非謂語動詞的用法總結(jié)
2020-12-06 16:04:51黃新春
魅力中國 2020年43期
黃新春
（江西中醫(yī)藥高等?？茖W校，江西 撫州 344000）
一、動詞不定式（to do/to be）
（一）結(jié)構(gòu)：
1.一般式：to do/to be done (和主句謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生，即將來含義)she wants to go home.
2.進行式：to be doing/to be being done (表示正在發(fā)生的動作）she pretended to be sleeping.
3.完成式：to have done/to have been done (該動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞之前）She is said to have written a new book about Chinese history.she is said to write a new book in future.(將來的動作）
4.否定式：not+to do ( tell sb not to do sth)
（二）作用(成份)：
不定式常用作以下成分：
1.主語：亦可用 it作形式主語，構(gòu)成 :
It is/was+adj (for/of sb)to do sth的句型。
It is impossible for us to get there on time.
It is very kind of you to help us.
To see is to believe.(眼見為實)
2.賓語：可以接不定式的常見動詞有：hope,wish,decide,intend,expect,plan,determine,manage,refuse,fail,pretend,promise等；
(a) 動詞+不定式。如：I want to go home.He managed to escape from the fire.
(b)動詞+疑問詞+to,“特殊疑問句+不定式”相當于名詞，作賓語,不是某個單詞。
如I don’t know what to do next.
I don’t know how to do it next.
3.賓補：主要用于解釋、說明賓語，常與動詞ask,tell,teach,get,force,want,need,allow,forbid,permit,advise,persuade等連用。如：ask sb to do sth/want sb to do sth
（1）動詞+賓語+不定式（to do）
I want you to speak to Tom.
What makes you think so?（不帶to的不定式）
（2） 動詞+賓語+to be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。
He warned me to be careful.
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
The book is believed to be useful.（被動語態(tài)）
（3）There +不定式。如：
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.
沒料到會有那么多人在那里。
（三）不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
不定式的時態(tài)
現(xiàn)在時：有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.
完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。如：
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
進行時：表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。如：
He seems to be eating something.
完成進行時：表示動作從過去某個時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
不定式的語態(tài)
當不定式的邏輯主語是其動作的承受者時，就用被動式。如：
He was seen to enter the hall.
He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.
二、動名詞
（一） 結(jié)構(gòu)：一般式：doing,being done(被動式)
完成式：having done,having been done(被動式)
否定式：not+doing
（二）作用(成份)：
主語、賓語（動詞、介詞賓語）、定語（表功能、類別）、表語
1.作主語
謂語用單數(shù)。It代替動名詞作主語，常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：
Seeing is believing.
Playing with fire is dangerous.
It’s no good/use doing···如：
2.作賓語
I enjoy listening to music.
He often practices playing the piano in the evening.
3.作表語
此時的動名詞可以和主語調(diào)換位置。如：
My hobby is collecting stamps.
Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the child.
