黃嵐
致力于古村落古鎮(zhèn)保護的馮驥才說:“慈城這個地方,不僅與我血脈相通,更在文化精神傳統(tǒng)上與我的靈魂相通,始終讓我無限牽掛?!?/p>
2020年開年,我的詩歌《慈城,鄉(xiāng)愁開始的地方》被譯成斯洛文尼亞、俄、英、德、法5國語言,有位法國姑娘還朗誦了其中的法語版詩歌,在當?shù)氐脑姼钀酆谜咧幸鹆瞬恍〉霓Z動。
“慈城/鄉(xiāng)愁開始的地方/一草一木,月容花顏/都讓人陶醉徜徉……”隨著她的法語朗誦聲,我的思緒又飄回了那個讓我念想千百回的江南小鎮(zhèn)。
細數(shù)千年滄桑
慈城,位于寧波市江北區(qū)西北部,曾是慈溪的縣城。慈城擁有極其深厚的文化底蘊,素有“儒學重鎮(zhèn)、進士搖籃、慈孝之鄉(xiāng)、民居經典”的美譽。我穿過歲月的迷霧,將目光停留在公元738年。那一年,唐代名相房玄齡族裔房琯出任明州慈溪令。
房琯,字次律,今河南偃師人。年輕時好學,風儀沉穩(wěn),以家族恩蔭成為弘文館學生。他生性淡泊,隱居洛陽陸渾山十幾年,被宰相張說賞識擢拔為官。出任慈溪縣令后,他將縣治句章城從姚江邊的城山渡遷于浮碧山以南,建造了屹立千年的慈溪城。
慈溪縣名,緣于漢代名儒董仲舒云世孫()董黯侍母至孝一事。時董母患疾,喜飲大隱溪水,董孝子在溪邊筑屋居住,擔水供母飲用,母病漸愈。房琯將縣名改為慈溪,以彰此孝道。
慈溪城東郊西郊各有兩列山,城為梯形,4個城角為圓弧狀,有7個城門,城四周有環(huán)城河,城池歷經千年滄桑而依然美麗。古縣城保留有唐代的雙棋盤街巷格局,堪稱“中國傳統(tǒng)縣城的典型代表”。
慈城縣衙坐北朝南,中路主體建筑包括大門、儀門、六部房、大堂、川堂、二堂等,整組建筑氣勢宏偉,形制嚴格。儀門和大堂間的甬道上立著一塊石碑,前為“公生明”后為“廉生威”。縣衙還保存著唐時的磚砌甬道,方磚呈深灰色、一指寬,一層層排列整齊,堆成一條傾斜成1米寬的狹長甬道。這個盛唐時縣衙門大堂的遺跡,用護欄圍著,是縣衙最珍貴的文物了??吹角昵暗哪嗤?,不禁感嘆歲月的飛逝。而慈城城墻約于1938~1939年間拆除,讓我覺得實在可惜。
房琯還疏浚闞湖(),以灌溉城郊。闞湖以鄉(xiāng)賢闞澤而名。闞澤,字德潤,一說慈城人,一說山陰人,三國時吳國學者、大臣,今慈城留有闞澤許多蹤跡。其中廣為流傳的是一個孤聯(lián):東廟闞,西廟房,二公門戶相當,方敢并坐。這上聯(lián)是拆字聯(lián),非常巧妙的把闞澤和房琯的二姓拆為“門敢戶方”嵌入其中,意思妥貼,至今未有佳對。
闞湖后改為慈湖。楊簡,南宋學者,字敬仲,慈溪人,告老還鄉(xiāng)后,他說:“溪以董君慈孝而得名,縣又以是名,則是湖宜亦以慈名”,既然以慈名溪,又以溪名縣,當然也要以慈名湖,遂將闞湖改名為“慈湖”了。楊簡筑室湖畔隱居,以此為號,世稱“慈湖先生”。楊簡師事陸九淵,發(fā)展心學思想,設館講學,教化民眾,為發(fā)展慈溪文化作出了貢獻。
房琯作為第一任縣令,不但新筑了城池,還為民辦了許多實事,頗有政績,受到當?shù)匕傩盏膿泶?。后來房琯官至唐玄宗、唐肅宗兩朝宰相,在安史之亂中以一文官身份帶兵迎敵,惜兵敗長安城。其好友杜甫時為左拾遺,冒死進諫,亦被貶。在慈城縣衙二堂,我見到了這對好友的塑像,房琯深邃的目光和杜甫憂國憂民的神情交織著,依舊牽掛著天下蒼生。
慈城望族馮氏
我踏入慈城鎮(zhèn)民主路159號馮驥才祖居,是在冬天的午后。走進大門,青磚堆砌、爬滿青藤的圍墻在冬日的陽光下顯得清幽而和煦。歷年留下的交錯的褐色藤條,勾勒出一幅斑駁的畫,畫中還有幾片綠葉昭示著青春的活力。青藤下方有一口古井,清泠的井水澄澈如舊,想必滋養(yǎng)了馮家多年。祖居內陳列著馮驥才的書畫著作,可以清晰看到當代文化大家馮驥才的創(chuàng)作軌跡——數(shù)十年來,他以廣博深厚的文化素養(yǎng)、深邃的思想內涵,創(chuàng)作了大量膾炙人口的文學作品,享譽中外,更因致力于傳統(tǒng)文化村落保護而,被譽為中國民間文化的“保護神”。
馮氏是慈城望族,據(jù)《慈溪縣志》記載,漢末時馮氏先祖從北方來句章為官,三國時遂隱居于慈溪金川鄉(xiāng)石神橋村()。慈城馮家世代從商重教,既以商養(yǎng)學,亦入仕報國,明清以后更是財丁兩旺,支脈眾多,在浙江有“南潯劉家,慈溪馮家”的說法。
馮氏家族在慈城留下的祖居頗多,如馮布政房、福字門頭、祿字門頭等,而我最在意的卻是在馮驥才祖居東北不遠處的抱珠樓。
馮氏抱珠樓,位于慈城始平路6號,是一座可與寧波“天一閣”、余姚“五桂樓”相媲美的清代道光年間的藏書樓。
樓主馮本懷,字慎旃,號酉卿,生卒年份已不可考,道光十九年中舉。此樓座北朝南,現(xiàn)存的建筑由臺門、前廳、后進三個單體所組成,建筑形制呈“日”字。該宅建于清代,為他的私人藏書樓,因此稱為“抱珠樓”。樓中藏書后捐贈至西泠印社。
據(jù)有關文史專家說,抱珠樓主人與馮驥才同一支脈,馮驥才也有意將他的藏書放置在慈城合適的藏書樓中,若有機緣將書藏入抱珠樓,那是極美的事。
馮驥才祖居往西不遠,中華路上有一座妙音精舍。其第一任主持本空法師,俗名張汝釗,字曙蕉,是民國時大名鼎鼎的女詩人、社會活動家。她于1928年任寧波圖書館館長,最后卻皈依佛門,直到剃度出家,講經說法,成為近代天臺宗一大名僧。她的皈依讓我想起了同是才華橫溢的李叔同,不知道他們?yōu)槭裁匆x擇青燈古佛的生活。她的詩寫得極有個性,出版過《綠天簃詩詞集》,名震文壇。寧波的方祖猷、王介堂先生編著過她的文集《張汝釗居士集》,收錄其畢生詩文。在張汝釗圓寂50周年時我寫過一律以作紀念:“曾是張家好女兒,釋門既入亦成癡。一身才學誰能識,三寶聲名人贊奇。寄夢慈城塵夢了,妙音精舍梵音馳。匆匆五十年華過,此地如君佛法隨?!?/p>
走出一撥寧波幫
一方山水養(yǎng)育一方人士,江南深厚的文化積累產生了諸多文化名人,也培育了諸多寧波幫人士。我感嘆于慈城的名人很多,隨便走到哪都會偶遇。
比如秦潤卿,名祖澤,字潤卿,慈溪縣城()人,在金融界卓有成績,對故鄉(xiāng)的教育事業(yè)也頗為關心。1915年,他在慈城西營建校舍、辦學校,創(chuàng)辦普迪小學、慈溪中學、寧波效實中學等。他在慈城故居旁營建“抹云樓”圖書館,新中國成立后將所藏圖書4萬冊連房屋設施悉數(shù)捐獻給國家。
又如應昌期,實業(yè)界著名人士,應氏圍棋計點制創(chuàng)始人,“應氏杯圍棋賽”被譽為“黑白世界的諾貝爾”。他先后捐資創(chuàng)建慈城昌期幼兒園,重建慈城中城小學和慈湖中學;捐資擴建慈城保黎醫(yī)院等,福澤家鄉(xiāng),永遠被鄉(xiāng)人傳揚。
慈城是一座具有特別英雄氣息的城池。慈城的歷史要追溯到春秋戰(zhàn)國時候的越國。約公元前495年,越王勾踐打了勝仗,為彰顯此次勝利,在余姚江畔城山渡王家壩村筑城名叫句章。縣治在現(xiàn)慈城西南15里,作為越國的屏障。千年后的清代鴉片戰(zhàn)爭時期,朱貴將軍及其部下將士為抗擊入侵的英軍,英勇陣亡。在其犧牲在慈城西門外二里大寶山西麓,當?shù)孛癖娪?843年建了朱貴祠,俗稱“朱將軍廟”。
我在慈城街上徜徉時,發(fā)現(xiàn)路名很有特色,比如有民主路、民權路、中華路等,查看地圖時又發(fā)現(xiàn)有民族路、民生路等街道,這與孫中山先生的“三民主義”有什么關系嗎?再查資料,原來在1932年時,慈溪作為民國時期的模范縣,以“民族、民生、民權”等命名街道,讓“三民主義”在慈城永久地留下痕跡。
而說到慈溪詩人、作家應修人,我公公會自豪地說,他們是一個族的。應修人,字修士,筆名丁九、丁休人,慈城半浦后洋應家河塘人。著有《應修人詩文集》、童話《旗子的故事》和《金寶塔銀寶塔》等作品。2018年5月底,以寧波籍著名畫家邵秉坤名字命名的邵秉坤藝術館在慈城應修人故居落成。以后我們可以經??吹礁黝愃囆g活動,讓當?shù)孛说墓适掠肋h流傳下去。
致力于古村落古鎮(zhèn)保護的馮驥才說:“慈城這個地方,不僅與我血脈相通,更在文化精神傳統(tǒng)上與我的靈魂相通,始終讓我無限牽掛。”也許有一天,他的藏書可以在抱珠樓中被收藏,讓曾經輝煌的江南藏書樓煥發(fā)青春的光芒,讓書香永久流轉在慈城這方美麗的土地上。
Cicheng,Where Wonders Begin
By Huang Lan
Located in northwestern Jiangbei District of Ningbo, Cicheng was once the town seat of present-day Cixi, boasting unique cultural riches and enchanting architectural treasures. In 738, Fang Guan (697-763), a distant relative of Fang Xuanling (579-648), who served as a chancellor under Emperor Taizong in the early Tang dynasty (618-907), took office as the magistrate of Cicheng.
Born in Yanshi, Henan Province, Fang Guan who had no interest in seeking fame or wealth, lived in seclusion for more than ten years until the Prime Minister found him and brought him into the political realm. During his tenure, the town seat, called Gouzhang at that time, moved to the south of Fubi Hill and was renamed, where the thousand-year prosperity of Cixi began.
Fangs talent was reflected in the towns intricate, checkerboard-style architectural layout that originally included seven gates and a well-designed moat. The layout of streets and alleys of obvious Tang features makes Cixi a representative work in the history of town planning in China.
People today can relish the towns cultural residues at the towns former site of? (government office in feudal China), built in the heyday of the Tang dynasty. A must-see is a paved path leading to the main hall. Encapsulated in the brickwork, about one-meter in width, is a thousand years vicissitudes. The towns city walls were torn down in the late 1930s, which is really a shame.
Fang Guans hard work in his years in Cicheng also includes the dredging of Derun Lake. Also called Kan Lake, the lake was originally named after Kan Ze, a master scholar in the Three Kingdoms (220-280). The mans legacy can still be seen today in many cultural spots in the town.
The lake was renamed by Yang Jian (1141-1226), a scholar in the Southern Song dynasty, after he returned to his birthplace in Cixi for his retired years. He lived by lake and preached the philosophy of the mind. He is considered an important figure in the cultural pride of Cixi.
Fang Guan is remembered by Cixi people for the many deeds he accomplished as the towns first magistrate during his stay there. His political life in later years as Prime Minister suffered a lot from a losing battle in Changan during the An Lushan Rebellion. The setback also made Fangs close friend, Du Fu, who tried but in vain to support Fang, implicated and demoted. Today, at the main hall of the former site of the town seat government, the two mens care-laden eyes are still closely observing the welfare of all people.
Another cultural site worth a visit is one of the former residences of Feng Jicai, located at 159, Minzhu Road. Born in a well-off family in Cicheng, Feng Jicai is not only a cultural icon of Cicheng but also an active player in the protection of village-level traditional culture across the country. The private library of the Feng family, located on Shiping Road and first built in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), is a treasure trove worth exploring. The book collection was donated by the family to present-day Xiling Seal-engraving Society based in Hangzhou. The former glory of the estate is nowhere to be seen today.
Miaoyin Vihara, located on Zhonghua Road, within walking distance west of Fengs former estate, was once the residence of Zhang Ruzhao (1900-1970), an outstanding poet and social activist. The former chief librarian of Ningbo Library was converted to Buddhism in her later years.
In Cicheng, the aroma of culture is everywhere. The towns long list of cultural notables also includes Qin Runqing (1877-1966), an outstanding figure in the financial circle and a philanthropist, and Ying Changqi (1917-1997), to whom the Changqi Cup Weiqi Game is dedicated.
Cicheng is also a heroic town. The original town seat, Gouzhang, was first built by Goujian, King of Yue State in the Warring States (475-221BC), as a national protective screen. The town witnessed the heroic death of Zhu Gui during the Opium War. In 1843, a memorial hall dedicated to the general was unveiled at the foot of Dabaoshan. The towns heroic tradition can also be sensed in road names, such as Minzhu (“democracy”) Road and Minquan (“civil rights”) Road. The town was a model of Sun Yat-sens Three Peoples Principles (Nationalism, Democracy, and the Peoples Livelihood) in 1932.