羊紹武 王子遼 袁海博 王遠(yuǎn) 陳國華 張曉明
摘 ?要:采用指形管藥膜法分別測定了5種田間常用于防治煙粉虱的殺蟲劑對煙粉虱兩種優(yōu)勢寄生蜂—麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性,明確不同殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的安全性,為煙粉虱的綜合防治和農(nóng)藥的合理施用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。結(jié)果顯示,22.4%螺蟲乙酯對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的LC50最高,分別為136.465和119.408 mg/L;20%呋蟲胺對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的LC50最低,分別為14.496和9.259 mg/L;相較于淺黃恩蚜小蜂,不同殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂的LC50相對較高。供試殺蟲劑中,22.4%螺蟲乙酯和50%氟啶蟲胺腈對兩種優(yōu)勢寄生蜂的安全系數(shù)較高,均為中等風(fēng)險;10%烯啶蟲胺、10%溴氰蟲酰胺和20%呋蟲胺對兩種優(yōu)勢寄生蜂的安全系數(shù)較低,均為高風(fēng)險。22.4%螺蟲乙酯、50%氟啶蟲胺腈對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性中等,田間用于防治煙粉虱時,應(yīng)在保證防治效果的前提下適當(dāng)降低殺蟲劑濃度,減少施藥次數(shù),避開在寄生蜂成蟲羽化高峰期施藥;10%烯啶蟲胺、10%溴氰蟲酰胺和20%呋蟲胺對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性較高,不應(yīng)在麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂發(fā)生期施藥。
關(guān)鍵詞:麗蚜小蜂;淺黃恩蚜小蜂;殺蟲劑;毒性;風(fēng)險評估
Abstract: To evaluate the safety of different insecticides to two parasitoids Encarsia formosa and Encarsia sophia of Bemisia tabaci, and to provide scientific basis for integrated pest management and rational application of insecticides in B. tabaci control, laboratory toxicity of different insecticides on E. formosa and E. sophia was determined by residual film in glass tube method. Meanwhile, the risk of E. formosa and E. sophia was evaluated in laboratory conditions. The results showed that 22.4% spirotetramat showed the lowest laboratory toxicities on E. formosa and E. sophia during in all of the tested insecticides, with the LC50 being 136.465 mg/L and 119.408 mg/L, respectively. The highest laboratory toxicities to both of this two parasitoids ?were from 20% dinotefuran among in all of the tested insecticides, with the LC50 being 14.496 mg/L against E. formosa and 9.259 mg/L against E. sophia, respectively. The LC50 of different kinds of tested insecticides against E. formosa were higher than that against E. sophia. Among which, 22.4% spirotetramat and 50% sulfoxaflor showed medium risk against both E. formosa and E. sophia, 10% nitenpyram, 10% cyantraniliprole and 20% dinotefuran showed high risk to the two parasitoids. 22.4% spirotetramat and 50% sulfoxaflor showed medium risk on E. formosa and E. sophia. The concentration of insecticides and the times of application should be properly reduced on the premise of ensuring the control effect when it was used to control B. tabaci in the field. Meanwhile, the application of these insecticides should be avoided to use during the peak period of adult parasitoid emergence. 10% nitenpyram, 10% cyantraniliprole and 20% dinotefuran had higher risk than the other two insecticides on E. formosa and E. sophia, which should be avoided to use during the active period of E. formosa and E. sophia in B. tabaci control.
Keywords: Encarsia formosa; Encarsia sophia; insecticide; toxicity; risk evaluation
煙粉虱(Bemisia tabaci),隸屬半翅目(Hemiptera)、粉虱科(Aleyrodidae),其個體微小,生物型多樣,是一種世界范圍內(nèi)為害的雜食性害蟲[1]。作為煙草上的一種重要害蟲,煙粉虱主要以成蟲和若蟲群集在葉背面吸取植物汁液,使葉片褪綠變黃,其分泌的蜜露還會誘發(fā)煤污病,影響煙葉品質(zhì)[2];煙粉虱還是多種煙草病毒的傳播者,例如煙草曲莖病毒(TbCSV),煙草環(huán)斑病毒(TRSV),煙草曲葉病毒(TLCV)等,是導(dǎo)致部分地區(qū)煙草質(zhì)量下降的原因之一[3]。生物防治是利用天敵控制有害生物種群數(shù)量的一種方法,因其對環(huán)境友好,且可長期有效地控制目標(biāo)害蟲,已逐漸成為防治煙粉虱的主要手段之一[4-5]。煙粉虱的寄生性天敵種類繁多、資源豐富,僅恩蚜小蜂屬(Encarsia)中就有47種寄生蜂可寄生煙粉虱[6],且恩蚜小蜂屬寄生蜂對寄主專一性強(qiáng),已成為目前應(yīng)用于生物防治中最成功的寄生性天敵[7]。淺黃恩蚜小蜂(Encarsia sophia)和麗蚜小蜂(Encarsia formosa)均隸屬于膜翅目(Hymenoptera),蚜小蜂科(Aphelinidae),是恩蚜小蜂屬中煙粉虱的優(yōu)勢寄生蜂[8-9]。這兩種寄生蜂分布廣泛,對田間煙粉虱具有較好的控制效果[10-11]。
在煙粉虱的綜合防治中,化學(xué)防治仍然占有主導(dǎo)地位[12],近年來常用于防治煙粉虱且效果較好的殺蟲劑包括烯啶蟲胺,螺蟲乙酯,溴氰蟲酰胺,氟啶蟲胺腈,呋蟲胺等[13-16]。烯啶蟲胺和呋蟲胺屬于煙堿類殺蟲劑[17-18]。氟啶蟲胺腈是新進(jìn)入市場的第四代新煙堿類殺蟲劑[19-20],該類殺蟲劑的靶標(biāo)為煙堿型突觸后膜乙酰膽堿受體(nAChRs),主要作用于昆蟲中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)[21]。螺蟲乙酯是一種新型的對哺乳動物毒性較低的四羧酸衍生物殺蟲劑,用于防治多種害蟲[22-23],主要影響昆蟲的蛻皮過程,并降低產(chǎn)卵能力[24]。溴氰蟲酰胺是DuPont公司繼氯蟲苯甲酰胺之后成功開發(fā)的第二代魚尼丁受體抑制劑類殺蟲劑[25]。這些殺蟲劑都能較好地防治煙粉虱[17,26-29]。但是,殺蟲劑的不合理使用能導(dǎo)致煙粉虱產(chǎn)生抗性,同時也會對田間天敵昆蟲產(chǎn)生不利影響。袁銳等[30]在6種新煙堿類殺蟲劑對凹唇壁蜂(Osmia excavata)的毒性及風(fēng)險評估中指出,氟啶蟲胺腈和呋蟲胺對凹唇壁蜂為中等風(fēng)險。張唯偉等[31]在常用殺蟲劑對螟黃赤眼蜂(Trichogramma chilonis)的影響中指出,溴氰蟲酰胺和烯啶蟲胺對螟黃赤眼蜂的毒性較強(qiáng),應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎使用。因此,當(dāng)使用殺蟲劑防治田間害蟲時,田間的天敵昆蟲不可避免地也會暴露于其中,對天敵昆蟲的殺傷作用不容忽視。
本研究選擇生產(chǎn)上常用于防治煙粉虱的殺蟲劑:氟啶蟲胺腈、呋蟲胺、溴氰蟲酰胺、螺蟲乙酯、烯啶蟲胺,采用指形管藥膜法分別測定不同殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲的毒性及風(fēng)險等級,為更好地協(xié)調(diào)煙粉虱化學(xué)防治與生物防治提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 ?材料與方法
1.1 ?試驗材料
1.1.1 ?供試?yán)ハx ?供試?yán)ハx為煙粉虱優(yōu)勢寄生蜂麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂,于2019年7—8月采集于云南省昆明市富民縣的蜀葵(Althaea rosea),采集后于實驗室內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)。寄主昆蟲為煙粉虱,用棉花飼養(yǎng)。收集被麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂寄生的煙粉虱若蟲于人工氣候箱(上海博訊實業(yè)有限公司,BIC-300)內(nèi)飼養(yǎng),設(shè)置溫度25 ℃,濕度60%~70%,光照強(qiáng)度60%,光周期為L:D=14:10。用吸蟲管收集羽化24 h內(nèi)的麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲供試驗使用。
1.1.2 ?供試藥劑 ?選擇防治煙粉虱常用且毒殺效果較好的5種不同類型的殺蟲劑,殺蟲劑信息如表1所示。
1.2 ?試驗方法
1.2.1 ?供試藥劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蜂的毒性 ?采用玻璃管藥膜法,將換算后的殺蟲劑加清水進(jìn)行溶解稀釋,然后進(jìn)行預(yù)試驗,根據(jù)結(jié)果,將本試驗所用藥劑的濃度范圍確定為10%~90%的校正死亡率濃度范圍。在此范圍內(nèi)將供試藥劑的母液稀釋成5個不同的梯度濃度,以清水作為試驗對照,每個濃度值均設(shè)置3個重復(fù)。將稀釋好的藥劑倒?jié)M指形管(直徑3 cm,高6 cm),使指形管內(nèi)壁充分接觸藥液,停留10 s后倒掉藥液,然后將指形管在室溫下垂直懸掛晾干,使之內(nèi)壁形成藥膜。將羽化24 h內(nèi)的麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲移入有藥膜的指形管,每個指形管分別移入10頭,待其在有藥膜的管內(nèi)自由爬行1 h后轉(zhuǎn)移至干凈無藥的指形管,封住管口并飼喂10%的蜂蜜水。將各處理放置于人工氣候箱中飼養(yǎng)(溫度25 ℃,濕度60%~70%,光照強(qiáng)度60%,光周期為光照14 h,黑暗10 h),24 h后檢查并記錄各藥劑、各濃度處理下麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲存活情況,觀察時輕拍指形管管壁,用細(xì)毛筆輕觸蟲體,2次不動則記錄為死亡[32-33]。
1.2.2 ?供試藥劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的風(fēng)險等級 ?根據(jù)《化學(xué)農(nóng)藥環(huán)境安全性評價實驗準(zhǔn)則》[34],安全系數(shù)等于殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的LC50值(mg/L)與其田間最高推薦使用濃度(mg/L)的比值。其中,LC50為半數(shù)致死用量,指引起麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂50%死亡率的殺蟲劑劑量。農(nóng)藥對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的風(fēng)險等級用安全系數(shù)來表示:安全系數(shù)>5為低風(fēng)險,5≥安全系數(shù)>0.5為中等風(fēng)險,0.5≥安全系數(shù)>0.05為高風(fēng)險,安全系數(shù)≤0.05為極高風(fēng)險[35]。
1.3 ?數(shù)據(jù)處理
數(shù)據(jù)分析使用SPSS 20.0,計算各藥劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒力回歸方程、致死中濃度值(LC50)和95%置信區(qū)間。
2 ?結(jié) ?果
2.1 ?不同藥劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性
不同殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲的毒性如表2所示。在所用殺蟲劑中,呋蟲胺對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲的LC50最低,說明麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲對呋蟲胺最為敏感。其次為溴氰蟲酰胺、烯啶蟲胺和氟啶蟲胺腈。螺蟲乙酯對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲的LC50最高。相較于淺黃恩蚜小蜂,所用殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂的LC50相對較高。
2.2 ?不同藥劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的風(fēng)險評價
不同殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲的風(fēng)險等級如表3所示。螺蟲乙酯和氟啶蟲胺腈對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲的安全系數(shù)較高,對兩種優(yōu)勢種寄生蜂的風(fēng)險等級均為中等風(fēng)險。烯啶蟲胺、溴氰蟲酰胺和呋蟲胺對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲的安全系數(shù)較低,對兩種優(yōu)勢種寄生蜂的風(fēng)險等級均為高風(fēng)險,在麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂活動期應(yīng)避免使用。
3 ?討 ?論
不同種類寄生蜂對殺蟲劑的敏感程度不同[36-37]。本研究結(jié)果表明,所用殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂的LC50均略高于淺黃恩蚜小蜂,說明相比于麗蚜小蜂,淺黃恩蚜小蜂對供試殺蟲劑更為敏感。
研究結(jié)果表明,螺蟲乙酯、氟啶蟲胺腈對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的風(fēng)險等級均為中等風(fēng)險,田間用于防治煙粉虱時,應(yīng)在保證防治效果的前提下,適當(dāng)降低殺蟲劑濃度和施藥次數(shù)。袁銳等[30]在6種新煙堿類殺蟲劑對凹唇壁蜂的毒性及風(fēng)險評估中指出,氟啶蟲胺腈對凹唇壁蜂為中等風(fēng)險,結(jié)果與本研究一致。DANGI等[38]在螺蟲乙酯對點(diǎn)蜂緣蝽(Riptortus pedestris)及其卵寄生蜂的毒性中指出,螺蟲乙酯對Gryon japonicum和卵跳小蜂(Ooencyrtus nezarae)的毒性較小,可作為防治點(diǎn)蜂緣蝽的備選殺蟲劑。結(jié)果與本研究存在一定差異。該研究得出螺蟲乙酯對兩種寄生蜂的毒性較小的結(jié)論,是與螺蟲乙酯對害蟲更大的毒性相比較而言,并且該研究僅針對殺蟲劑對天敵昆蟲的直接致死作用,未注意殺蟲劑的亞致死濃度更有可能影響寄生蜂的控害能力。本研究通過測定不同殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性,目的是為了明確殺蟲劑對兩種寄生蜂的亞致死濃度,為后續(xù)亞致死濃度殺蟲劑對這兩種優(yōu)勢寄生蜂控害效果的影響相關(guān)研究奠定重要基礎(chǔ)。烯啶蟲胺、溴氰蟲酰胺、呋蟲胺對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的風(fēng)險等級均為高風(fēng)險,田間用于防治煙粉虱時,應(yīng)避開田間寄生蜂主要活動期。李釗等[39]在23種農(nóng)藥對松毛蟲赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi)的急性毒性及安全性評價中指出,烯啶蟲胺對松毛蟲赤眼蜂成蜂風(fēng)險性較高,在田間放蜂期應(yīng)避免使用。盧晶晶等[40]測定了4種魚尼丁受體殺蟲劑對半閉彎尾姬蜂(Diadegma semiclausum)的毒性,指出溴氰蟲酰胺對半閉彎尾姬蜂的毒性較大,可顯著降低成蜂的成活率。程沈航等[41]評價了不同殺蟲劑對管式腫腿蜂的風(fēng)險,研究指出,呋蟲胺對管式腫腿蜂為高風(fēng)險。以上研究結(jié)果均與本研究一致。
本研究僅測定了不同殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂與淺黃恩蚜小蜂的室內(nèi)風(fēng)險,但田間通常為多種殺蟲劑或殺蟲劑、殺菌劑復(fù)合作用,其對煙粉虱優(yōu)勢寄生蜂的毒性與風(fēng)險還不明確,還需進(jìn)一步研究。另一方面,殺蟲劑對寄生蜂除了直接致死作用外,亞致死濃度殺蟲劑還會對寄生蜂的壽命、寄主定位能力及生殖能力等方面造成影響,從而影響寄生蜂對害蟲的控制能力[42-43],KO等[44]在研究防治稻飛虱常用殺蟲劑對赤眼蜂的毒性時指出,烯啶蟲胺處理赤眼蜂卵期,可顯著降低赤眼蜂的寄生率且延長其幼蟲的發(fā)育時間。本研究所用殺蟲劑對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的生物學(xué)特性和寄生能力是否有影響還需要進(jìn)一步明確,以期真正地協(xié)調(diào)好煙粉虱化學(xué)防治與生物防治工作的開展,更好地保護(hù)利用天敵昆蟲。
4 ?結(jié) ?論
試驗結(jié)果表明,22.4%螺蟲乙酯、50%氟啶蟲胺腈對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性中等,田間用于防治煙粉虱時,應(yīng)在保證防治效果的前提下適當(dāng)降低殺蟲劑濃度,減少施藥次數(shù),避開在寄生蜂成蟲羽化高峰期施藥;10%烯啶蟲胺、10%溴氰蟲酰胺和20%呋蟲胺對麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性較高,不應(yīng)在麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂發(fā)生期施藥。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]ZHANG P J, WEI J N, ZHAO C, et al. Airborne host–plant ? ?manipulation by whiteflies via an inducible blend of plant volatiles [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2019, 116(15): 7387-7396.
[2]李萌,李小娟,梁棟,等. 煙粉虱MED隱種對不同煙草品種的適合度比較[J]. 中國煙草科學(xué),2018,39(2):63-68.
LI M, LI X J, LIANG D, et al. Fitness of whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED on different tobacco cultivars[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2018, 39(2): 63-68.
[3]任學(xué)祥,王東,王杰,等. 藥劑混配對B型煙粉虱藥效及煙草安全性評價[J]. 中國煙草科學(xué),2011,32(2):48-51,65.
REN X X, WANG D, WANG J, et al. The toxicity and efficacy of pyridaben, acetamiprid and their mixtures to Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and safety evaluation to tobacco[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2011, 32(2): 48-51, 65.
[4]夏鵬亮. 恩施煙區(qū)煙蚜田間發(fā)生規(guī)律及生態(tài)控制方法研究[D]. 重慶,西南大學(xué),2014.
XIA P L. The research on the occurrence rules and ecological control methods of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Enshi [D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2014.
[5]XU H Y, YANG N W, WAN F H. Field cage evaluation of interspecific interaction of two aphelinid parasitoids and biocontrol effect on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle East-Asia Minor 1 [J]. Entomological Science, 2015, 18(2): 237-244.
[6]竇文珺,羊紹武,柳青,等. 我國煙粉虱主要捕食和寄生性天敵控制能力研究進(jìn)展[J]. 環(huán)境昆蟲學(xué)報,2020,42(2):342-354.
DOU W J, YANG S W, LIU Q, et al. Progress in the control of predatory and parasitic natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2020, 42(2): 342-354.
[7]LIU T X. Life history of Eretmocerus melanoscutus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing nymphs of Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) [J]. Biological Control, 2007, 42(1): 77-85.
[8]HUANG J, POLASZEK A. A revision of the Chinese species of Encarsia forster: parasitoids of whiteflies, scales and aphids[J]. Journal of Nature History, 1998, 32(12): 1825-1966.
[9]ZHANG, X M, YANG, N W, WAN, F H, et al. Density and seasonal dynamics of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) mediterranean on common crops and weeds around cotton fields in northern China[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2014, 13(10): 2211-2220.
[10]ZANG L S, LIU T X. Host-feeding of three parasitoid species on Bemisia tabaci biotype B and implications for whitefly biological control[J]. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 2008, 127(1): 55-63.
[11]張曉明,徐海云,楊念婉,等. 兩種蚜小蜂對煙粉虱MED隱種的田間籠罩控效評價[J]. 植物保護(hù)學(xué)報,2018,45(6):1281-1288.
ZHANG X M, XU H Y, YANG N W, et al. Field cage evaluation of the biocontrol effect of two aphelinid parasitoids on Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)[J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2018, 45(6): 1281-1288.
[12]劉馨,張友軍,吳青君,等. 噻蟲嗪對麗蚜小蜂寄生煙粉虱的影響[J]. 植物保護(hù)學(xué)報,2016,43(1):123-128.
LIU X, ZHANG Y J, WU Q J, et al. Effects of thiamethoxam on the parasitism of Encarsia formosa Gahan against Bemisia tabaci Gennadius [J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2016, 43 (1): 123-128.
[13]張丹,張萬民,洪曉燕,等. 幾種藥劑對番茄煙粉虱防效研究[J]. 遼寧農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2017(1):66-68.
ZHANG D, ZHANG W M, HONG X Y, et al. Control effect of several chemicals on tomato Bemisia tabaci[J]. Liaoning Agricultural Sciences, 2017 (1): 66-68.
[14]郭磊,黃新意,梁延坡,等. 海南煙粉虱田間種群隱種鑒定及對溴氰蟲酰胺和氟吡呋喃酮的敏感性檢測[J]. 昆蟲學(xué)報,2018,61(2):209-217.
GUO L, HUANG X Y, LIANG Y P, et al. Identification of cryptic species and detection of the susceptibility to cyantraniliprole and flupyradifurone of field populations of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Hainan, southern China[J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2018, 61(2): 209-217.
[15]靳改龍,周成松,張以和,等. 8種不同類型殺蟲劑對MED煙粉虱隱種的防治效果及其殘留檢測[J]. 植物保護(hù),2018,44(3):207-213.
JIN G L, ZHOU C S, ZHANG Y H, et al. Control effects and residues of eight insecticides with different mode of action against Bemisia tabaci MED cryptic species in greenhouse [J]. Plant Protection, 2018, 44(3): 207-213.
[16]趙帥鋒,洪志慧,余紅偉,等. 5種殺蟲劑防治辣椒田煙粉虱的效果試驗[J]. 浙江農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2018,59(2):296,299.
ZHAO S F, HONG Z H, YU H W, et al. Effect of five insecticides on control of Bemisia tabaci in pepper fields[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 59(2): 296, 299.
[17]郭雅潔,梁沛,高希武. 烯啶蟲胺、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯對煙粉虱地中海隱種hsp70 mRNA的誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)[J]. 昆蟲學(xué)報,2013,56(1):29-38.
GUO J Y, LIANG P, GAO X W. Induced expression of hsp70 mRNA by nitenpyram, chlorpyrifos and beta-cypermethrin in Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (Hemiptera: Aleyodidae) [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2013, 56(1): 29-38.
[18]葛會林,謝德芳,鄭雪虹,等. 呋蟲胺及其代謝物在水稻生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的殘留檢測與消解動態(tài)[J]. 農(nóng)藥學(xué)學(xué)報,2019,21(2):211-218.
GE H L, XIE D F, ZHENG X H, et al. Residues determination and dissipation dynamics of dinotefuran and its metabolites in rice ecosystem[J]. Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 2019, 21(2): 211-218.
[19]SIVITER H, BROWN MARK J F, LEADBETER E. Sulfoxaflor exposure reduces bumblebee reproductive success[J]. Nature, 2018, 561(7721): 109-112.
[20]WANG Z H, GONG Y J, CHEN J C, et al. Laboratory selection for resistance to sulfoxaflor and fitness costs in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae[J]. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 2018, 21(1): 408-412.
[21]盧海博,魏東,龔學(xué)臣,等. 新煙堿類殺蟲劑在蘋果果實不同部位中的殘留[J]. 農(nóng)藥學(xué)學(xué)報,2019,21(4):500-505.
LU H B, WEI D, GONG X C, et al. Residues of neonicotinoids insecticides in different parts of apple fruits[J]. Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 2019, 21(4): 500-505.
[22]SHIRLEY A M, NOE J P, NYCZEPIR A P, et al. Effect of spirotetramat and fluensulfone on population densities of Mesocriconema xenoplax and Meloidogyne incognita on peach[J]. Journal of Nematology, 2019, 51(12): 1-10.
[23]ZHANG J, QIAN L, WANG C, et al. Dysregulation of endocrine disruption, apoptosis and the transgenerational toxicity induced by spirotetramat[J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 240: 124900.
[24]ERNST B, ELBERT A, FISCHER R, et al. Movento, an innovative ambimobile insecticide for sucking insect pest control in agriculture: Biological profile and field performance[J]. Crop Protection, 2009, 28(10): 838-844.
[25]何發(fā)林,姜興印,尚佃龍,等. 溴氰蟲酰胺脅迫對小地老虎保護(hù)酶和解毒酶活性的誘導(dǎo)效應(yīng)[J]. 植物保護(hù),2019,45(2):90-96,102.
HE F L, JIANG X Y, SHANG D L, et al, Induction of the protective and detoxification enzymes by cyantraniliprole in Agrotis ipsilon[J]. Plant Protection, 2019, 45(2): 90-96, 102.
[26]MUHAMMAD B, ALI H S, MUSHTAQ A S, et al. Cross-resistance, inheritance and stability of resistance to acetamiprid in cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) [J]. Crop Protection, 2011, 30(6): 705-712.
[27]MENG X Q, ZHU C C, FENG Y, et al. Computational insights into the different resistance mechanism of imidacloprid versus dinotefuran in Bemisia tabaci[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016, 64(6): 1231-1238.
[28]GERALD B W, MONICA B O, KENNETH W B, et al. Characterization of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding site for sulfoxaflor, a new sulfoximine insecticide for the control of sap-feeding insect pests[J]. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2017, 143: 90-94.
[29]WANG R, ZHANG W, CHE W N, et al. Lethal and sublethal effects of cyantraniliprole, a new anthranilic diamide insecticide, on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MED[J]. Crop Protection, 2017, 91: 108-113.
[30]袁銳,李麗莉,李超,等. 六種新煙堿類殺蟲劑對凹唇壁蜂的毒性及風(fēng)險評估[J]. 昆蟲學(xué)報,2018,61(8):950-956.
YUAN R, LI L L, LI C, et al. Toxicity and hazard assessment of six neonicotinoid insecticides on Osmia excavata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2018, 61(8): 950-956.
[31]張唯偉,董怡,張傳清,等. 稻田常用農(nóng)藥對螟黃赤眼蜂的影響[J]. 熱帶生物學(xué)報,2019,10(3):283-287.
ZHANG W W, DONG Y, ZHANG C Q, et al. Effects of common insecticides on Trichogramma chilonis in paddy fields [J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2019, 10(3): 283-287.
[32]申修賢,黃純楊,于曉飛,等. 5種生物農(nóng)藥對煙蚜和食蚜癭蚊的毒力測定及安全性評價[J]. 中國煙草科學(xué),2020,41(1):56-61,66.
SHEN X X, HUANG C Y, YU X F, et al. Safety evaluation and toxicity determination of 5 biopesticides to Myzus persicae (sulzer) and Aphidoletes aphidimyza(rondani)[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2020, 41(1): 56-61, 66.
[33]張曉明,柳青,李宜儒,等. 六種常見殺蟲劑對西花薊馬和花薊馬的毒力測定[J]. 環(huán)境昆蟲學(xué)報,2018,40(1):215-223.
ZHANG X M, LIU Q, LI Y R, et al. Toxicity of six current commonly used pesticides on Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella intonsa [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2018, 40 (1): 215-223.
[34]蔡道基,楊佩芝,龔瑞忠. 化學(xué)農(nóng)藥環(huán)境安全性評價實驗準(zhǔn)則[S]. 北京:國家環(huán)境保護(hù)局,1989.
CAI D J, YANG P Z, GONG R Z. Test guidelines on environmental safety assessment for chemical pesticides [S]. Beijing: State Bureau of Environment Protection, 1989.
[35]曾廣,郅軍銳,張昌容,等. 七種殺蟲劑對煙蚜和南方小花蝽的毒力測定[J]. 中國煙草科學(xué),2018,39(3):59-65.
ZENG G, ZHI J Y, ZHANG C R, et al. Toxicity determination of 7 pesticides to Myzus Persicae (Sulzer) and Orius Similis Zheng[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2018, 39(3): 59-65.
[36]GEISLER C S, CUNHA N S, MARTINS L N, et al. Toxicity of bacterial isolates on adults of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and parasitoids Trichopria anastrephae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) [J]. Journal of Economic Entomology, 2019, 112(6): 2817-2823.
[37]BELOTI V H, ALVES G R, MORAL R A, et al. Acute toxicity of fresh and aged residues of pesticides to the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata and to the HLB-Bacteria vector Diaphorina citri[J]. Neotropical Entomology, 2018, 47(3): 403-411.
[38]DANGI N, LIM U T. Relative toxicity of spirotetramat to Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) and its egg parasitoids[J]. Journal of Economic Entomology, 2017, 110(5): 2016-2021.
[39]李釗,張杰,武玉國,等. 23種農(nóng)藥對松毛蟲赤眼蜂的急性毒性及安全性評價[J]. 環(huán)境昆蟲學(xué)報,2018,40(1):224-230.
LI Z, ZHANG J, WU Y G, et al. Toxicity and safety evaluation of 23 pesticides on Trichogramma dendrolimi[J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2018, 40(1): 224-230.
[40]盧晶晶,賈變桃,安顥敏,等. 4種魚尼丁受體殺蟲劑對小菜蛾及半閉彎尾姬蜂的選擇毒力[J]. 山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版),2019,39(4):58-62.
LU J J, JIA B T, AN H M, et al. Selective toxicities of four ryanodine receptor insecticides to Plutella xylostella and Diadegma semiclausum [J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), 2019, 39(4): 58-62.
[41]程沈航,薛明明,隋婧怡,等. 7 種農(nóng)藥對管氏腫腿蜂的毒性及初級風(fēng)險評價[J]. 生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報,2017,12(4):270-278.
CHENG S H, XUE M M, SUI J Y, et al. Toxicity and risk assessment of seven pesticides to parasitic wasp (Scleroderma guani) [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2017, 12(4): 270-278.
[42]SUGIYAMA K, KATAYAMA H, SAITO T. Effect of insecticides on the mortalities of three whitefly parasitoid species, Eretmocerus mundus, Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) [J]. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2011, 46(3): 311-317.
[43]DROBNJAKOVI? T, MAR?I? D, PRIJOVI? M, et al. Sublethal effects of NeemAzal- T/S botanical insecticide on Dutch and Serbian populations of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) [J]. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2017, 28(1): 1-19.
[44]KO K, LIU Y D, HOU M L, et al. Toxicity of insecticides targeting rice planthoppers to adult and immature stages of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) [J]. Journal of Economic Entomology, 2015, 108(1): 69-76.