GUIDE FOR AUTHORS

INTRODUCTION

Types of paper

Contributions falling into the follo wing categories will be considered for publication: Original research papers, reviews, note.

Please ensure that you select the appropriate article type from the list of options when making your submission. Authors contributing to special issues should ensure that the y select the special issue article type from this list.

BEFORE YOU BEGIN

Ethics in Publishing

For information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see http://www.elsevier.com/publishingethics and http://www.elsevier.com/ethicalguidelines.

Conf ict of interest

All authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conf ict of interest including any f nancial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of be ginning the submitted w ork that could inappropriately inf uence, or be perceived to inf uence, their work. See also http://www.elsevier.com/conf ictsof nterest.

Submission declaration

Submission of an article implies that the w ork described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is appro ved by all authors and tacitly or e xplicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published else where including electronically in the same form, in English or in an y other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder.

Changes to authorship

This polic y concerns the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship of accepted manuscripts:

Before the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Requests to add or remove an author, or to rearrange the author names, must be sent to the Journal Manager from the corresponding author of the accepted manuscript and must include: (a) the reason the name should be added or removed,or the author names rearranged and (b) written conf rmation (e-mail, fax,letter) from all authors that the y agree with the addition, remo val or rearrangement. In the case of addition or remo val of authors, this includes conf rmation from the author being added or removed. Requests that are not sent by the corresponding author will be forwarded by the Journal Manager to the corresponding author, who must follo w the procedure as described abo ve.Note that: (1) Journal Managers will inform the Journal Editors of any such requests and (2) publication of the accepted manuscript in an online issue is suspended until authorship has been agreed.

After the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Any requests to add, delete, or rearrange author names in an article published in an online issue will follow the same policies as noted above and result in a corrigendum.

Copyright

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be ask ed to complete a ‘Jour -nal Publishing Agreement’. Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author conf rming receipt of the manuscript together with a‘Journal Publishing Agreement’ form or a link to the online v ersion of this agreement.

Permission of the society is required for resale or distrib ution outside the institution and for all other deri vative works, including compilations and translations (please consult defence1@cn-bgxh.cn). If e xcerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article.

Role of the funding source

You are requested to identify who provided f nancial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to brief y describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such in volvement then this should be stated. Please see http://www.elsevier.com/funding.

Language and language services

Please write your te xt in good English (American or British usage is ac cepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who require information about language editing and cop yediting services pre- and post-submission please visit http://webshop.elsevier.com/languageediting or our customer support site at http://support.elsevier.com for more information.

Submission

Submission to this journal proceeds totally online. Use the follo wing guidelines to prepare your article. Via the homepage of this journal ( http://ees.elsevier.com/xxx) you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various f les. The system automatically converts source f les to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF v ersion of the article, which is used in the peer -review process. Please note that e ven though manuscript source f les are con verted to PDF at submission for the review process, these source f les are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notif cation of the Editor’s decision and requests for re vision, takes place by e-mail and via the author’s homepage, remo ving the need for a hard-cop y paper trail. If you are unable to pro vide an electronic v ersion, please contact the editorial off ce prior to submission (e-mail: defence1@cn-bgxh.cn; telephone: 10-86-68964830; or fax: 10-86-68963025).

Additional Information

Tables and f gures may be presented with captions within the main body of the manuscript; if so, f gures should additionally be uploaded as high resolution f les.

PREPARATION

Use of wordprocessing software

It is important that the f le be saved in the native format of the wordprocessor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the w ordprocessor’s options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid,use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Else vier: http://www.elsevier.com/guidepublication). Note that source f les of f gures, tables and te xt graphics will be required whether or not you embed your f gures in the text. See also the section on Electronic illustrations.

To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the “spellcheck” and “grammar-check” functions of your wordprocessor.

Latex

If the LaTeX f le is suitable, proofs will be produced without rek eying the text. The article should preferably be written using Elsevier’s document class“elsarticle”, or alternatively any of the other recognized classes and formats supported in Else vier’s electronic submissions system, for further infor -mation see http://www .elsevier.com/wps/f nd/authorsview.authors/latexees-supported. The Elsevier “elsarticle” LaT eX style f le package (including detailed instructions for LaT eX preparation) can be obtained from the Quickguide: http://www.elsevier.com/latex. It consists of the f le: elsarticle.cls, complete user documentation for the class f le, bibliographic style f les in various styles, and template f les for a quick start.

Article structure

Subdivision - numbered sections

Divide your article into clearly def ned and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal crossreferencing: do not just refer to “the text”. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.

Introduction

State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.

Material and methods

Provide suff cient detail to allo w the w ork to be reproduced. Methods al

ready published should be indicated by a reference: only rele vant modif cations should be described.

Theory/calculation

A Theory section should extend, not repeat, the background to the article already dealt with in the Introduction and lay the foundation for further work. In contrast,a Calculation section represents a practical development from a theoretical basis.

Results

Results should be clear and concise.

Discussion

This should explore the signif cance of the results of the work, not repeat them.A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.

Conclusions

The main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.

Appendices

If there is more than one appendix, they should be identif ed as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq.(A1), Eq. (A2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B1) and so on. Similarly for tables and f gures: Table A1; Fig. A1, etc.

Essential title page information

· Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.

· Author names and aff iliations. Where the f amily name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly . Present the au thors’ aff liation addresses (where the actual w ork was done) belo w the names. Indicate all aff liations with a lo wer-case superscript letter im mediately after the author’s name and in front of the appropriate address.Provide the full postal address of each aff liation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.

· Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Contact details must be kept up to date by the corresponding author.

· Present/permanent address. If an author has mo ved since the w ork described in the article w as done, or was visiting at the time, a “Present address” (or “Permanent address”) may be indicated as a footnote to that author’s name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, aff liation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.

Abstract

A concise and f actual abstract is required. The abstract should state brief y the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be a voided, but if essential,then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be def ned at their f rst mention in the abstract itself.

Keywords

Authors are invited to submit keywords associated with their paper.

Abbreviations

Def ne abbreviations that are not standard in this f eld in a footnote to be placed on the f rst page of the article. Such abbre viations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be def ned at their f rst mention there, as well as in the footnote. Ensure consistenc y of abbre viations throughout the article.

Acknowledgements

Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article

before the references and do not, therefore, include them on the title page,as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those indi viduals who provided help during the research (e.g., pro viding language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).

Nomenclature and units

Follow internationally accepted rules and con ventions: use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, gi ve their equivalent in SI. Authors wishing to present a table of nomenclature

should do so on the second page of their manuscript.

Math formulae

Present simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms,e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Po wers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).

Footnotes

Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. Many wordprocessors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the te xt and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include

footnotes in the Reference list.

Table footnotes

Indicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.

Artwork

Electronic artwork

General points

· Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.· Save text in illustrations as “graphics” or enclose the font.

· Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times,Symbol.

· Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.

· Use a logical naming convention for your artwork f les.

· Provide captions to illustrations separately.

· Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.

· Submit each f gure as a separate f le.

A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website: http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions

You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.

Formats

Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artw ork is f -nalised, please “sa ve as” or con vert the images to one of the follo wing formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):

EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as “graphics”.

TIFF: color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.

TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.

TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.

If your electronic artw ork is created in a Microsoft Of fice application(Word, PowerPoint, Excel) then please supply “as is”.

Please do not:

· Supply f les that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG);the resolution is too low;

· Supply f les that are too low in resolution;

· Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.

Color artwork

Please make sure that artwork f les are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Off ce f les) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color f gures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these f gures will appear in color on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color in the printed version.

Figure captions

Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately , not attached to the f gure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the f gure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.

Tables

Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text.Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.

AFTER ACCEPTANCE

Use of the Digital Object Identif er

The Digital Object Identif er (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly ‘Articles in press’because the y ha ve not yet recei ved their full bibliographic information.The correct format for citing a DOI is sho wn as follo ws (example taken from a document in the journal Physics Letters B): doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.059

When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, they are guaranteed never to change.

Proofs

One set of page proofs (as PDF f les) will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author (if we do not ha ve an e-mail address then paper

proofs will be sent by post) or, a link will be pro vided in the e-mail so that authors can do wnload the f les themselv es. Else vier no w pro vides authors with PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe Reader v ersion 7 (or higher) a vailable free from http://get.adobe.com/reader. Instructions on ho w to annotate PDF f les will accompany the proofs (also given online). The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site: http://www.adobe.com/products/reader/systemreqs.

If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query F orm) and return them to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number . If,for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections and an y other comments (including replies to the Query F orm) on a printout of your proof and return by f ax, or scan the pages and e-mail, or by post. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the te xt, tables and f gures. Signif cant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately - please let us have all your corrections within 48 hours. It is important to ensure that all corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed.Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of your article if no response is received.

AUTHOR INQUIRIES

For inquiries relating to the submission of articles (including electronic submission) please visit this journal’s homepage. Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs, will be provided by the publisher. You can track accepted articles at http://www.elsevier.com/trackarticle. You can also check our Author FAQs ( http://www .elsevier.com/authorFAQ) and/or contact Customer Support via http://support.elsevier.com.