不同輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻產(chǎn)量及米質(zhì)的影響*

林 鄲, 李 郁, 孫永健**, 諶 潔, 呂騰飛, 孫知白, 呂 旭, 劉芳艷, 郭長(zhǎng)春, 孫園園, 楊志遠(yuǎn), 馬 均

不同輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻產(chǎn)量及米質(zhì)的影響*

林 鄲1, 李 郁1, 孫永健1**, 諶 潔1, 呂騰飛1, 孫知白1, 呂 旭1, 劉芳艷1, 郭長(zhǎng)春1, 孫園園2, 楊志遠(yuǎn)1, 馬 均1

(1. 四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)水稻研究所/作物生理生態(tài)及栽培四川省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 溫江 611130; 2. 中國(guó)氣象局成都高原氣象研究所 成都 610072)

探討不同輪作模式下作物秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻產(chǎn)量及米質(zhì)的影響, 可為多元化輪作模式下水稻提質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)增效提供理論基礎(chǔ)和實(shí)踐依據(jù)。本研究以雜交秈稻‘F優(yōu)498’為試材, 通過(guò)大葉芥菜-水稻、油菜-水稻和小麥-水稻輪作模式下大葉芥菜、油菜、小麥3種前茬作物秸稈還田與不同氮肥運(yùn)籌(常規(guī)施純氮量為150 kg?hm-2, 4︰4︰2和3︰3︰4兩種基肥︰蘗肥︰穗肥比例運(yùn)籌, 及根據(jù)前茬作物收獲后土壤地力水平和斯坦福方程計(jì)算施氮量和基肥∶蘗肥∶穗肥為3︰3︰4的氮肥運(yùn)籌)處理, 研究前茬作物秸稈還田與氮肥優(yōu)化配施對(duì)雜交秈稻產(chǎn)量及米質(zhì)的影響, 并探討多元化輪作模式下雜交秈稻提質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)的調(diào)控途徑。結(jié)果表明, 3種輪作模式下作物秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻產(chǎn)量和米質(zhì)均存在顯著或極顯著影響, 且兩因素對(duì)產(chǎn)量、堊白粒率、籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量等指標(biāo)均存在極顯著的互作效應(yīng)。大葉芥菜秸稈(G)分別較油菜秸稈(R)和小麥秸稈(W)還田處理增產(chǎn)1.1%~7.8%、10.5%~19.8%, 且大葉芥菜-水稻模式相對(duì)其他輪作模式能進(jìn)一步提高整精米率、降低堊白粒率和改善食味品質(zhì)。3種輪作模式下水稻季施氮處理均顯著高于不施氮處理, 且均以N2處理(施氮量150 kg?hm-2, 氮肥運(yùn)籌基肥∶蘗肥∶穗肥為3︰3︰4)產(chǎn)量最高, 在此基礎(chǔ)上3種輪作模式相對(duì)于N2處理分別減少氮肥用量16.7%(N-G處理)、30.0%(N-R處理)和16.7%(N-W處理), 產(chǎn)量分別減少2.6%、1.7%和5.8%, 其中大葉芥菜-水稻、油菜-水稻輪作模式下水稻減產(chǎn)不顯著, 且可以顯著降低稻米堊白粒率和堊白度、提高食味品質(zhì), 達(dá)到提質(zhì)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)節(jié)氮的效果。綜合產(chǎn)量及稻米品質(zhì)表現(xiàn), 大葉芥菜-水稻輪作模式下, 適當(dāng)減少氮肥施用量至125 kg?hm-2, 氮肥運(yùn)籌基肥︰蘗肥︰穗肥為3︰3︰4, 為本試驗(yàn)最優(yōu)組合; 油菜-水稻和小麥-水稻輪作模式下, 氮肥施用量分別為105 kg?hm-2和150 kg?hm-2, 氮肥運(yùn)籌基肥︰蘗肥︰穗肥為3︰3︰4為宜。

雜交秈稻; 輪作模式; 秸稈還田; 氮肥運(yùn)籌; 產(chǎn)量; 米質(zhì)

以糧食生產(chǎn)為主導(dǎo)的小麥()-水稻()輪作模式(麥-稻)、油菜()-水稻輪作模式(油-稻)和大葉芥菜()-水稻輪作模式(菜-稻)等多元化輪作模式在我國(guó)分布較廣, 且每年均產(chǎn)生大量的秸稈, 而秸稈中含有大量氮、磷、鉀、硅等營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素可供作物再吸收與利用[1-3]。秸稈還田不僅降低糧食生產(chǎn)成本、改善土壤理化性狀、提高作物產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì), 還可減少秸稈資源浪費(fèi)和環(huán)境污染等問(wèn)題[4]。為此, 前人對(duì)單一水旱輪作體系下秸稈還田對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量及米質(zhì)的影響進(jìn)行了大量研究[5-10]。研究表明, 麥-稻模式下秸稈還田可提高作物產(chǎn)量[5]; 且秸稈還田與常規(guī)化肥配施可提高農(nóng)田固碳能力、增加作物產(chǎn)量及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益[6]; Yan等[7]、薛亞光等[8]進(jìn)一步研究表明, 麥稈還田在提高水稻產(chǎn)量的同時(shí)還能降低堊白粒率、堊白度, 提升米質(zhì); 朱蕓[9]研究表明, 油-稻體系水稻產(chǎn)量較麥-稻體系增產(chǎn)5.9%; 劉曉霞等[10]研究表明, 豆-稻-菜[春毛豆()、水稻和小蘿卜()輪作模式]秸稈還田能提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、有效磷、速效鉀含量及改善土地耕種質(zhì)量。

同時(shí), 氮肥運(yùn)籌技術(shù)是水稻提質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)栽培技術(shù)的重要組成部分。劇成欣等[11]研究表明, 依據(jù)實(shí)地的土壤養(yǎng)分的有效供給量、實(shí)地的水稻產(chǎn)量和水稻對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收量來(lái)確定施肥量, 利用葉綠素測(cè)定儀(SPAD)和葉色卡(LCC)觀(guān)測(cè)葉片氮素情況指導(dǎo)施肥, 可提高粳稻產(chǎn)量并改善米質(zhì); 武云霞等[12]研究表明, 氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)直播稻產(chǎn)量和整精米率、堊白度、堊白粒率、RVA譜、蒸煮食味值的調(diào)控作用顯著。此外, 不同輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥優(yōu)化運(yùn)籌, 不僅能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)資源的高效利用, 還能有效提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益[13]。王青霞等[14]研究表明, 麥-稻模式下, 秸稈還田和氮肥運(yùn)籌可提高水稻各生育期土壤微生物活性, 改善土壤環(huán)境; 彭志蕓等[15]研究表明, 麥-稻、油-稻輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交稻氮素利用率具有顯著提升作用[16]。上述研究主要針對(duì)秸稈還田、氮肥運(yùn)籌, 以及單一輪作模式下配套的氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量及米質(zhì)的影響, 但對(duì)于不同輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌間的比較研究較少, 尤其在不同輪作模式秸稈還田下, 進(jìn)一步研究減氮配施對(duì)雜交秈稻產(chǎn)量及米質(zhì)的影響, 發(fā)揮秸稈與氮肥間的耦合效應(yīng)鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道。為此, 本研究設(shè)置菜-稻、油-稻和麥-稻輪作模式下大葉芥菜、油菜、小麥3種前茬作物秸稈還田與不同的氮肥運(yùn)籌處理, 研究前茬作物秸稈還田與氮肥優(yōu)化配施對(duì)雜交秈稻產(chǎn)量及米質(zhì)的影響, 并探討多元化輪作模式下雜交秈稻提質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)的調(diào)控途徑, 以期為生產(chǎn)中不同輪作模式下水稻提質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)技術(shù)提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)于2018—2019年在四川省眉山市東坡區(qū)悅興鎮(zhèn)金光村試驗(yàn)農(nóng)場(chǎng)(103°83′E, 30°14′N(xiāo))進(jìn)行, 雜交秈稻品種為‘F優(yōu)498’(中秈遲熟型, 全生育期145~ 152 d, 主莖17葉, 5個(gè)伸長(zhǎng)節(jié)間)。試驗(yàn)田土壤為壤土, 理化性狀如表1所示。采用兩因素裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì), 主區(qū)為3種輪作模式下前茬作物大葉芥菜(G)、油菜(R)和小麥(W)秸稈殘?jiān)糠鬯榉襁€田處理; 副區(qū)為各輪作模式下氮肥管理方式(表2)。磷肥(過(guò)磷酸鈣)施用量折合P2O575 kg?hm-2, 鉀肥(氯化鉀)施用量折合K2O 150 kg?hm-2, 均全部作基肥一次性施用。4月12日播種, 濕潤(rùn)育秧, 葉齡5葉1心時(shí), 單株人工移栽, 行株距為33.3 cm×16.7 cm。3次重復(fù), 小區(qū)面積24 m2, 小區(qū)間筑埂(寬40 cm)并用塑料薄膜包裹, 以防串水串肥, 其他田間管理按大面積生產(chǎn)田進(jìn)行。

表1 不同輪作模式耕層土壤(0~20 cm)化學(xué)性質(zhì)和秸桿還田量

表2 3種輪作模式下不同氮肥運(yùn)籌處理的水稻季氮肥施用時(shí)間和施用量

根據(jù)2018年試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合斯坦福方程, 分別計(jì)算N-G、N-R、N-W的施氮量。如: N-W, 水稻目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量10 000 kg?hm-2, 100 kg稻谷需氮量為1.52 kg, N0平均產(chǎn)量為7 200 kg?hm-2, 土壤供氮量平均為: 7 200×1.5=10 800 kg?hm-2(1.5為不施氮區(qū)100 kg籽粒需氮量, 單位 kg), 氮肥利用率以平均35%計(jì)算。總施氮量(kg?hm-2)=(10 000×1.52/100–10 800/100)/0.35=125.7 kg?hm-2。N-W則按125 kg?hm-2純氮施用。由此再分別計(jì)算出N-G為125 kg?hm-2純氮和N-R為105 kg?hm-2純氮。According to the experimental data in 2018 and Stanford Equation, the nitrogen application rates of N-G, N-R and N-W were calculated. For example: N-W, the target yield of rice was 10 000 kg?hm-2, the N demand of 100 kg rice was 1.52 kg, N0treatment yield was 7 200 kg?hm-2, the average N supply of soil was 7 200×1.5=10 800 kg?hm-2(1.5 was the nitrogen requirement of 100 kg grain in the area without nitrogen application, unit: kg), the N use efficiency is 35%. Total N application (kg?hm-2)=(10 000×1.52/100–10 800 / 100)/0.35=125.7 kg?hm-2. The pure nitrogen rate of N-W was 125 kg?hm-2. Then, the pure nitrogen rates of N-G and N-R were calculated as 125 kg?hm-2as 105 kg?hm-2, respectively.

1.2 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目及方法

1.2.1 考種與計(jì)產(chǎn)

成熟期各小區(qū)調(diào)查代表性稻株50株, 計(jì)數(shù)有效穗數(shù)并計(jì)算平均值, 并隨機(jī)取10株(每株莖蘗數(shù)為各小區(qū)的平均莖蘗數(shù))為1個(gè)樣本, 室內(nèi)考種, 測(cè)定穗粒數(shù)、實(shí)粒數(shù)、千粒重, 計(jì)算結(jié)實(shí)率等性狀。各小區(qū)按實(shí)收株數(shù)計(jì)產(chǎn)(按照13.5%水分含量)。

1.2.2 米質(zhì)

各小區(qū)稻谷收獲后, 稱(chēng)取樣品1 kg自然陰干3個(gè)月, 進(jìn)行風(fēng)選、去雜后, 測(cè)定如下指標(biāo):

1)加工及外觀(guān)品質(zhì): 出糙率依據(jù)《GBT 5495—2008》、整精米率根據(jù)《GBT 21719—2009》測(cè)定, 堊白粒率、堊白度根據(jù)《GB/T 17891—1999》、長(zhǎng)寬比根據(jù)《GB/T 17891—1999》測(cè)定。

2)食味品質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)含量: 按米水比1∶1.4蒸煮米飯, 煮熟2 h后, 用儀器SATAKE(日本生產(chǎn))中的秈稻分析程序, 分析測(cè)定口感、硬度、黏度等指標(biāo); 采用凱氏定氮法測(cè)定稻米蛋白質(zhì)含量。

3)淀粉RVA譜: 稻米脫殼碾成精米、粉碎、過(guò)篩(100目)后, 用Super 3型RVA儀(澳大利亞生產(chǎn))測(cè)定分析稻米淀粉RVA譜及相關(guān)指標(biāo)。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)分析

采用Excel 2010、DPS6.5軟件處理試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù); 多重比較采用最小顯著性差異法(LSD)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 3種輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素的影響

各輪作模式下前茬作物秸稈還田、氮肥運(yùn)籌及其兩因素間互作效應(yīng)對(duì)產(chǎn)量均存在極顯著影響(表3)。從3種前茬作物秸稈還田處理對(duì)產(chǎn)量影響來(lái)看, 大葉芥菜秸稈還田(G)分別較油菜秸稈(R)和小麥秸稈還田(W)處理增產(chǎn)1.1%~7.8%、10.5%~19.8%。各輪作模式下水稻季施氮處理均顯著高于N0處理, 且均以N2處理產(chǎn)量最高, G、R和W輪作模式下分別較N1處理高6.2%、2.5%和0.6%。減氮處理(N-G、N-R和N-W)與N2相比, 產(chǎn)量分別降低2.6%、1.7%和5.8%, N-G和N-R處理達(dá)到了節(jié)約氮肥穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的效果。

由表3還可看出, 有效穗數(shù)、每穗粒數(shù)、總穎花數(shù)和千粒重受氮肥運(yùn)籌的影響高于各模式下前茬作物秸稈還田處理, 且前茬作物秸稈還田對(duì)有效穗數(shù)和總穎花量影響達(dá)顯著或極顯著水平, 表明各種植模式下前茬作物秸稈還田和適宜氮肥運(yùn)籌調(diào)控可以對(duì)產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因子進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié), 達(dá)到促產(chǎn)的目的。各輪作模式前茬作物秸稈還田處理下, 有效穗數(shù)、每穗粒數(shù)、總穎花數(shù)均值均表現(xiàn)為G>R>W, G和R處理間差異不顯著, W處理顯著低于G和R處理; 而各輪作模式前茬作物秸稈還田處理下千粒重與結(jié)實(shí)率均值表現(xiàn)為W>R>G, 但各處理差異間均不顯著。各氮肥運(yùn)籌處理下, 前茬作物秸稈還田各產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因子均以N2處理調(diào)控優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯, 減氮(N-G、N-R和N-W)處理相對(duì)于N2處理, 有效穗數(shù)、每穗粒數(shù)及總穎花數(shù)均呈不同程度降低, 但在千粒重或結(jié)實(shí)率方面存在不同程度的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)。對(duì)產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素相關(guān)分析表明, 產(chǎn)量受有效穗數(shù)和總穎花數(shù)影響較大, 相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.924**和0.927**。

表3 3種輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻產(chǎn)量及構(gòu)成因素的影響

同列同一輪作模式下不同小寫(xiě)字母表示不同氮肥運(yùn)籌處理在5%水平差異顯著。*, **分別表示在<0.05和<0.01水平影響顯著。Different lowercase letters followed mean±S.E. in the same column indicate significant differences at<5% level among different N treatments within same rotation mode. *, ** indicate significant effect at<0.05 and<0.01, respectively.

2.2 3種輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)稻米加工及外觀(guān)品質(zhì)的影響

3種模式下秸稈還田處理對(duì)雜交秈稻精米率、堊白粒率、堊白度均有顯著或極顯著影響(表4), 氮肥管理對(duì)籽粒加工和外觀(guān)品質(zhì)(除長(zhǎng)寬比)存在極顯著影響, 互作效應(yīng)僅對(duì)外觀(guān)品質(zhì)影響顯著或極顯著。各輪作模式前茬作物秸稈還田處理下, 大葉芥菜秸稈(G)分別較油菜秸稈(R)和小麥秸稈(W)還田處理精米率提高0.9%和1.8%, 堊白粒率降低0.9%和7.0%; G處理下堊白度較R增加3.6%, 較W處理降低3.1%。各輪作模式下, 氮肥運(yùn)籌因素(值)對(duì)雜交秈稻加工和外觀(guān)品質(zhì)的影響均顯著高于秸稈還田因素, 且施氮處理均顯著高于N0處理。氮肥管理對(duì)稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精米率均表現(xiàn)為: N2>減氮處理(N-G、N-R和N-W)>N1>N0, N2顯著高于N1, 與減氮處理差異不顯著。從稻米外觀(guān)品質(zhì)來(lái)看, 堊白粒率和堊白度均表現(xiàn)為: 減氮處理

2.3 3種輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)稻米食味品質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)含量的影響

由表5可知, 3種前茬秸稈還田處理對(duì)稻米的硬度、平衡和蛋白質(zhì)含量均存在顯著或極顯著影響, 氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)蒸煮食味品質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)含量存在顯著或極顯著影響, 兩者互作效應(yīng)僅對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)含量的影響達(dá)極顯著水平。3種輪作模式下稻米的硬度和蛋白質(zhì)含量均表現(xiàn)為: 小麥秸稈還田處理(W)<大葉芥菜秸稈還田處理(G)<油菜秸稈還田處理(R), G和W處理間差異不顯著但均顯著低于R處理; 對(duì)稻米的食味值和平衡指標(biāo)均表現(xiàn)為: G處理顯著大于R和W處理。氮肥管理對(duì)稻米的外觀(guān)、口感、食味值、硬度、平衡和蛋白質(zhì)含量均存在顯著或極顯著影響。外觀(guān)、口感和食味值均為: N2<減氮處理(N-G、N-R和N-W)

表4 3種輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻的加工和外觀(guān)品質(zhì)的影響

同列同一輪作模式下不同小寫(xiě)字母表示不同氮肥運(yùn)籌處理在5%水平差異顯著。*, **分別表示在<0.05和<0.01水平影響顯著。Different lowercase letters followed mean±S.E. in the same column indicate significant differences at<5% level among different N treatments within same rotation mode. *, ** indicate significant effect at<0.05 and<0.01, respectively.

表5 3種輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻的蒸煮食味品質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)的影響

同列同一輪作模式下不同小寫(xiě)字母表示不同氮肥運(yùn)籌處理在5%水平差異顯著。*, **分別表示在<0.05和<0.01水平影響顯著。Different lowercase letters followed mean±S.E. in the same column indicate significant differences at<5% level among different N treatments within same rotation mode. *, ** indicate significant effect at<0.05 and<0.01, respectively.

2.4 3種輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)稻米R(shí)VA譜特征值的影響

3種前茬秸稈還田處理僅對(duì)RVA譜的峰值黏度存在極顯著差異, 且油菜秸稈(R)>小麥秸稈(W)>大葉芥菜秸稈(G)還田處理, 各處理間差異顯著(表6)。氮肥管理對(duì)RVA譜特征值均存在顯著或極顯著影響, 且氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)RVA譜特征值調(diào)控作用明顯高于秸稈還田處理。對(duì)于氮肥管理進(jìn)一步分析表明, 峰值黏度、崩解值均存在N0>減氮處理(N-G、N-R和N-W)>N1>N2, 與N2相比, N1分別提高1.9%~4.2%、3.0%~3.8%, 減氮處理則分別提高1.4%~5.2%、6.1%~7.7%; 熱漿黏度表現(xiàn)為N0>N1>減氮處理>N2, 與N2相比, N1提高了1.4%~4.6%, 減氮處理提高了0.9%~4.4%。

3 討論

3.1 不同輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥管理對(duì)產(chǎn)量形成的影響

已有研究表明, 秸稈還田、氮肥運(yùn)籌、秸稈還田配施氮肥, 對(duì)水稻提效增產(chǎn)、碳氮代謝、氮素高效利用等均具有重要的調(diào)控效應(yīng)[3,5,17-22]。在肥料減量配施方面, 劉夢(mèng)紅等[18]研究表明, 根據(jù)土壤肥力, 可減少氮肥投入33.1%, 其產(chǎn)量與農(nóng)民習(xí)慣施肥模式差異不顯著。鄭華斌等[19]研究表明, 通過(guò)施用有機(jī)肥配施減氮30%, 其產(chǎn)量?jī)H略低于常規(guī)施肥, 實(shí)現(xiàn)了化肥減量和水稻穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。李超等[21]研究表明, 稻草還田下, 進(jìn)行減氮增密(減氮20%, 增密27.3%), 能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)高產(chǎn)。馬賢超等[22]研究表明, 對(duì)于早稻而言, 秸稈(水稻秸稈)還田處理下, 減少10%施氮量可提高水稻產(chǎn)量; 對(duì)于晚稻來(lái)說(shuō), 秸稈還田處理下, 氮肥減少10%對(duì)產(chǎn)量無(wú)顯著影響。本研究表明, 3種前茬秸稈還田處理下, 水稻產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)為大葉芥菜秸稈>油菜秸稈>小麥秸稈還田處理, 且各處理間差異顯著; 同一秸稈還田處理下, 不同氮肥運(yùn)籌之間, 產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)略有不同, 具體表現(xiàn)為: 大葉芥菜秸稈還田處理中, N2>N-G>N1>N0, N2顯著大于N0和N1, 與N-G差異不顯著; 油菜秸稈還田處理下, N2>N-R> N1>N0, 前3者差異未達(dá)顯著, 但減氮處理在保證穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)現(xiàn)略微的增產(chǎn); 小麥秸稈還田處理下, N2>N1>N-W>N0, N2與N1差異不顯著, 但與N-W存在顯著差異?？梢?jiàn), 3種前茬秸稈處理下, 產(chǎn)量均為N2>N1, 表現(xiàn)出基肥∶蘗肥∶穗肥比例3∶3∶4優(yōu)于4∶4∶2, 氮肥適當(dāng)后移, 增加穗肥比例, 有利于增產(chǎn), 這進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充和完善了前人的研究[23-24]。此外, 大葉芥菜秸稈和油菜秸稈還田下減氮處理對(duì)產(chǎn)量影響不顯著, 分析可能因?yàn)橛筒私斩掃€田量較大, 秸稈腐解釋放的養(yǎng)分較多, 利于植株對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收, 進(jìn)而保證有效穗、每穗粒數(shù)、結(jié)實(shí)率、千粒重降幅不顯著, 保障穩(wěn)產(chǎn)[25]; 對(duì)于大葉芥菜秸稈還田而言, 雖然小麥秸稈還田量大于大葉芥菜秸稈, 但由于大葉芥菜種植中肥料投入量較大, 導(dǎo)致水稻季前茬土壤肥力相對(duì)較高(表1), 其次, 殘留的大葉芥菜殘?jiān)^小麥秸稈碳氮比更低、更易腐解, 產(chǎn)生的養(yǎng)分能被水稻快速吸收利用。

表6 3種輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻淀粉RVA譜特征值的影響

同列同一輪作模式下不同小寫(xiě)字母表示不同氮肥運(yùn)籌處理在5%水平差異顯著。*, **分別表示在<0.05和<0.01水平影響顯著。Different lowercase letters followed mean±S.E. in the same column indicate significant differences at<5% level among different N treatments within same rotation mode. *, ** indicate significant effect at<0.05 and<0.01, respectively.

3.2 不同輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥管理對(duì)雜交秈稻米質(zhì)的影響

李曉峰等[26]研究表明, 秸稈(小麥秸稈)還田降低了稻米堊白率和堊白度, 增加了長(zhǎng)寬比, 改善外觀(guān)品質(zhì), 但對(duì)加工品質(zhì)沒(méi)有顯著影響; 此外, 秸稈還田能顯著增加稻米蛋白質(zhì)含量[8,26-27]。李寶燦[28]認(rèn)為, 小麥秸稈還田可提高出糙率、精米率、整精米率, 降低堊白, 有利于改善加工和外觀(guān)品質(zhì)。薛亞光等[8]研究表明, 麥秸還田對(duì)蒸煮食味品質(zhì)改善效果不顯著。本研究表明不同輪作模式下前茬作物秸稈還田對(duì)雜交秈稻精米率、堊白、硬度和蛋白質(zhì)含量均有顯著或極顯著影響, 且大葉芥菜和油菜秸稈還田更利于改善加工和外觀(guān)品質(zhì); 而油菜秸稈還田對(duì)稻米硬度和蛋白質(zhì)含量的影響顯著大于大葉芥菜和小麥秸稈還田; 這可能是因前茬作物秸稈全量還田后, 對(duì)土壤碳氮比產(chǎn)生影響, 引起籽粒灌漿氮碳物質(zhì)供應(yīng)與灌漿動(dòng)態(tài)改變有關(guān)[27]。劇成欣等[11]研究表明, 實(shí)地氮肥管理, 不僅能提高氮肥利用率, 還能協(xié)同提高稻米的加工和外觀(guān)品質(zhì)。喬中英等[29]研究表明, 氮肥后移(占總施氮量40%)能夠降低稻米糙米率、精米率、整精米率和堊白粒率, 使加工和食味品質(zhì)變差, 但改善了外觀(guān)品質(zhì)。吳培[30]研究表明, 隨施氮水平的提高, 稻米食味品質(zhì)呈先增高后降低的趨勢(shì); 而朱大偉等[31]則認(rèn)為, 隨施氮量增加, 食味品質(zhì)呈下降趨勢(shì); 也有研究報(bào)道, 蛋白質(zhì)含量特別是清蛋白含量和直鏈淀粉含量對(duì)秈米的食味品質(zhì)負(fù)面影響較大[32], 而稻谷蛋白質(zhì)含量增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致蒸煮食味品質(zhì)下降[12]。本研究表明不同輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥配施對(duì)雜交秈稻的加工、外觀(guān)和食味品質(zhì)存在顯著或極顯著影響, 增施氮肥能顯著提高糙米率、精米率和整精米率, 降低堊白粒率和堊白度, 顯著提高加工和外觀(guān)品質(zhì); 但前人也有研究表明, 不施氮處理稻米的堊白粒率和堊白度呈現(xiàn)最優(yōu), 這可能與試驗(yàn)品種、土壤肥力和試驗(yàn)生態(tài)等差異有關(guān)[26,29]。此外, 本研究進(jìn)一步表明, 菜-稻輪作模式相對(duì)其他輪作模式可不同程度地提高稻米蒸煮的外觀(guān)、口感、食味值、平衡等指標(biāo), 還可適度降低稻米蒸煮的硬度; 各輪作模式下, 氮肥前移(N1處理)有利于改善外觀(guān)品質(zhì), 而氮肥后移(N2處理), 有利于提升加工品質(zhì), 顯著增加蛋白質(zhì)含量, 但是會(huì)降低食味品質(zhì), 這也進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充和完善了前人研究[33]。而本研究減氮配施處理(N-G、N-R和N-W)相對(duì)于N2處理, 可以進(jìn)一步提高稻米食味品質(zhì), 使米飯更加軟糯適口。對(duì)硬度和蛋白質(zhì)含量進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析表明, 兩者存在極顯著正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.61**), 這可能是由于填塞在淀粉顆粒間的蛋白質(zhì)對(duì)淀粉粒的糊化和膨脹起抑制作用, 導(dǎo)致淀粉粒間空隙減小, 硬度增大, 不適口, 降低了稻米的蒸煮食味品質(zhì)[34]。

淀粉RVA譜特性是評(píng)價(jià)稻米品質(zhì)的重要指標(biāo), 與蒸煮食味品質(zhì)密切相關(guān)。胡群等[35]研究表明, 隨著基蘗肥占總施氮量比例的降低, 稻米峰值黏度、熱漿黏度、崩解值和最終黏度均逐漸減小, 而消減值呈相反的變化[36]。胡雅杰等[37]研究表明, 在秸稈全量還田條件下, 隨施氮量的增加, 稻米峰值黏度和崩解值減小, 熱漿黏度和消減值增大, 不利于稻米蒸煮食味品質(zhì)形成。稻米中直鏈淀粉與支鏈淀粉含量, 會(huì)影響稻米淀粉的RVA譜特征值, 進(jìn)而影響其蒸煮食味品質(zhì)[38]。有研究認(rèn)為, 適量提高成熟期施氮量可以顯著提高灌漿中、后期水稻穎果中的焦磷酸化酶(AGP)、可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性, 降低穎果中淀粉粒結(jié)合型淀粉合酶(GBSS)的活性[39]。本研究表明, 3種前茬作物秸稈全量還田處理間, 峰值黏度具有極顯著差異, 而氮肥管理對(duì)稻米的淀粉RVA譜特征值影響遠(yuǎn)大于秸稈還田處理。隨著氮肥后移(N2處理), 稻米的峰值黏度、熱漿黏度和崩解值顯著降低, 峰值時(shí)間和糊化溫度提高, 這可能是由于氮肥后移導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)含量顯著增加, 在米飯蒸煮過(guò)程中阻礙淀粉粒的糊化和膨脹, 使得稻米崩解下降, 增加了米飯的硬度和粗糙感, 引起蒸煮食味品質(zhì)下降[39]。本研究進(jìn)一步表明, 減氮配施處理(N-G、N-R和N-W)相對(duì)于N2處理, 提升了稻米的蒸煮食味品質(zhì)。這可能由于減氮配施處理適度減少了水稻中后期氮肥施用量, 進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮作物秸稈還田的優(yōu)勢(shì), 降低了稻米蛋白質(zhì)含量, 提高了稻米的峰值黏度、熱漿黏度和崩解值, 進(jìn)而提升了稻米的蒸煮食味品質(zhì)。

4 結(jié)論

3種輪作模式下, 稻米產(chǎn)量以氮肥運(yùn)籌(施氮量150 kg?hm-2)基肥∶蘗肥∶穗肥為3∶3∶4產(chǎn)量最高;而進(jìn)行適當(dāng)減氮處理能顯著降低稻米堊白粒率和堊白度、提高食味品質(zhì)。本試驗(yàn)依據(jù)不同前茬作物收獲后土壤地力水平和斯坦福方程計(jì)算下的減氮處理, 對(duì)麥-稻輪作下稻米產(chǎn)量影響較大(減產(chǎn)5.8%, 達(dá)顯著影響), 但對(duì)菜-稻和油-稻輪作下稻米產(chǎn)量影響不顯著。綜合產(chǎn)量及稻米品質(zhì)表現(xiàn), 菜-稻和油-稻輪作模式下, 適當(dāng)減低氮肥施用量分別為125 kg?hm-2和105 kg?hm-2, 氮肥運(yùn)籌均為基肥∶蘗肥∶穗肥為3∶3∶4, 可實(shí)現(xiàn)提質(zhì)與豐產(chǎn)的協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一; 麥-稻輪作模式下, 減氮對(duì)產(chǎn)量影響較大, 建議氮肥用量為150 kg hm-2。各輪作模式下, 氮肥運(yùn)籌基肥∶蘗肥∶穗肥為3∶3∶4為宜。本結(jié)果可為實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中水稻提質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)技術(shù)提供理論依據(jù)。

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Effects of straw returning and nitrogen application on yield and quality of hybridrice under different rotation patterns*

LIN Dan1, LI Yu1, SUN Yongjian1**, SHEN Jie1, LYU Tengfei1, SUN Zhibai1, LYU Xu1, LIU Fangyan1, GUO Changchun1, SUN Yuanyuan2, YANG Zhiyuan1, MA Jun1

(1. Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Cultivation in Sichuan Province, Wenjiang 611130, China; 2. Institute of Plateau Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu 610072, China)

The effects of straw return and nitrogen fertilizer application on the quality and yield ofrice were studied using the hybrid strain ‘F you 498’. The multiple-straw rotation method was investigated using the straw return of three previous crops [vegetable-rice (G), rape-rice (R), and wheat-rice (W)]. Nitrogen fertilizer was optimized by testing different ratios [conventional application of pure nitrogen = 150 kg·hm?2; base to tiller to panicle fertilizer ratios tested = 4︰4︰2 (N1) and 3︰3︰4 (N2)]. The results showed significant effects on the rice quality and yield in all of the straw return types and nitrogen fertilizer applications. Two factors had a large effect on the yield: the chalky grain rate and the grain protein content. The vegetable-straw yield (g) increased by 1.1%-7.8% compared to rape-straw (R), and by 10.5%-19.8% compared to wheat-straw (W). The vegetable-rice straw also improved the whole rice rate, reduced the chalky grain rate, and improved the food quality. Regardless of straw type, the yield increased after nitrogen fertilizer application, and the highest yield was obtained using the N2treatment. All straw types reduced the amount of nitrogen applied: N-G treatment by 16.7%, N-R treatment by 30.0%, and N-W treatment by 16.7%. Compared to the N2treatment, the yield decreased by 2.6% (N-G), 1.7% (N-R), and 5.8% (N-W). The rice yield was not significantly reduced when the N-G and N-R rotations were used, but the rice chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree were significantly reduced, and the quality improved. Therefore, rice quality was improved and yields were maintained, but nitrogen was saved. Based on the rice quality and yield when using the vegetable-rice straw rotation, the nitrogen fertilizer amount should be reduced to 125 kg·hm?2, and a base to tiller to ear fertilizer ratio of 3︰3︰4 was the optimal combination in this study. When using therape-rice and wheat-rice straw rotations, the nitrogen fertilizer amounts should be 105 kg·hm?2and 150 kg?hm-2, respectively, and the fertilizer ratio remains 3︰3︰4. This study may provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality and yield of rice when using the straw return rotation method.

Hybridrice; Rotation mode; Straw returning; Nitrogen application; Yield; Rice quality

S344.1

10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.200236

林鄲, 李郁, 孫永健, 諶潔, 呂騰飛, 孫知白, 呂旭, 劉芳艷, 郭長(zhǎng)春, 孫園園, 楊志遠(yuǎn), 馬均. 不同輪作模式下秸稈還田與氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)雜交秈稻產(chǎn)量及米質(zhì)的影響[J]. 中國(guó)生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào)(中英文), 2020, 28(10): 1581-1590

LIN D, LI Y, SUN Y J, SHEN J, LYU T F, SUN Z B, LYU X, LIU F Y, GUO C C, SUN Y Y, YANG Z Y, MA J. Effects of straw returning and nitrogen application on yield and quality of hybridrice under different rotation patterns[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2020, 28(10): 1581-1590

* 國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃重點(diǎn)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(2018YFD0301202)、四川省科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(20YYJC2586)和四川省學(xué)術(shù)和技術(shù)帶頭人培養(yǎng)支持經(jīng)費(fèi)(2016-183)資助

孫永健, 主要從事水稻高產(chǎn)高效栽培研究。E-mail: yongjians1980@163.com

林鄲, 主要從事水稻高產(chǎn)高效栽培研究。E-mail: lindan54@qq.com

2020-03-31

2020-06-15

* This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0301202), Sichuan Science and Technology Support Plan Project (20YYJC2586) and the Funding of Academic and Technical Leaders Cultivation of Sichuan Province Human Resources and Social Security Department (2016-183).

, E-mail: yongjians1980@163.com

Mar. 31, 2020;

Jun. 15, 2020