主題語境十三：世界與環(huán)境（一）

蔣建平

感知·素養(yǎng)解讀

世界上的不同國家、不同民族有自己的山川河流和家園，有其獨特的景色、國土地貌、經濟環(huán)境，從而產生了不同的文化歷史和國情。各國在改善生活、發(fā)展經濟方面做著不懈的努力，然而在發(fā)展的同時也帶來了人口增長、資源過度利用、居住環(huán)境污染等問題。

“世界與環(huán)境”是高中新課程標準主題之一。課標及考綱中的“世界與環(huán)境”是指動植物保護、生態(tài)保護、環(huán)境污染和保護等方面。

“世界與環(huán)境”是歷年高考英語的?？贾黝}。就歷年高考英語書面表達而言，“世界與環(huán)境”主要包括國家介紹、珍惜水資源、使用再生資源、實現經濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展、創(chuàng)建綠色學校，對公共場所吸煙、隨地吐痰、隨地扔紙屑、課本資料回收、污染或環(huán)境保護發(fā)表意見等話題。

關于這一主題的寫作常有以下幾種命題角度：

1. 介紹國家或城市。

2. 介紹“世界環(huán)境日” “世界水日”或“無車日”。

3. 介紹“地球日”活動。

4. 合理利用水資源。

5. 污染整治之前與之后對比。

6. 公共衛(wèi)生意識。

7. 請就是否應回收課本發(fā)表意見。

8. 日常生活中怎樣進行環(huán)境保護。

9. 動物保護和人類生存孰優(yōu)先。

10. 垃圾分類。

探究·語庫構建

語境串記

Wildlife protection

Dinosaurs died out because of a（n） 1. _________ （expect） incident. 2._________ wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it. For example， tigers

3._________（hunt） for fur to make carpets so that they can only live in secure reserves; grassland is destroyed without mercy so that dust storms come into being 4. _________ （affect） distant cities.

Last year， scientists saw some monkeys rubbing themselves with a certain kind of insects to protect themselves from fierce mosquitoes'?5. _________（bite）. According to the result of the 6. _________ （inspect）， they found that the insect contains a 7. _________ （power） drug， so local farmers were employed to catch the insects. The ending was 8. _________ the insects disappeared from the whole zone. When 9. _________（tell） that it was a loss to humans， the farmers burst into laughter and responded， “Our real loss is our decreasing income.”

We should appreciate the natural balance and pay more attention to the importance of wildlife protection. Not 10. _________ we succeed in letting wildlife live in peace， can we smile in relief.

保護野生動植物

恐龍因一次意外事件而滅絕，但是今天的野生動植物卻是因為人類的傷害而消失或處在危險中。例如，老虎被獵殺以獲取做地毯的皮毛，以致它們只能生活在安全的保護區(qū)里;草地被毫不憐憫地破壞，以致沙塵暴開始影響遙遠的城市。

去年，科學家觀察到猴子在身上擦某種昆蟲來保護自己不受兇猛的蚊子叮咬。根據檢查的結果，他們發(fā)現這種昆蟲含有一種具有強大效力的藥物，于是，當地的農民都被雇來抓蟲子。結果是，這種昆蟲從這整個地區(qū)消失了。當被告知說這是整個人類的損失時，農民們都突然大笑著回應道：“我們減少的收入才是我們真正的損失呢！”

我們應該重視自然平衡，更加注意野生動植物保護的重要性。直到我們成功讓野生動植物安詳平靜地生活，我們自己才能如釋重負地笑開顏。

I. 圖解熱詞

II. 素材積累

（一）閱讀詞匯整合（明其義）

地球環(huán)境：

1. ecosystem 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

2. ecological balance 生態(tài)平衡

3. desert 沙漠

4. forest 森林

5. farmland 農田

6. soil 土壤

7. green belt 綠化地帶

8. ocean circulation 海洋環(huán)流

9. water resource 水資源

10. natural resources 自然資源

11. atmosphere 大氣;大氣層

環(huán)境破壞的原因：

1. ashes 灰燼;廢墟

2. rubbish/garbage/trash/waste/litter 廢物;廢

棄物

3. smog 煙霧

4. poison n. 毒;毒藥

poisonous adj. 有毒的;有害的

5. haze 霧霾

6. pollute v. 污染

pollutant n. 污染物

pollution n. 污染

7. carbon dioxide 二氧化碳

8. plastic bags 塑料袋

9. drinking cans 飲料罐

10. cut down trees 砍伐樹木

11. pollute the environment/air 污染環(huán)境/空氣

12. lead/water/noise/air/white pollution 鉛/水/噪音/空氣/白色污染

13. send out smoke and poisonous gases into the air 把煙霧和有毒氣體排放到空氣中

14. pour waste water into rivers without being treated 往河里排放未經處理的廢水

環(huán)境破壞的后果：

1. sandstorm 沙暴

2. acid rain 酸雨

3. abnormal climate 氣候異常

4. global warming 全球變暖

5. sea level rise 海平面上升

6. greenhouse effect 溫室效應

7. be harmful to/do harm to... 對……有害

8. flood many low-lying cities 水淹低洼城市

9. droughts/floods/sandstorms sweep across... 干旱/洪水/沙塵暴橫掃……

10. bring about 導致;引起

11. bring...to extinction 使……滅絕

12. be threatened by 受到……的威脅

13. put sth at the risk of 使某物面臨……的危險

14. be in danger 處于危險中

15. under threat 處于威脅中

16. on the brink of extinction 瀕臨滅絕

環(huán)境保護：

1. burn 燃燒;焚燒

2. bury 掩埋

3. landfill 廢物填埋地

4. discourage 阻止

5. recycle/reuse 再利用;循環(huán)使用

6. preserve 保存;保護

7. renewable adj. 可再生的

renew v. 更新

8. biodegradable packaging 可降解包裝

9. environmental protection 環(huán)境保護

10. environmentally-friendly 環(huán)保的

11. plant trees 植樹

12. solar energy 太陽能

13. garbage classification 垃圾分類

14. sustainable development 可持續(xù)發(fā)展

15. recycle the rubbish 回收垃圾

16. live in harmony with nature 與自然和諧相處

17. keep the balance of nature 保持自然界的平衡

18. protect the ecology 保護生態(tài)

19. save energy/water 節(jié)約能源/水

20. protect the environment 保護環(huán)境

21. ride bicycles to work 騎自行車上班

22. develop renewable resources 開發(fā)可再生資源

23. fight against pollution 與污染做斗爭

24. eco-friendly products 環(huán)保型產品

25. deal with rubbish properly 正確處理垃圾

26. recycle textbooks/trash 課本/垃圾回收利用

27. ban smoking in public 禁止在公共場合吸煙

28. improve our living conditions 改善我們的居住條件

29. ban the abuse of plastic bags 禁止濫用塑料袋

30. don't litter/spit everywhere 不隨地扔垃圾/吐痰

31. lead/live a low-carbon lifestyle 采用低碳的生活方式

32. advocate doing sth 提倡做某事

33. take action/steps/measures 采取措施

34. prevent/stop/keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事

35. raise people's environmental awareness 增強人們的環(huán)保意識

36. make full use of/make the best of 充分利用

（二）寫作詞匯運用（悉其用）

根據漢語提示或用所給單詞的正確形式完成句子。

1. The environment _________________（pollute） badly so far and the nature punishes the human being by all kinds of disasters， such as the heavy haze in Beijing， which damages people's health.

2. The cars release the gas which pollutes the air and the rubbish can_________________

（find） in every corner of the street.

3. The factories _________________ （release） the heavy smoke and make the sky become dark.

4. Though the government has done something to punish the businessmen for releasing the polluted sources， they still dare to

_________________（冒險） earning the biggest profit.

5. The _________________ （pollute） environment threatens our health.

6. I hope everyone can care about

_________________? ?（protect） the environment and stop wasting things.

7. Liu Ying _________________ （play） a part in

protecting animals since she was ten.

8. The government should get the people

_________________（realize） the importance of protecting the environment.

9. When people go traveling， they should use bicycles or walk and use bags that can

_________________（recycle） instead of plastic ones when shopping.

10. The loss of a single species is very likely

_________________（destroy） a whole food chain and affects others that rely on it.

（三）核心句型表達（精于表）

根據要求翻譯下列句子。

1. 世界環(huán)境日是在6月5日，呼吁公眾努力為世界帶來一個干凈的環(huán)境。

譯法一：（并列句）

______________________________________________

譯法二：（非限制性定語從句）

______________________________________________

2. 隨著科學技術的發(fā)展，人們變得越來越富有。

譯法一：（含with... 結構的簡單句）

譯法二：（用as引導狀語從句）

3.在高峰期坐地鐵而不是駕車出行避開了交通堵塞，而且對環(huán)境有利。

譯法一：（簡單句）

______________________________________________

譯法二：（含not only... but also...的倒裝句）

______________________________________________

4. 任何破壞環(huán)境的人都應該受到嚴厲的懲罰。

譯法一：（含限制性定語從句）

______________________________________________

譯法二：（含讓步狀語從句）

______________________________________________

實踐·主題測評

知識維度診斷評價

Ⅰ. 單句填空

1. Human development has robbed many unique and beautiful species of their habitats and put them

__________ the risk of extinction.

2. In 1969， the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland， Ohio， and it was

__________（imagine） that it could ever be cleaned up.

3. This river is one of __________ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.

4. Finally， that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is __________ （clean） than ever.

5. In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars， __________（leave） behind a vacant haze that mirrors our fear of the dark.

6. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design， which allows artificial light __________?（shine） outward and upward into the sky.

7. While clean energy is __________ （increase） used in our daily life， global warming will continue for some decades.

8. When it comes to __________（adapt）， it is important to understand that climate change is a process.

9. Floods have become more __________（damage） in Bangladesh in recent decades.

10. Climate change is a __________（continue） process， so Norphel's ice reserves will not last forever.

11. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt， it's a nonsense __________（design） to make the case for business as usual.

12. Exposure to air pollution increases a person's risk of __________（illness） such as lung cancer， stroke， heart disease and bronchitis.

13. It's high time we __________（take） immediate measures to protect our earth from being polluted.

14. You cannot __________（difficult） see that everybody actually is causing damage to the mother earth， which， however， they may not be realizing.

15. Everybody should raise the awareness __________ it's our duty to protect our mother earth.

16. After the hurricane， the homeless __________（number） over 200，000.

17. While there are amazing stories of instant transformation， for most of us the __________ （change） are gradual and require a lot of effort and work， like cleaning up a polluted river.

18. It took years of work __________（reduce） the industrial pollution and clean the water.

19. For many years many countries __________（try） to find a sustainable way to balance economic development and the protection of nature so that our children have the opportunity to appreciate nature's glorious beauty.

20. If we reuse something， it will not end up __________ waste.

Ⅱ. 單句改錯

1. One day， if animals all disappeared， the world we live would come to an end. __________

2. The more wild animals we kill， the more debts we will pay for in the future. __________

3. The river was very polluted that it actually caught fire and burned. __________

4. We've lit up the night as if they were an unoccupied country， when nothing could be further from the truth. __________

5. Without the glaciers， water will arrive in the rivers at times that it can damage crops.

__________

6. In southern Spain the suddenly increase of greenhouses has changed the warming trend locally， and actually cooled the region. __________

7. By paint buildings white， cities may slow down the warming process. __________

8. Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate by both ordinary and astonishing ways. __________

9. It is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to water shortages. __________

10. The best way to solve the problem is to use the knowledge and technology that some countries had already developed. __________

Ⅲ. 語篇填空

選用所給單詞的正確形式填空，使短文意思完整。

“Global warming could make humans shorter，” warn scientists who claim 1. __________ evidence that it caused the world's first horses 2.__________ nearly 50 million years ago.

In fact， a team from the universities of Florida and Nebraska says it has found a link between the earth 3. __________ up and the size of mammals—horses， in this case， the last time the world heated up. The scientists used fossils to follow the evolution of horses from their earliest 4. __________ 56 million years ago.

As 5. __________ went up， their size went down， and vice versa（反之亦然）. “At one point they were as small as a house cat，” said Dr Jonathan Bloch， curator（館長） of the Florida Museum of Natural History， which was quoted by the Daily Mail as saying.

The scientists say that the current warming could have the same effect on mammals and could even make humans 6.__________.“Horses started out small， about the size of a small dog. What's

7.__________ is that after they first appeared， they then became even smaller and then dramatically increased in size， and that 8.__________corresponds to the global warming event， followed by 9.__________ .”

“It 10.__________ that mammals were small during that time and that it was warm， but we hadn't understood that temperature specifically was driving the evolution of body size，” Dr Bloch said in the Science journal.