographical patterns of thermal biology traits within congeners.It is possible that the inter-specific variation in thermal biology traits along latitudinal gradients is attributed to other factors,such as precipitation,vegetation cover,or food availability,which also varies across altitudes.However,as theTakydromusspecies occupy similar elevations,it is plausible that the observed pattern among species is induced by latitudinal differences.Future studies,investigating more species distributed over a large geographical span,should be conducted to test altitudinal pattern.

    Our study determined the thermal biology traits of cold-climate distributedT.amurensis,summarized the interspecies variation,and provides preliminary findings suggesting that Tsel,CTmax,and CTminvary along latitudinal gradients inTakydromuslizards.These findings will contribute to the understanding of the thermal adaptation of reptiles and establish basic criteria for determining the climatic vulnerability ofTakydromusspecies.Future studies should investigate more details of the biological response to thermal environments,including acclimation and life history variations.Furthermore,building on the data collected in this study with additional measurements of operative temperature and active body temperature in field,we will be able to calculate the thermal safety margin and the effectiveness of thermoregulation,which would be helpful in evaluating the degree of safety or beharioral flexibility to thermal variation,in the context of climate warming.Additional research into thermal biological responses will facilitate projection of the vulnerabilities ofTakydromusspecies to climate warming.

    AcknowledgementsWe thank Xingzhi HAN,Teng LI and Tingting WANG for their assistance in the field and Lab.Ethics approval and protocol (IOZ14001) for the collection,handling,and husbandry of the study animals was given by Animal Ethics Committees at Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31870391 and 31500324).Baojun SUN is supported by Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No.2019085).

    欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 亚洲成人免费av在线播放| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 美女午夜性视频免费| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看 | 亚洲全国av大片| 咕卡用的链子| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 在线观看免费视频日本深夜| 一a级毛片在线观看| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 日本wwww免费看| 久久 成人 亚洲| 少妇 在线观看| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 国产精品免费视频内射| 亚洲精品一二三| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 性少妇av在线| 高清欧美精品videossex| 97碰自拍视频| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 制服诱惑二区| 一级毛片精品| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 成人免费观看视频高清| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 在线国产一区二区在线| 97碰自拍视频| 欧美激情高清一区二区三区| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站 | 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 精品第一国产精品| 精品少妇一区二区三区视频日本电影| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看| a在线观看视频网站| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 久久香蕉精品热| 亚洲激情在线av| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 老司机午夜十八禁免费视频| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 搡老岳熟女国产| 亚洲中文av在线| 久久久久久大精品| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 热re99久久国产66热| 久久精品亚洲熟妇少妇任你| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女 | 99国产精品一区二区三区| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 在线观看66精品国产| 老司机靠b影院| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 成人三级黄色视频| 国产一卡二卡三卡精品| 精品久久久久久久毛片微露脸| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 精品福利永久在线观看| 精品一区二区三区av网在线观看| 最好的美女福利视频网| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 免费久久久久久久精品成人欧美视频| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 黄片大片在线免费观看| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 自线自在国产av| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 精品日产1卡2卡| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 久久这里只有精品19| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 色在线成人网| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 老司机亚洲免费影院| 国产高清激情床上av| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 免费看十八禁软件| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 国产真人三级小视频在线观看| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 乱人伦中国视频| 91av网站免费观看| 校园春色视频在线观看| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av | 免费日韩欧美在线观看| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 少妇 在线观看| www.999成人在线观看| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 9191精品国产免费久久| 亚洲激情在线av| 99香蕉大伊视频| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 免费少妇av软件| 国产精品 国内视频| 久久影院123| 午夜视频精品福利| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 国内久久婷婷六月综合欲色啪| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区 | 久久久久久久午夜电影 | 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 性少妇av在线| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 黄色女人牲交| 性少妇av在线| 亚洲 欧美 日韩 在线 免费| 国产av精品麻豆| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 欧美大码av| 久久久久久人人人人人| av网站免费在线观看视频| 精品一区二区三区av网在线观看| 免费少妇av软件| a在线观看视频网站| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频 | 日本免费a在线| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 长腿黑丝高跟| 久久久国产一区二区| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| svipshipincom国产片| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 中国美女看黄片| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 怎么达到女性高潮| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| av天堂久久9| 在线观看66精品国产| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 精品福利永久在线观看| 精品久久久久久成人av| 国产精品久久久久成人av| av天堂在线播放| 亚洲av熟女| 久久人妻av系列| 国产av在哪里看| 久久精品91无色码中文字幕| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 一区福利在线观看| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 精品久久久久久,| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 免费久久久久久久精品成人欧美视频| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 日韩免费av在线播放| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 日本免费a在线| 操出白浆在线播放| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| 国产高清激情床上av| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放 | 中文字幕高清在线视频| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 黄片小视频在线播放| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 国产精品永久免费网站| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 中亚洲国语对白在线视频| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频 | 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 日日夜夜操网爽| 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 精品欧美一区二区三区在线| 91字幕亚洲| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久 | 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 亚洲第一青青草原| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频 | 亚洲成人久久性| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 老鸭窝网址在线观看| 在线播放国产精品三级| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 亚洲精品一区av在线观看| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 女人精品久久久久毛片| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 搡老乐熟女国产| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 午夜久久久在线观看| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 国产成年人精品一区二区 | 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 精品一区二区三卡| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| av片东京热男人的天堂| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 成年人免费黄色播放视频| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 黑人操中国人逼视频| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 91老司机精品| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女 | 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 一本综合久久免费| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 亚洲国产欧美网| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 亚洲美女黄片视频| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 亚洲国产欧美网| 久久狼人影院| 欧美乱妇无乱码| av电影中文网址| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜 | 99国产精品99久久久久| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡| 69av精品久久久久久| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 身体一侧抽搐| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站 | 1024视频免费在线观看| 国产区一区二久久| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片 | 精品第一国产精品| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 日韩欧美免费精品| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 欧美亚洲日本最大视频资源| 亚洲九九香蕉| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| www.999成人在线观看| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 国产精华一区二区三区| 精品国产亚洲在线| 午夜免费激情av| 9热在线视频观看99| 免费观看人在逋| 美女福利国产在线| 久久精品影院6| 成人影院久久| 欧美午夜高清在线| 91大片在线观看| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 多毛熟女@视频| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 国产三级在线视频| 在线av久久热| 亚洲少妇的诱惑av| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 三级毛片av免费| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 香蕉国产在线看| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸 | 日韩免费高清中文字幕av| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 91在线观看av| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 国产1区2区3区精品| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 欧美大码av| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 午夜成年电影在线免费观看| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 正在播放国产对白刺激| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 国产精品永久免费网站| 国产一卡二卡三卡精品| 黄片播放在线免费| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 怎么达到女性高潮| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 免费观看精品视频网站| 五月开心婷婷网| 日韩大尺度精品在线看网址 | 欧美色视频一区免费| 亚洲精品在线美女| 波多野结衣一区麻豆| 在线观看免费视频日本深夜| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 级片在线观看| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 一区二区三区激情视频| 亚洲中文av在线| 国产精品一区二区在线不卡| 久久久久亚洲av毛片大全| 国产精品 国内视频| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 国产精品九九99| svipshipincom国产片| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 99久久国产精品久久久| 久久国产精品影院| a级毛片在线看网站| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| av欧美777| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 国产1区2区3区精品| 午夜a级毛片| www.www免费av| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| av有码第一页| 黄片播放在线免费| 日韩欧美三级三区| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 亚洲 国产 在线| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片 | 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片 | 国产97色在线日韩免费| 99久久人妻综合| 操出白浆在线播放| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 国产成人精品无人区| 国产免费男女视频| 亚洲九九香蕉| 丝袜美足系列| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 久久中文看片网| 国产人伦9x9x在线观看| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| av电影中文网址| videosex国产| 制服人妻中文乱码| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| av片东京热男人的天堂| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 国产成人精品久久二区二区免费| 99热只有精品国产| 老司机福利观看| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 久久精品成人免费网站| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 女生性感内裤真人,穿戴方法视频| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频 | 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 欧美成狂野欧美在线观看| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 999久久久国产精品视频| 一区福利在线观看| 国产麻豆69| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女 | 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 91麻豆av在线| 国产成人欧美| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 亚洲专区字幕在线| 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 久久国产精品影院| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费 | 成人特级黄色片久久久久久久| 久久精品人人爽人人爽视色| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 久久香蕉精品热| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 成人18禁在线播放| ponron亚洲| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 亚洲精华国产精华精| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 久久香蕉激情| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 久久精品亚洲熟妇少妇任你| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 成人三级黄色视频| 可以免费在线观看a视频的电影网站| 在线视频色国产色| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 久久九九热精品免费| 精品少妇一区二区三区视频日本电影| 国产成人精品无人区| xxx96com| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 69精品国产乱码久久久| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 在线观看舔阴道视频| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 悠悠久久av| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 久久人人精品亚洲av| av福利片在线| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 国产成人精品无人区| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 极品教师在线免费播放| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 亚洲中文av在线| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 中国美女看黄片| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 免费少妇av软件| 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影 | 午夜免费鲁丝| 精品久久久久久,| 日韩有码中文字幕| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 色播在线永久视频| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 后天国语完整版免费观看| 国产乱人伦免费视频| 免费av毛片视频| 国产av一区在线观看免费| 另类亚洲欧美激情| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| avwww免费| 亚洲avbb在线观看| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡 | 欧美在线一区亚洲| 欧美人与性动交α欧美软件| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影 | 性少妇av在线| 最好的美女福利视频网| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 波多野结衣高清无吗| 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 亚洲成人久久性| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼 | 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影 | 色综合婷婷激情| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 香蕉久久夜色| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| a级毛片黄视频| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 91精品三级在线观看| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区 | 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 久久 成人 亚洲| 成在线人永久免费视频| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添小说| 午夜福利在线免费观看网站| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点 | tocl精华| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 长腿黑丝高跟| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃| 国产亚洲欧美98| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 极品教师在线免费播放| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 桃红色精品国产亚洲av| 成人特级黄色片久久久久久久| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 亚洲人成网站在线播放欧美日韩| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 精品少妇一区二区三区视频日本电影| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 制服诱惑二区| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 在线观看日韩欧美| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 操出白浆在线播放| 91字幕亚洲| 日本wwww免费看| 乱人伦中国视频| 一a级毛片在线观看| 国产成人欧美在线观看| 国产精品影院久久| 日本撒尿小便嘘嘘汇集6| 最好的美女福利视频网| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 午夜影院日韩av| 久久久国产成人精品二区 | 99国产综合亚洲精品| 国产熟女xx| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点 | 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 看黄色毛片网站| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 亚洲中文日韩欧美视频| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女 | 天堂√8在线中文| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 久久久久久大精品| 国产熟女xx| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗|