動(dòng)詞不定式用法小結(jié)

崔保林

動(dòng)詞不定式（infinitive）作為非謂語動(dòng)詞的一種形式，近幾年在高考英語試題中出現(xiàn)頻率非常高，是高考的必考考點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)就動(dòng)詞不定式的意義、結(jié)構(gòu)和句法功能等做簡(jiǎn)要小結(jié)。

一、意義

在英語語法中，動(dòng)詞不定式是指動(dòng)詞中的一種不帶詞形變化從而不表示人稱、數(shù)量、時(shí)態(tài)的一種形式。它之所以被稱作不定式，是因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞不被限定，或者說不被詞形變化所局限。不定式屬于非謂語動(dòng)詞形式。

動(dòng)詞不定式有兩種形式，一種是帶to的不定式，另外一種是不帶to的不定式。

二、結(jié)構(gòu)

[ 主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式 一般式 to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done ]

三、句法功能

1. 做主語

（1） 不定式直接做主語

① To have been caught in a sandstorm was a terrible experience.

② To be cycling in a sandstorm is frightening.

（2） it做形式主語，to do sth.做真正的主語

不定式短語做主語時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，避免“頭重腳輕”，常常用it做形式主語，to do sth.放在后面，做真正的主語。

① It is difficult to breathe and the dust makes me ill.

② However， it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long.

③ It took years of work to reduce the industrial pollution and clean the water.

2. 做賓語

（1） 固定搭配

很多動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語，常見的動(dòng)詞有afford， agree， choose， decide， desire， expect， fail， hope， intend， plan， manage， promise， pretend， refuse等。

① Every year about 40，000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro， the highest mountain in Africa.

② But Sarah， who has taken part in shows along with top models， wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.

③ I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver， but he refused to stop until we reached the next stop.

（2） it做形式賓語，to do sth.做真正的賓語

① Berners-Lee ??made ??it ??possible ?for

everyone to use the Internet， not just universities and the army.

② He made it a rule to finish his work before watching TV.

3. 做表語

① Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of “desertification”.

② My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.

③ Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

4. 做定語

不定式做定語可用來修飾人和物，一般放在被修飾詞的后面。不定式做定語時(shí)，中心詞一般被序數(shù)詞，最高級(jí)，the last，the only等修飾。

① When Yang took off from Jiuquan in northwest China at 9 am yesterday， China became the third nation to send a man into space.

② In 1931， Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

③ I am the only person in my family to have been in a sandstorm.

5. 做賓語補(bǔ)足語

（1） 帶to的不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語，常用的動(dòng)詞有ask， want， allow， order， advise， warn， encourage， require等，都是固定搭配，在平時(shí)的復(fù)習(xí)中要多積累。

① He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀） about themselves.

② Once his message was delivered， he allowed me to stay and watch.

③ When a sandstorm arrives in the city， weather experts advise people not to go out.

（2）不帶to的不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語，這些動(dòng)詞一般是感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞，如see， watch， hear， feel， notice， observe， let， make， have等。

① While running regularly can?t make you live forever， the review says it is more effective at lengthening life than walking， cycling or swimming.

② What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.

6. 做狀語

（1） 動(dòng)詞不定式可做原因狀語

① My father was out of the city when the sandstorm came. He was very glad to miss it.

② Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s， ??and ?are ?expensive ?to ?perform

consistently over a large area.

（2） 動(dòng)詞不定式可做結(jié)果狀語

① When a new day breaks， the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day.

② We shared the belief that if you?re fortunate enough to have success， you should put something back.

（3） 動(dòng)詞不定式可做目的狀語

動(dòng)詞不定式做目的狀語在高考中最為?？?，在平時(shí)的英語學(xué)習(xí)中也最為常見，這是同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)的重中之重。

① Another reason for corn?s rise： The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve water quality.

② Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal to create special designs.

③ To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book.

④ To enjoy the convenience of digital payment， many senior citizens started to use smart phones.

⑤ During the Mid-Autumn Festival， family members often gather together to share a meal， admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.

7. 疑問詞+to do

① A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you?ll love to live in.

② The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others， not just communicate with them.

③ They always tell me what to do and how to do it.

在高中階段的英語學(xué)習(xí)中，動(dòng)詞不定式是一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，也是考點(diǎn)，我們要在語境中進(jìn)一步加深對(duì)動(dòng)詞不定式的理解與掌握。

四、鞏固練習(xí)

用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1. It takes a lot for any student， especially for a student who is learning English as their new language， to feel confident enough___________（say）， I don?t know， but I want___________（know）.

2. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning___________（read） and speak in public. He wants these kids___________（learn） to boast （夸耀） about themselves.

3. The team hopes___________（make） it to market in the near future.

4. During the rosy years of elementary school， I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes， which allowed me___________（keep） my high social status.

5. The provincial government and its partners offer many programs___________（help） students find summer jobs.

6. For Hill， it is impossible not___________（talk） about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.

7. It had been possible （but not easy）___________（buy） single copies of newspapers before 1830， but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer?s office to purchase a copy.

8. You don?t have to run fast or for long___________（see） the benefit.

9. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen___________（get） the ball rolling.

10. In 1931， Addams became the first American woman___________（win） the Nobel Peace Prize.

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