閱讀理解對(duì)考生思維品質(zhì)的考查

馮信燕

許多學(xué)生有這樣的疑惑：為什么我的詞匯量不錯(cuò)，文章也能讀懂，可閱讀理解題的答題正確率還是不高呢？要解決這種讀得懂卻做不對(duì)的煩惱，關(guān)鍵在于提升我們自身的閱讀思維品質(zhì)。什么是閱讀思維品質(zhì)呢？閱讀思維品質(zhì)是在閱讀過(guò)程中具有的思考辨析能力，包括分析、比較、概括、推理、判斷等能力。下面以2020年高考閱讀理解真題為例，來(lái)看看閱讀理解題是如何考查我們的思維品質(zhì)的。

一、閱讀理解對(duì)概括能力的考查

閱讀理解對(duì)考生概括能力的考查常常體現(xiàn)在要求考生歸納出文章大意或某段的大意。解答這類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵是善于尋找文章或段落的主題句，因?yàn)橹黝}句往往能體現(xiàn)文章或段落的中心思想題。

[例1]（2020年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷閱讀D篇第32題）

The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example， discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.

32. What is the first paragraph mainly about？

A. A new study of different plants.

B. A big fall in crime rates.

C. Employees from various workplaces.

D. Benefits from green plants.

我們通讀該段后，很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)這段為總分結(jié)構(gòu)。主題句是“Recent studies have found positive effects”，為了論證這句話(huà)，后面舉了兩個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明。那么，通過(guò)抓住這個(gè)主題句，我們很容易判斷D項(xiàng)正確。

二、閱讀理解對(duì)推理判斷能力的考查

閱讀理解對(duì)考生推理、判斷能力的考查體現(xiàn)在要求考生理解文章的深層含義，既要求考生能夠“read between the lines， 深層理解文章中某句、某段的含義，推斷出字面之外的弦外之音，又要求考生能夠梳理出文章、段落、甚至句際之間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而“推斷”出作者的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)、意圖等。

[例2]（2020年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷閱讀D篇第32題）

To test the effect of social influence on eating habits， the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first， 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly（表面上）participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began， each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state， the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.

Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit， taking more food than they normally would have. However， they took， significantly more when the actor was thin.

For the second test， in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case， she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test：the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.

14. Why did the researchers hire the actor？

A. To see how she would affect the participants.

B. To test if the participants could recognize her.

C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.

D. To study why she could keep her weight down.

這道題原文是沒(méi)有直接給出相關(guān)信息的，考生需要整合原文多處信息，才能推出研究人員雇傭這個(gè)演員的真實(shí)意圖。

首先考生要根據(jù)原文第二段中的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits， the researchers conducted two experiments”獲得這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的：測(cè)試社交圈對(duì)飲食習(xí)慣的影響。再根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段和第四段中的 the participants followed suit（參試者都跟著她做）可推斷，研究者雇請(qǐng)那個(gè)演員的目的是，看看她如何影響參試者。故選A項(xiàng)。

三、閱讀理解對(duì)考生分析比較能力的考查

閱讀理解對(duì)考生分析、比較能力的考查突出表現(xiàn)在要求我們能夠在易混淆的選項(xiàng)間選取角度進(jìn)行分析和比較，從而排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。尤其是有些細(xì)節(jié)題，題干看似很簡(jiǎn)單，選項(xiàng)也都取自原文信息，但如果考生缺乏較強(qiáng)的分析比較能力，那么很容易選錯(cuò)。

[例3]（2020年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷閱讀C篇第28題）

Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk， which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接觸）with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity， however， says Jaclyn Norberg， an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem， Mass.

28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes？

A. They must run long distances.

B. They are qualified for the marathon.

C. They have to follow special rules.

D. They are good at swinging their legs.

本題問(wèn)“為什么競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)員是有條件的運(yùn)動(dòng)員？”

由題干中的conditioned athletes，我們很容易找到答題信息點(diǎn)在文章的第二段（上面節(jié)選部分）。第二句是介紹夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上競(jìng)走項(xiàng)目的競(jìng)走距離;第三句（But后）是競(jìng)走項(xiàng)目的規(guī)則要求;第四句是一位大學(xué)助理教授說(shuō)競(jìng)走這種奇怪的形式讓該項(xiàng)目成為一項(xiàng)吸引人的活動(dòng)。

其中，第三句But the sports rules require that... 才是這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員提出的規(guī)則要求，才對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的“conditioned（有條件的）”，故選項(xiàng)C“他們必須遵守特殊的規(guī)則：在大部分的腿擺動(dòng)過(guò)程中膝蓋要保持筆直，并且一只腳要始終與地面接觸”。

我們?cè)賮?lái)比較其余選項(xiàng)：

選項(xiàng)A“他們必須跑很長(zhǎng)的距離”，雖然文中提到“夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上最長(zhǎng)的田徑項(xiàng)目是50公里競(jìng)走”，但這是對(duì)該項(xiàng)目的介紹，而不是對(duì)參賽運(yùn)動(dòng)員設(shè)置的條件，而且也不是“跑”而是“走”。

選項(xiàng)B“他們有參加馬拉松比賽的資格”，而文中只是說(shuō)“夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上的競(jìng)走距離比馬拉松比賽多五公里”，而不是要求運(yùn)動(dòng)員要有參加馬拉松比賽的資格。

選項(xiàng)D“他們擅長(zhǎng)擺動(dòng)他們的腿”，而文中信息是說(shuō)“競(jìng)走者在腿擺過(guò)程中膝蓋要保持筆直”。

總之，要提高閱讀理解的解題能力，單靠提高詞匯量是不夠的。我們還應(yīng)該在平時(shí)英文閱讀時(shí)有意識(shí)地強(qiáng)化思維品質(zhì)訓(xùn)練，特別是培養(yǎng)分析、比較、推理、概括等思維能力。這些能力對(duì)我們抓住題干的核心，分析選項(xiàng)的對(duì)錯(cuò)非常有意義。我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)閱讀時(shí)，要識(shí)別語(yǔ)篇類(lèi)型，分析語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住文章主旨，推斷寫(xiě)作目的等。同時(shí)，我們還應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)對(duì)文章的句際理解，分析上下文之間是舉例補(bǔ)充、轉(zhuǎn)折，還是對(duì)比關(guān)系等，從而培養(yǎng)自己的邏輯推理能力，以加強(qiáng)對(duì)文章的深度理解。最后在對(duì)待錯(cuò)題時(shí)，不能只關(guān)注正確選項(xiàng)是怎么來(lái)的，還應(yīng)注意錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)具體錯(cuò)在哪，從而培養(yǎng)自身的分析、比較能力。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青