夏康生 郭晶晶 沈雅君 李炳宇 王紅兵
摘? 要: 采用單因素完全隨機設計,設置3種基質配比(火山石、黏土),對向日葵(Helianthus annuus)生長季末的苗高、莖粗、生物量,以及根系體積、表面積、長度、根尖數(shù)、平均直徑進行分析。結果表明:基質配比對向日葵生長的影響顯著,主要體現(xiàn)在干物質積累、根系發(fā)育,及土壤物理指標方面。通過對比,提供了一種較理想的基質配比,可培育高質量向日葵一年生容器苗,并提高向日葵產(chǎn)量。
關鍵詞: 向日葵(Helianthus annuus); 小規(guī)格容器苗; 基質配比; 生物量; 根系生長
中圖分類號: S 63? ? 文獻標志碼: A? ? 文章編號: 1000-5137(2020)06-0671-06
Abstract: The experiment was designed in a completely random way using a single factor of cultivation substrate compositions (lapilli and clay soil).Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) lived in the substrates were analyzed on their height,stem diameter,biomass,root volume,root surface area,length,root tip number at the end of the growing season.The results showed that there were significant influences of substrate compositions on sunflower growth,which mainly embodied in the accumulation of dry biomass,root system development,and soil physical indicators.Finally,an optimal substrate composition was found and used for the annual container seedlings of sunflower to increase its quality and yield.
Key words: sunflower(Helianthus annuus); small-container seedling; cultivation substrate composition; biomass; root growth
0? 引? 言
根系是植物存活和生長發(fā)育的重要器官,起著固著植株和吸收運輸水分和養(yǎng)分的作用,是決定植物產(chǎn)量和品質的基礎,同時也是與土壤發(fā)生接觸的前沿,受到土壤質量的直接影響。所以研究土壤-根系關系具有重要意義。在土質黏重地區(qū),土壤滲透速率差是制約植物生長的主要因素,也是土壤改良的重點。目前對于菊科植物基質配比的研究多以草炭土、珍珠巖、河沙、泥炭、蛭石等作為基質來研究其物理性狀對幼苗生長的影響[1]。以火山石和黏土作為栽培基質的相關研究較少,國內趙帆等[2]在鐵皮石斛的栽培基質中以松樹皮、水苔、火山石、刨花為基質,得出以質量比為m(火山石)∶m(松樹皮)∶m(刨花)=10∶4∶1的基質,更適合蘇州地區(qū)家庭模式栽培。
向日葵(Helianthus annuus)別名太陽花,是菊科向日葵屬的一年生草本植物,其原產(chǎn)北美洲,在世界各地均有栽培,是重要的油料作物,同時也具有極高的觀賞價值。因其播種出苗快,幼苗生長迅速,幼苗生長需要大量的營養(yǎng),更容易通過幼苗的生長檢測土壤基質的適應性[3]。在向日葵栽培基質中混以火山石的研究尚未見報道。本研究以向日葵為供試對象,設計火山石和黏土按不同比例混合后的3種基質,在水肥、光照、溫度等栽培條件相同的情況下,研究其對向日葵生長的影響,篩選出最佳栽培基質配比,并研究了不同滲透速率情形下根系的形態(tài)響應特征,旨在為向日葵優(yōu)質容器苗的培育提供理論依據(jù)和技術參考。
1? 材料與方法
1.1 實驗環(huán)境及實驗材料
本實驗選用河北雙星種業(yè)雙星八號食用葵。栽培介質中的火山石來自浙江義烏生產(chǎn)的納麗雅品牌,所用規(guī)格:粒徑約1 cm。實驗地點在上海師范大學奉賢校區(qū)植物種質資源開發(fā)協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心科研基地(30°50′34″N,121°31′45″E)內,自然光照。
1.2 實驗設計
培育基質配比為:S1組,火山石60.0%、黏土17.9%、堆肥20.0%、復合肥2.0%,質量分數(shù);S2組,火山石30.0%、黏土47.9%、堆肥20.0%、復合肥2.0%,質量分數(shù);S3組,黏土77.0%、堆肥20.0%、復合肥2.0%,質量分數(shù),如表1所示。經(jīng)過2周穴盤育苗后,于2020年5月13日篩選出生長狀態(tài)良好且相似的36棵植株移栽至外口徑為18 cm、底徑13 cm、高15 cm的花盆中。將36棵植株樣本進行3種處理,每個處理設置12個重復。分別于2020年6月1日、10日、20日,7月1日測量苗木的株高、地徑[4]。具體方法為:每個處理水平選取12盆幼苗,分別用卷尺和游標卡尺測定其株高及地徑,第1次測定時用記號筆進行標記,以確保之后每次測定的幼苗為同一株[5]。當向日葵葉片微黃時進行收獲,采用整株挖掘法。收獲后按處理方向歸類,每個處理選出3棵用來做土壤容重、孔隙度、含水量、滲透速率實驗,其余9棵用電子天平分別測定植株根、莖、葉、枝,以及花托的鮮重。用烘干箱80 ℃烘干至恒重,烘干后按處理方向分別測定根、冠的干重。
1.3 指標測定及數(shù)據(jù)分析
[1] 尹文亮,鐘倩蘭,孔衛(wèi)晨.萬壽菊栽培基質配比篩選試驗 [J].安徽農(nóng)學通報,2017,23(9):119-123.
YIN W L,ZHONG Q L,KONG W C.Matrix selection of Marigold cultivation [J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017(9):119-123.
[2] 趙帆,吉慶佳,李德立,等.蘇州地區(qū)基于家庭模式的鐵皮石斛栽培基質的篩選研究 [J].現(xiàn)代園藝,2020(6):10-11.ZHAO F,JI Q J,LI D L,et al.Study on the optimal substrate for Dendroblum officinate based on the family model in Suzhou [J].Modern Horticulture,2020,402(6):12-13.
[3] 王雪芹,李凱,吳超然,等.園林廢棄物在觀賞向日葵播種中的應用[J].黑龍江農(nóng)業(yè)科學,2019(4):30-33,57.
WANG X Q,LI K,WU C R,et al.Application of garden waste in ornamental sunflower seeding [J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2019(4):30-33,57.
[4] NAN H W,L Q,CHEN J S,et al.Effects of nutrient heterogeneity and competition on root architecture of spruce seedlings:implications for an essential feature of root foraging [J].PLoS ONE,2018,8(6):e65650.
[5] 姜瑞芳,劉艷紅.土壤基質和水分對珙桐幼苗生長的影響 [J].西北林學院學報,2016,31(4):134-139,164.
JIANG R F,LIU Y H.Effects of soil matrix and moisture on the growth of Davidia involucrata seedlings [J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2016,31(4):134-139,164.
[6] 劉麗娜.水曲柳根系徑級和序級結構特性分析 [J].山西林業(yè)科技,2015,44(1):18-23.
LIU L N.Analysis on diameter and order characteristics of root system of Fraxinus mandshurica [J].Shanxi Forestry Science and Technology,2015,44(1):18-23.
[7] 范偉國,楊洪強.不同基質對平邑甜茶幼樹生長、根系形態(tài)與營養(yǎng)吸收的影響 [J].植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學報,2009,15(4):936-941.
FAN W G,YANG H Q.Effects of different medium on growth,root morphology and nutrients uptake of Malus hupehensis [J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(4):936-941.
[8] LUIS V C,LLORCA M,CHIRINO E,et al. Differences in morphology,gas exchange and root hydraulic conductance before planting in Pinus canariensis seedlings growing under different fertilization and light regimes [J].Trees,2010,24(6):1143-1150.
[9] 王藝,王秀花,張麗珍,等.不同栽培基質對浙江楠和閩楠容器苗生長和根系發(fā)育的影響 [J].植物資源與環(huán)境學報,2013,22(3):81-87.
WANG Y,WANG X H,ZHANG L Z,et al.Effects of different cultivation substrates on growth and root system development of container seedlings of Phoebe chekiangensis and P.bournei [J].Journal of Plant Resources and Environment,2013,22(3):81-87.
[10] 楚秀麗,王秀花,張東北,等.基質配比和緩釋肥添加量對浙江楠大規(guī)格容器苗質量的影響 [J].南京林業(yè)大學學報(自然科學版),2015,39(6):67-73.
CHU X L,WANG X H,ZHANG D B,et al.Effect of substrate ratio and slow-release fertilizer loading on the quality of large size container seedlings of Phoebe chekiangensis [J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2015,39(6):67-73.
[11] 李雙喜,楊曾獎,徐大平,等.水分、養(yǎng)分和寄主對檀香幼苗根系生長及營養(yǎng)吸收的影響 [J].植物資源與環(huán)境學報,2015,24(1):61-68.
LI S X,YANG Z J,XU D P,et al.Effects of water,nutrient and host on root growth and nutrient absorption of Santalum album seedling [J].Journal of Plant Resources and Environment,2015,24(1):61-68.
[12] 肖遙,楚秀麗,王秀花,等.緩釋肥加載對3種珍貴樹種大規(guī)格容器苗生長和N、P庫構建的影響 [J].林業(yè)科學研究,2015,28(6):781-787.
XIAO Y,CHU X L,WANG X H,et al.Effect of slow-release fertilizer loading on growth and N,P accumulation of container-growing seedlings for three precious tree species [J].Forest Research,2015,28(6):781-787.
[13] 程中倩,李國雷.氮肥和容器深度對栓皮櫟容器苗生長、根系結構及養(yǎng)分貯存的影響 [J].林業(yè)科學,2016,52(4):21-29.
CHENG Z Q,LI G L.Effects of nitrogen supply and container size on seedling growth,root characteristics,and nutrient status in Quercus variabilis container seedlings [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2016,52(4):21-29.
[14] 顧湯華,嚴巍,夏蘊強,等.土壤改良對櫻花根系的影響研究 [J].中國城市林業(yè),2017,15(4):21-25.
GU T H,YAN W,XIA Y Q,et al.Influence of soil improvement on cherry root system [J].Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry,2017,15(4):21-25.
[15] 嚴巍,楊瑞卿,胡永紅.不同栽培基質條件對4種行道樹苗木根系生長的影響 [J].南京林業(yè)大學學報(自然科學版),2019,43(4):192-198.
YAN W,YANG R Q,HU Y H.Effects of different planting matrices on the root growth of four roadside trees in Shanghai [J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2019,43(4):192-198.
[16] 尹金遷,趙墾田,鄒林紅.基質和溫度對巨柏移植苗根系生長發(fā)育的影響 [J].西部林業(yè)科學,2017,46(5):87-92.
YIN J Q,ZHAO K T,ZOU L H.Impact of different substrates and temperatures on the growth and development of Cupressus gigantea transplant seedling roots [J].Journal of West China Forestry Science,2017,46(5):87-92.
[17] 周建文.紅壤穿透阻力對玉米根系及水分關系的影響 [D].武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學,2014.
ZHOU J W.Effects of soil penetration resistance on maize root and water relations in a red soil [D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2014.
(責任編輯:顧浩然,郁慧)