黃鵬 廖鑫鑫 陸文寶 張良 周海濱 黃玉清 蔡軍 曾泉
摘要:目的? 建立臨床評(píng)分模型(CSM)評(píng)估前列腺癌根治術(shù)后生化復(fù)發(fā)(BCR)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。方法? 收集2001年7月~2013年1月在九江學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院和南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科接受根治性前列腺切除術(shù)(RP)的患者528例,收集患者一般資料和手術(shù)資料,包括年齡、治療前血清tPSA、活檢Gleason評(píng)分、血清總睪酮、手術(shù)切緣狀態(tài)、包膜侵犯、精囊腺侵犯和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等;Logistic回歸分析前列腺癌根治術(shù)后BCR的危險(xiǎn)因素,利用危險(xiǎn)因素建立CSM預(yù)測(cè)患者術(shù)后5年內(nèi)BCR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并將其分為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組,ROC曲線評(píng)估CSM的有效性。結(jié)果? RP術(shù)后患者平均隨訪時(shí)間為(56.77±26.64)個(gè)月。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示:tPSA(HR=2.312,95%CI:1.624~3.285)、Gleason評(píng)分(HR=2.761,95%CI:1.925~4.276)、包膜侵犯(HR=1.925,95%CI:1.235~3.517),手術(shù)切緣陽(yáng)性(HR=2.235,95%CI:1.684~3.927),精囊腺侵犯(HR=2.032,95%CI:1.528~3.529)和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(HR=2.586,95%CI:1.624~4.351)是患者術(shù)后BCR的危險(xiǎn)因素。低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組患者術(shù)后BCR發(fā)生率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);ROC曲線顯示,CSM的曲線下面積為0.7882,當(dāng)截?cái)嘀禐?0.5分時(shí),CSM的敏感性和特異性分別為77.08%、69.83%,可預(yù)測(cè)RP后5年內(nèi)BCR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論? CSM可預(yù)測(cè)前列腺癌患者前列腺癌根治術(shù)后BCR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),當(dāng)患者的CSM較高時(shí),術(shù)后早期干預(yù)可能會(huì)降低其BCR風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:前列腺癌;臨床評(píng)分模型;生化復(fù)發(fā);根治性前列腺切除術(shù)
中圖分類號(hào):R73? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.08.025
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2020)08-0076-04
Abstract:Objective? To establish a clinical scoring model (CSM) to assess the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy. Methods? A total of 528 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) in the urology department of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from July 2001 to January 2013 were collected, and the general and surgical data of the patients were collected, including age and treatment Pre-serum tPSA, biopsy Gleason score, serum total testosterone, surgical margin status, capsular invasion, seminal vesicle invasion, and lymph node metastasis;Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for BCR after radical prostatectomy, using risk factors to establish CSM to predict the risk of BCR within 5 years after surgery, and divide it into low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk groups, ROC curve to evaluate the effectiveness of CSM.Results? The average follow-up time of patients after RP was (56.77±26.64) months. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that: tPSA (HR=2.312, 95%CI :1.624~3.285), Gleason score (HR=2.761, 95%CI :1.925~4.276), capsule invasion(HR= 1.925, 95%CI :1.235~3.517), positive surgical margin (HR=2.235, 95%CI :1.684~3.927), seminal vesicle invasion(HR=2.032, 95%CI:1.528~3.529) and lymph node metastasis (HR=2.586, 95%CI :1.624~4.351) is a risk factor for postoperative BCR. The incidence of postoperative BCR in the low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk groups was statistically significant(P<0.05); the ROC curve showed that the area under the CSM curve was 0.7882. When the cutoff value was 10.5, the CSM s sensitivity and specificity were 77.08% and 69.83%, respectively, which can predict the risk of BCR within 5 years after RP(P<0.05).Conclusion? CSM can predict the risk of BCR after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer. When the CSM of patients is high, early postoperative intervention may reduce their BCR risk.
Key words:Prostate cancer;Clinical scoring model;Biochemical recurrence;Radical prostatectomy
前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)是最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,也是男性癌癥死亡的第五大原因[1]。PCa根治術(shù)是治療早期局限性PCa的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法,手術(shù)治療效果明確[2]。生化復(fù)發(fā)(biochemical recurrence,BCR)被認(rèn)為是PCa根治術(shù)后臨床復(fù)發(fā)的前兆,預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后BCR在PCa根治術(shù)后患者的具有重要的臨床意義。目前有許多臨床評(píng)分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測(cè)BCR,包括Kattan的列線圖[3]、前列腺風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估癌癥(CAPRA)評(píng)分[4]和前列腺評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[5]。雖然以上評(píng)分系統(tǒng)均可用于術(shù)后BCR風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估,但由于上述的研究納入影響因素較少,可能存在一定的不足,同時(shí)也不一定適合國(guó)內(nèi)PCa患者,因此本研究擬建立新的臨床評(píng)分模型(CSM)以評(píng)估PCa根治術(shù)后BCR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1 一般資料? 回顧性收集2001年7月~2013年1月在九江學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科和南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科診斷為PCa,并接受RP治療的668例患者,患者年齡54~79歲,平均年齡(68.34±7.62)歲,患者均接受術(shù)后隨訪。RP包括開放性前列腺癌根治術(shù)和腹腔鏡下前列腺癌根治術(shù)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①明確診斷并接受PCa根治術(shù)患者;②定期來院接受術(shù)后隨訪和復(fù)查的患者;③臨床資料完善,能夠提取有效信息的患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①接受BCR隨訪2年以下的患者;②在隨訪期間內(nèi)因其他疾病死亡的患者;③接受術(shù)前或術(shù)后內(nèi)分泌治療或盆腔放療或化療的患者;④在隨訪期間失聯(lián)患者。本研究已通過九江學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(批準(zhǔn)號(hào):2020000136A)。
1.2方法? 收集患者一般資料和手術(shù)相關(guān)資料。一般資料包括患者年齡、血清總PSA、血清睪酮、前列腺Gleason評(píng)分。在清晨空腹進(jìn)行前列腺穿刺活檢之前收集血樣,通過直接化學(xué)發(fā)光測(cè)試血清睪酮水平,通過酶促發(fā)光法檢測(cè)總PSA水平。手術(shù)相關(guān)資料包括前列腺病理分期、包膜侵犯、精囊浸潤(rùn)、手術(shù)切緣受累、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和術(shù)后Gleason評(píng)分,分析前列腺癌根治術(shù)后BCR的危險(xiǎn)因素。
1.3隨訪終點(diǎn)? 患者術(shù)后隨訪的主要終點(diǎn)為BCR:2次監(jiān)測(cè)總PSA>0.2 ng/ml到最后一次隨訪的日期視為BCR。
1.4評(píng)分模型建立? 收集術(shù)后隨訪觀察到的BCR患者,并對(duì)患者的一般資料和手術(shù)相關(guān)資料與BCR的危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行多因素分析,同時(shí)給予評(píng)分賦值。依據(jù)評(píng)分賦值將患者分為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組、中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組,評(píng)估CSM的有效性。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析? 采用SPSS 18.0軟件包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)描述,行t檢驗(yàn);多變量非條件Logistic回歸模型用于評(píng)估預(yù)測(cè)前列腺穿刺陽(yáng)性的預(yù)測(cè);臨床評(píng)分系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子的得分基于多變量分析方法的OR值;使用Pearson測(cè)試和線性分析等初步統(tǒng)計(jì)方法評(píng)估評(píng)分模型的有效性;受試者工作特性曲線(ROC)進(jìn)一步評(píng)估預(yù)測(cè)臨床評(píng)分系統(tǒng)在術(shù)后BCR中陽(yáng)性的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,靈敏度和特異性用于評(píng)前列腺穿刺陽(yáng)性的真實(shí)性和可靠性,通過使用Z檢驗(yàn)測(cè)ROC曲線的價(jià)值。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1患者一般資料? 668例患者中,86例不符合相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)予以剔除,15例患者失去隨訪,67例患者要求接受術(shù)前或術(shù)后新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療,4例患者在隨訪5年內(nèi)死于非前列腺癌相關(guān)死亡。最終共有582例患者納入本次研究。所有患者隨訪6~122個(gè)月,平均隨訪時(shí)間(56.77±26.64)個(gè)月,患者RP治療后5年內(nèi)BCR為48.90%,患者術(shù)前年齡、血清總PSA水平和前列腺穿刺活檢的Gleason評(píng)分等資料見表1。其中有1名患者的術(shù)后病理報(bào)告是具有惡性潛能的前列腺間質(zhì)瘤,未進(jìn)行Glesaon評(píng)分進(jìn)行分類。
2.2術(shù)后BCR的危險(xiǎn)因素分析? 單因素分析BCR可能的危險(xiǎn)因素,結(jié)果顯示術(shù)后BCR與非BCR患者年齡和血清睪酮水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2;多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,tPSA(HR=2.312,95%CI:1.624~3.285)、Gleason評(píng)分(HR=2.761,95%CI:1.925~4.276)、包膜侵犯(HR=1.925,95%CI:1.235~3.517),手術(shù)切緣陽(yáng)性(HR=2.235,95%CI:1.684~3.927),精囊腺侵犯(HR=2.032,95%CI:1.528~3.529)和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(HR=2.586,95%CI:1.624~4.351)是患者術(shù)后BCR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,見表3。
2.3臨床評(píng)分模型? 為了進(jìn)一步評(píng)估術(shù)后BCR與上述危險(xiǎn)因素之間的關(guān)聯(lián),本研究建立了臨床評(píng)分系統(tǒng)以評(píng)估術(shù)后BCR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。評(píng)分模型的總分為13分,分為三個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)類別:低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(6~8分)、中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(9~11分)和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(12~14分),預(yù)測(cè)BCR的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見表4。
2.4臨床評(píng)分模型的效能? Pearson檢驗(yàn)和線性分析最初驗(yàn)證了臨床評(píng)分模型在預(yù)測(cè)BCR風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中的價(jià)值。將582例患者分為低、中、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組。根據(jù)上述臨床評(píng)分模型,Kaplan-Meier分析顯示,不同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組患者發(fā)生BCR比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見圖1。其中高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組RP后5年內(nèi)BCR率為64.72%,中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組為58.91%,低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組為28.20%。ROC曲線分析顯示:該臨床評(píng)分模型曲線下面積為0.7882,當(dāng)截?cái)嘀禐?0.5分時(shí),臨床評(píng)分模型的敏感性和特異性為77.08%和69.83%,可預(yù)測(cè)RP后5年內(nèi)BCR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),見圖2。
3討論
預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后BCR對(duì)判斷前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)具有重要意義[6]。本次研究結(jié)果顯示,PCa患者RP后5年BCR發(fā)生率為48.90%,略高于既往研究報(bào)告[7-9]。這可能是由于在我院首次接受診斷和治療的部分局部PC患者的PSA水平較高,這也意味著可能存在局部或遠(yuǎn)處的微轉(zhuǎn)移。術(shù)后Gleason評(píng)分是預(yù)測(cè)BCR的有效的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo),Wong LM等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后Gleason評(píng)分在3+4和3+3之間患者術(shù)后BCR的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)基本一致,但術(shù)后Gleason評(píng)分≥8分可增加所有PCa患者和高危人群的癌癥特異性死亡率[11]。此外,本次結(jié)果還顯示,血清tPSA也是BCR的有效預(yù)測(cè)因子之一。血清tPSA是診斷和追蹤PC患者的監(jiān)測(cè)參數(shù),術(shù)前血清tPSA水平越高意味著RP后的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)BCR[12-14]。
陽(yáng)性手術(shù)切緣是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的預(yù)測(cè)因子[15],本次研究結(jié)果表明手術(shù)切緣陽(yáng)性具有預(yù)測(cè)BCR的能力。最近的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析也顯示,切緣陽(yáng)性是BCR和前列腺癌特異性死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素,多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)術(shù)后切緣陽(yáng)性的患者有必要盡快行二級(jí)手術(shù)治療,以降低BCR和腫瘤死亡率[16,17]。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是預(yù)測(cè)BCR的危險(xiǎn)因素[18,19]。本次研究也證實(shí)了淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移可預(yù)測(cè)患者術(shù)后BCR。根治性前列腺切除術(shù)也可以選擇局部晚期PC患者,但沒有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃和淋巴結(jié)清掃擴(kuò)大是非常有意義的。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,挽救淋巴結(jié)清掃可能會(huì)延遲某些患者的BCR和雄激素剝奪治療[18]。RP術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移負(fù)荷低且病理性Gleason評(píng)分<8的患者可選擇主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)[19]。許多研究表明,血清睪酮與BCR密切相關(guān)[20,21],本研究表明,低血清總睪酮未被證實(shí)是BCR的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。不一致的結(jié)果可能是由于其他積極因素比血清睪酮更有意義,這導(dǎo)致覆蓋轉(zhuǎn)移性PC的預(yù)測(cè)值。
臨床評(píng)分模型優(yōu)點(diǎn)可將若干個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素組合起來,通過諸如“低?!薄爸形!被颉案呶!憋L(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分類表示出來,兩種最常用的預(yù)測(cè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型是Kattan諾模圖[3]和CAPRA評(píng)分[4]。手術(shù)切緣被認(rèn)為是BCR的的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,但未被納入上述兩種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型。因此,本研究其基礎(chǔ)上增加了手術(shù)切緣因子,以更有效和全面地預(yù)測(cè)BCR。本次建立的臨床評(píng)分模型基于多個(gè)變量的總分評(píng)估BCR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn):≤8分為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn),9~11為中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),≥12為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本次研究結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)截?cái)嘀禐?0.5分時(shí),臨床評(píng)分模型的敏感性和特異性為77.08%和69.83%,可預(yù)測(cè)RP后5年內(nèi)BCR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),說明該臨床評(píng)分模型可以較好的評(píng)估PCa患者RP后5年后的BCR發(fā)生率。但本研究為回顧性分析,且樣本量及納入危險(xiǎn)因素有限,可能尚未捕獲其他有效事件。尚需要大樣本和更長(zhǎng)隨訪時(shí)間的前瞻性研究來驗(yàn)證其效果。
綜上所述,CSM可預(yù)測(cè)前列腺癌患者前列腺癌根治術(shù)后BCR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),當(dāng)患者的CSM較高時(shí),臨床應(yīng)在患者術(shù)后早期進(jìn)行干預(yù),以降低其BCR風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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收稿日期:2019-12-13;修回日期:2020-02-27
編輯/成森