河南
高考英語(yǔ)閱讀“七選五”容易出現(xiàn)連環(huán)錯(cuò),即一處出錯(cuò)導(dǎo)致多處出錯(cuò)。為了跳出連環(huán)錯(cuò)的怪圈,避免這種“多米諾”現(xiàn)象,老師在指導(dǎo)考生備考的過(guò)程中要讓其熟知該題型的特征,明確解題步驟,熟練運(yùn)用解題技巧。
高考英語(yǔ)閱讀“七選五”試題模式:給出一篇缺少5 個(gè)句子的說(shuō)明文(偶有記敘文),長(zhǎng)度300 詞左右(其中正文240 詞左右,備選項(xiàng)60 詞左右),7 個(gè)備選項(xiàng)通常是完整的句子,句末有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)(有時(shí)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)會(huì)放在正文中的答題線后面,這時(shí)備選項(xiàng)不含標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),且部分備選項(xiàng)不是完整的句子,僅僅是從句,如2016 年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ和2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)。7 個(gè)備選項(xiàng)按照由短到長(zhǎng)的順序排列。閱讀 “七選五”所選話題與考生的學(xué)習(xí)、生活密切相關(guān)。要求考生根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容,選出正確的句子,填入相應(yīng)的空白處。該題型不僅要求考生有扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言基本功(詞匯、句型、語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)),還要求考生具備綜合分析能力和邏輯思維能力,即對(duì)文章的深層理解能力?!犊荚囌f(shuō)明》對(duì)該題型命題目的的表述為“主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握”。
高考英語(yǔ)閱讀“七選五”和完形填空有相似之處,只不過(guò)完形填空需要補(bǔ)充的是詞,而“七選五”需要補(bǔ)充的是句子,但是它們的考查方式都是一樣的,只要考生選擇的答案能夠使語(yǔ)意連貫即可。該題型設(shè)空大致可分為主旨概括句(文章整體內(nèi)容)、銜接過(guò)渡句(文章結(jié)構(gòu))和上下文邏輯關(guān)系句(細(xì)節(jié)支撐)三類。其中,邏輯關(guān)系句是考查的重點(diǎn)。
1.略讀全文,理解大意
以最快的速度跳躍式地瀏覽文章的標(biāo)題(大、小標(biāo)題)、首段、每段的首句以及表示句、段關(guān)系的連接性詞語(yǔ),特別是however,but 等詞后的內(nèi)容,以了解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和大意。
2.閱讀選項(xiàng),標(biāo)記線索
依次瀏覽各個(gè)選項(xiàng),弄清每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思,找出每個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞(這些詞有利于定位原文位置)然后初選段首句和段尾句。段首、段尾句要么是主題句、總結(jié)句,要么是承上啟下句,語(yǔ)言特征鮮明,容易判斷。名詞性短語(yǔ)或祈使句是小標(biāo)題或主題句,宜放在段首。如果選項(xiàng)中含有“in a word,all in all,as a result,in short,in belief,in summary,to conclude,in conclusion,to sum up,therefore”等詞語(yǔ),通常是總結(jié)句,宜放在段尾。
3.細(xì)讀文章,定位選項(xiàng)
了解了文章大意和各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容,初選了段首、段尾句之后,仔細(xì)閱讀文章,分析上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系,重點(diǎn)閱讀每段中空格處的前后句,將前后句中的關(guān)鍵詞標(biāo)記出來(lái),再與各個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行對(duì)比,選出能承接前后寫作線索,并在語(yǔ)意和邏輯上都保持順暢的支撐句(段中句)的選項(xiàng)。
4.代入選項(xiàng),復(fù)讀驗(yàn)證
將所選答案復(fù)位,再次通讀全文,看文章內(nèi)容是否完整,語(yǔ)意是否連貫,行文是否流暢,從而驗(yàn)證所選答案是否正確。
若是針對(duì)段落小標(biāo)題設(shè)空,其呈現(xiàn)形式應(yīng)和其他小標(biāo)題相同,選項(xiàng)應(yīng)短小精悍,多為名詞詞組、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或祈使句。若段落首句設(shè)空,段首句要么與段落標(biāo)題相關(guān)聯(lián),要么是段落主題句,選項(xiàng)要具有概括性,要么承接上段,要么引出下文。
考點(diǎn)一、段落主題句
當(dāng)某段開頭處設(shè)空時(shí),通常要填的內(nèi)容是該段的主題句,考生需要認(rèn)真研讀該段內(nèi)容,尤其是設(shè)空處后面的一兩句,確定線索詞,然后從備選項(xiàng)中查找這些線索詞的同義詞、近義詞或關(guān)聯(lián)詞。一般正確選項(xiàng)與空后第一句在內(nèi)容上是連貫且符合邏輯的,在意義上是緊密銜接的。
【考例1】(2019 年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)
● __37__ Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.Before asking questions about the course design,read the syllabus(教學(xué)大綱)and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn’t hiding in plain sight.
G.Ask questions,but make sure they are good,thoughtful questions.
解析:本題考查段落主題句。本段主要介紹了應(yīng)該提問(wèn)什么樣的問(wèn)題,所提的問(wèn)題要確保答案不能顯而易見。設(shè)空處應(yīng)概括本段意思“提問(wèn)題,并且要確保所提問(wèn)題是經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮的好問(wèn)題”。
考點(diǎn)二、承上啟下句
當(dāng)非首段的第一句設(shè)空時(shí),設(shè)空處也有可能是承上啟下句,這就要求考生既要熟悉上一段的內(nèi)容,尤其是上一段結(jié)尾的內(nèi)容,又要結(jié)合本段內(nèi)容,使所選答案能夠把兩段內(nèi)容進(jìn)行無(wú)縫對(duì)接。
【考例2】(2019 年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)
Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump?”This is what motivation or the lack of it can do.Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin.Without motivation,you can neither set a goal nor reach it. Like the child on the diving board,you will stay undecided.
_37__ More than that,how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First,you need to evaluate yourself,your values,your strengths,your weaknesses,your achievements,your desires,etc.Only then should you set your goals.
B.So how should you motivate yourself ?
解析:本題考查段落之間的銜接。前面段落所講內(nèi)容“動(dòng)力和目標(biāo)設(shè)定是同一枚硬幣的兩個(gè)面,沒(méi)有動(dòng)力你不能設(shè)定目標(biāo)也不能實(shí)現(xiàn)它”,強(qiáng)調(diào)了動(dòng)力的重要性。而37 題設(shè)空處后面的句子“More than that,how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal?”意為“不僅如此,你應(yīng)該如何保持動(dòng)力去實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)呢?”,因此37 題要填承上啟下的句子“那么你應(yīng)該如何激勵(lì)自己呢?”
當(dāng)設(shè)空在段中時(shí),通??疾樵摽张c前后句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系和上下文的銜接??疾橐c(diǎn):總分關(guān)系、解釋關(guān)系、例證關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系和并列關(guān)系。有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)下列銜接詞:first,second,then,next,later,soon,so,but,however,additionally,what’s more,that is,namely,in other words,for one thing...for another 等。
考點(diǎn)一、總分關(guān)系
【考例3】(2017 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.__37 We slept in a tent,cooked over an open fire,and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work,recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.
C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.
解析:本題考查總分關(guān)系。根據(jù)下文的描述“我們睡在帳篷里、在篝火上做飯、走很遠(yuǎn)的路去洗澡和上廁所”可知,這次野營(yíng)比較艱難,設(shè)空處是總體評(píng)價(jià),后面是詳細(xì)描述。
考點(diǎn)二、解釋關(guān)系
【考例4】(2019 年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)
Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump?”This is what motivation or the lack of it can do.Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin.__36__ Like the child on the diving board,you will stay undecided.
G.Without motivation,you can neither set a goal nor reach it.
解析:本題考查解釋關(guān)系。設(shè)空處前一句的句意“動(dòng)力和目標(biāo)設(shè)定是同一枚硬幣的兩面”,設(shè)空處要解釋二者之間的關(guān)系“沒(méi)有動(dòng)力,你既不能設(shè)定目標(biāo),也不能去實(shí)現(xiàn)它”。
考點(diǎn)三、例證關(guān)系
【考例5】(2016 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)
There are three main types of cryptography.__37__ For example,the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me”.
E.You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
解析:本題考查例證關(guān)系。設(shè)空處前一句的句意為“有三種主要的密碼術(shù)”。接著就給出一個(gè)例子“你可以通過(guò)拼寫每個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)字母來(lái)隱藏信息”。
考點(diǎn)四、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
【考例6】(2016 年四川卷)
Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries.__36__ In general,they can expect to live six or seven years more than men.One reason for this is biological.
石門縣從震旦系到第四系地層在縣內(nèi)均有分布,石炭系分布稀少,未采集該地層土壤樣品。在野外工作中采集表層土壤樣品時(shí)對(duì)照石門縣地質(zhì)圖,將每個(gè)土壤樣品歸入對(duì)應(yīng)的地質(zhì)背景中,通過(guò)分析得出各地質(zhì)背景區(qū)土壤元素含量見表2所示。性,凡母巖硒含量高者,其風(fēng)化土壤硒含量同樣較高。
A.However,women,on average,live longer.
解析:本題考查轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。設(shè)空處前一句的句意為“在當(dāng)今的工業(yè)化國(guó)家中男人和女人的壽命更長(zhǎng)了”。設(shè)空處后一句的句意為“一般說(shuō)來(lái),她們比男人能多活六七年”。根據(jù)邏輯判斷,設(shè)空處應(yīng)與其前一句構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,意為“然而,平均來(lái)說(shuō)女人的壽命更長(zhǎng)”。
考點(diǎn)五、因果關(guān)系
【考例7】(2019 年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)
You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation.This is quite important,because it is directly related to your commitment.There are times when your heart is not in your work.__38__ So,slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment.Clarity(清晰)of thoughts can help you move forward.
A.This can affect your work.
解析:本題考查因果關(guān)系。根據(jù)上句“There are times when your heart is not in your work.”(“有時(shí)候你的心不在工作上”)可知,38 空所填句子要承接上句,說(shuō)明這種情況會(huì)造成的后果“這會(huì)影響你的工作”?!癟his”指代上句所說(shuō)的情況。
考點(diǎn)六、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系
Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives,keeping in mind your beliefs,values and strengths.Remember that goals are flexible.__39__ They also need to be measurable.You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
E.They can change according to circumstances.
解析:本題考查遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。根據(jù)上句“Remember that goals are flexible.”(“要記住目標(biāo)是靈活的”)可知,設(shè)空處應(yīng)承接上句,構(gòu)成遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明“目標(biāo)可以根據(jù)情況做出改變”。這里和下句中的“They”都指代“goals”。
考點(diǎn)七、并列關(guān)系
【考例9】(2016 年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants,flowers,patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料) __38__.However,there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.
E.Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants
解析:本題考查并列關(guān)系。由本段第一句“Some...”,第二句“Others...”,可以鎖定E 選項(xiàng)“Still others...”為正確答案,它們之間構(gòu)成固定搭配的并列關(guān)系。
考點(diǎn)一、總結(jié)句
當(dāng)設(shè)空在段尾時(shí),設(shè)空處有時(shí)是起承上啟下作用的句子,有時(shí)是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容做補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的句子,但通常是對(duì)本段進(jìn)行總結(jié)概括的句子。往往正確選項(xiàng)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示結(jié)論或總結(jié)的關(guān)鍵詞,如:in a word,thus,hence,in short,to sum up,therefore,as a result 等。而文章的首段末尾則常常引出全文的主旨,這時(shí)常用一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞引出主旨。若空格在尾段的末尾,則有可能是對(duì)全文進(jìn)行總結(jié)概括,強(qiáng)化文章主題或?qū)ξ恼孪陆Y(jié)論。
【考例10】(2017 年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)
· Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends.If you’re tired out by Friday night,sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful.But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week,a recent study found.__39__
F.Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time,no matter the day.
解析:本題考查段落總結(jié)句。由本段首句可知本段主題是“在周末要堅(jiān)持你的睡覺和起床時(shí)間表”,段尾要進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化主題“堅(jiān)持你設(shè)定的就寢和起床時(shí)間,無(wú)論是哪一天”。
考點(diǎn)二、段落過(guò)渡句
當(dāng)設(shè)空在非尾段段末時(shí),也有可能是考查承上啟下的過(guò)渡句。
【考例11】(2017 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would bespending most of my weekends camping,I would have laughed heartily.Campers,in my eyes,were people who enjoyed insect bites,ill-cooked meals,and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me. __36__
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.The trip they took me on was a rough one.We slept in a tent,cooked over an open fire,and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work,recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.
D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then,however.
解析:考查段落過(guò)渡句。文章首段意為“如果三年前有人告訴我以后我大部分的周末時(shí)間都會(huì)露營(yíng),我會(huì)放聲大笑。在我看來(lái),露營(yíng)者是喜歡讓昆蟲咬、吃不好吃的飯菜和睡令人不舒服的睡袋。這些和我毫不相干”,而36 題后面第二段意為“介紹我去露營(yíng)的朋友們認(rèn)為這注定是一次具有開創(chuàng)性的露營(yíng)。我們睡帳篷、在篝火上做飯、走很遠(yuǎn)的路去洗澡和上廁所。這次對(duì)大自然母親的短暫造訪讓我請(qǐng)了兩天假,要在皮膚嚴(yán)重灼傷后進(jìn)行恢復(fù),并且還要支付來(lái)自醫(yī)生治療我兒子食物中毒的賬單”兩段之間有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以要填一個(gè)承上啟下的過(guò)渡句“然而,從那時(shí)起我卻學(xué)到了很多關(guān)于露營(yíng)的知識(shí)”。
考點(diǎn)三、補(bǔ)充信息句
段末設(shè)空還有可能是對(duì)前文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,這時(shí)要選擇補(bǔ)充性的語(yǔ)句。
【考例12】(2019 年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)
· Don’t share personal information or stories.Professors are not trained nurses,financial aid experts or your best friends.If you are in need of a deadline extension,simply explain the situation to the professor. __39__
C.If more information is needed,they will ask.
解析:本題考查邏輯關(guān)系。本段主要講的是“不要把個(gè)人信息和經(jīng)歷告訴教授,如果你需要延長(zhǎng)最后期限,向教授解釋處境即可”。最后應(yīng)該補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明“如果需要了解更多信息,他們會(huì)問(wèn)你的”。