解建茹 姚燕 郝永剛 王彩霞
【摘要】 目的 了解鮑曼不動桿菌(AB)感染的臨床特征, 分析耐碳青霉烯類鮑曼不動桿菌(CRAB)感染的危險因素。方法 243例確診為鮑曼不動桿菌感染的患者, 根據(jù)藥敏結(jié)果, 按分離的鮑曼不動桿菌菌株對碳青酶烯類抗生素(亞胺培南和美羅培南)的最低抑菌濃度(MIC)不同分為CRAB組(MIC≥16 mg/L, 66例)及碳青霉烯類敏感鮑曼不動桿菌(CSAB)組(MIC≤4 mg/L, 177例)。分析CRAB感染的危險因素。結(jié)果 經(jīng)單因素分析, 兩組患者的住院天數(shù)、氣管插管或氣切、低蛋白、有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣、急性生理學(xué)及慢性健康狀況評分系統(tǒng)(APACHEⅡ)評分≥20分、胃管、三代頭孢、氨基糖苷類、哌拉西林、3種以上抗生素應(yīng)用、頭孢哌酮舒巴坦鈉、米諾環(huán)素、分離出CRAB前應(yīng)用亞胺培南或美羅培南、聯(lián)合應(yīng)用抗生素情況比較, 差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義 (P<0.05) ;兩組患者的基礎(chǔ)疾病、入住重癥加強(qiáng)護(hù)理病房(ICU)、尿管、動脈穿刺、深靜脈置管、二代頭孢、喹諾酮情況比較, 差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。將單因素分析中具有顯著性意義的14個變量再進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析, 結(jié)果顯示:APACHEⅡ評分≥20分[OR=3.847, 95%CI=(1.240, 11.932), P=0.020<0.05], 分離出CRAB前應(yīng)用亞胺培南或美羅培南[OR=2.295, 95%CI=(1.062, 4.960), P=0.035<0.05], 有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣[OR=4.107, 95%CI=(1.310, 12.875), P=0.015<0.05]是CRAB感染的獨立危險因素。CRAB組因醫(yī)院獲得性肺炎(HAP)死亡6例(9.09%), CSAB組因HAP死亡12例(6.78%), 兩組患者的死亡率比較, 差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 APACHEⅡ評分≥20分、有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣及分離出CRAB前應(yīng)用亞胺培南或美羅培南是CRAB感染的獨立危險因素, 臨床應(yīng)引起注意。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 耐碳青霉烯類鮑曼不動桿菌;危險因素;感染
DOI:10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2020.32.065
【Abstract】 Objective? ?To understand the clinical features of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) infection and analyze the risk factors of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Methods? ?According to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Acinetobacter baumannii strains against carbapenem antibiotics (imipenem and meropenem), 243 patients diagnosed with Acinetobacter baumannii infection were divided into CRAB group (MIC≥16 mg/L, 66 cases) and carbapenem-sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii (CSAB) group (MIC≤4 mg/L, 177 cases). The risk factors of CRAB infection was analyzed. Results? ?By univariate analysis, there was statistically significant difference in hospitalization time, tracheal intubation or tracheotomy, low protein, invasive mechanical ventilation, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHEⅡ) score ≥20 points, gastric tube, third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, piperacillin, application of more than three antibiotics, cefoperazone and sulbactam sodium, minocycline, application of imipenem or meropenem before isolation of CRAB, and combined application of antibiotics between the two groups (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in basic diseases, intensive care unit (ICU), urinary catheter, arterial puncture, deep vein catheterization, second generation cephalosporin, quinolone between the two groups (P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis was performed on 14 variables with significant significance in the univariate analysis. The results showed that: APACHEⅡ score ≥ 20 points [OR=3.847, 95%CI=(1.240, 11.932), P=0.020<0.05], and application of imipenem or meropenem before isolation of CRAB [OR=2.295, 95%CI=(1.062, 4.960), P=0.035<0.05], invasive mechanical ventilation [OR=4.107, 95%CI=(1.310, 12.875), P=0.015<0.05] were independent risk factors for CRAB infection. There were 6 deaths (9.09%) from hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in CRAB group and 12 deaths (6.78%) from HAP in CSAB group. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion? ?APACHEⅡ score ≥ 20 points, invasive mechanical ventilation and application of imipenem or meropenem before isolation of CRAB are independent risk factors for CRAB infection, which should be paid attention to clinically.
本研究探討了CRAB感染發(fā)生的獨立危險因素。多因素Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn), 機(jī)械通氣是CRAB感染發(fā)生的獨立危險因素。這和Dizbay等[6]的研究結(jié)論一致。考慮是因為進(jìn)行機(jī)械通氣時, 呼吸系統(tǒng)防御功能受損, 定植于口咽部的細(xì)菌及聲門下的分泌物的誤吸有利于致病菌的入侵, 同時形成的冷凝水易在呼吸機(jī)管道中受細(xì)菌污染, 增加了細(xì)菌感染的發(fā)生。
APACHEⅡ評分是一個能夠反映重癥患者病情的嚴(yán)重性及預(yù)后的指標(biāo), 近年來廣泛用于各大醫(yī)院的ICU科室[7]。APACHEⅡ評分分值高, 提示患者病情危重, 合并的基礎(chǔ)疾病多, 對有創(chuàng)監(jiān)測和治療的手段需求大, 接受人工氣道或各種侵襲性操作多, 對抗生素依賴程度顯著增加, 破壞宿主的正常防御屏障, 易出現(xiàn)鮑曼不動桿菌的院內(nèi)感染。
Costa等[8]提出, APACHEⅡ評分≥20分是入住 ICU的標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 當(dāng) APACHEⅡ評分≥20分時病死率較高, 入住 ICU 治療能獲得益處。本研究結(jié)果也提示, APACHEⅡ評分≥20分是CRAB感染發(fā)生的獨立危險因素。這和Zheng等[9]的研究結(jié)論一致。
本研究指出, 分離出CRAB之前應(yīng)用碳青霉烯類抗生素是CRAB感染的獨立危險因素。Falagas等[10]均曾報道過, 與本研究相符。較多的研究都是針對成人的, 在張同強(qiáng)等[11]對32例兒童CRAB耐藥性分析中也指出, 檢出CRAB前使用碳青霉烯類抗生素是發(fā)病的獨立危險因素。西班牙的一項報道[12]亦證實了碳青霉烯類抗生素使用可以引起碳青霉烯類抗生素耐藥鮑曼不動桿菌感染的爆發(fā), 后經(jīng)實施聯(lián)合感染控制策略, 限制碳青霉烯類抗生素使用, 結(jié)果, 鮑曼不動桿菌感染及定植的發(fā)病率急劇減少。這提醒臨床要嚴(yán)格、合理的應(yīng)用抗生素, 減少抗生素的耐藥, 避免嚴(yán)重感染的爆發(fā)。
本院鮑曼不動桿菌HAP死亡率為7.41%, 要低于國際報道的7.8%~43%[13], 考慮可能與患者入院時患者的病情輕重有關(guān), CRAB組因HAP死亡6例(9.09%), CSAB組因HAP死亡12例(6.78%), 兩組患者的死亡率比較, 差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。與Daniels等[14]的研究一致。
鮑曼不動桿菌對現(xiàn)有抗菌藥物的耐藥現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)峻, CRAB、泛耐藥鮑曼不動桿菌相繼出現(xiàn), 使臨床可用的抗菌藥物非常有限, 根據(jù)《中國鮑曼不動桿菌感染診治與防控專家共識》[15], 盡管目前還可以選擇多粘菌素及米諾環(huán)素、頭孢哌酮舒巴坦, 但近幾年對鮑曼不動桿菌抗菌藥物耐藥率的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 這幾種抗生素對鮑曼不動桿菌的耐藥率在逐年上升[2]。因此, 必須不斷尋找控制及治療CRAB的方法, 采取有效的防控措施, 防止CRAB的傳播。
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[收稿日期:2020-05-27]